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PubMed1979

Specific antibody to hog renal renin and its application to the direct radioimmunoassay of renin in various organs.

We produced anti-hog renin antibodies using as antigens pure hog renal renin that either had been insolubilized or conjugated to tetanus toxoid. High titer antibodies were obtained, which demonstrated different cross-reactivity with renins from other species. A direct radioimmunoassay for renin was developed using antibody, monoiodinated 125I-hog renin, and various methods for separating free and antibody-bound trace. This assay was capable of detecting 40 pg of hog renin and was applied to the determination of renin in hog blood and other organs. Based on the direct measurement of renin by this radioimmunoassay, the renin-like activity (i.e., the ability to generate angiotensin I from renin substrate preparations) of the pituitary gland was found to be due mostly to true renin, whereas the renin activity of other hog tissues, including the adrenal gland, liver, lung, spleen, and submaxillary gland, was not identified as renin and may have been due to cathepsins.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1982

Effect of hog pancreatic kallikrein on blood pressure in rats.

In all mammals investigated so far, an amount of 0.1 - 1 biological unit (KU) of hog pancreatic kallikrein per kg body weight injected intravenously caused a fast reduction in blood pressure with one exception, the rat. Even 1000 times higher doses of hog pancreatic kallikrein did not reduce the blood pressure in this animal. In spite of many experiments performed with rats using hog pancreatic kallikrein to influence various metabolic pathways, there has been no proof, to date, that this enzyme also causes kallikrein-specific effects via kinin liberation in rats. We found only a slow and weak reduction of rat blood pressure after injection of 100 KU hog pancreatic kallikrein per rat, when the endogenous kininases had been previously inactivated by the kininase II inhibitor captopril. However, a fast reduction in blood pressure, similar to the response observed after kinin injection, could be recorded if 90 microliter rat blood, previously incubated for a few minutes with a least 20 k.u. hog pancreatic kallikrein in the presence of captopril, was reinjected. Hence, kinin liberation from rat kininogens by hog pancreatic kallikrein does occur, but proceeds so slowly that the fast kinin degradation by kininases can prevent the typical blood pressure effect of kinin in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Isolation and characterization of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase from hog plasma.

Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43) was purified from hog plasma by a highly efficient procedure. The final enzyme preparation was purified 30,000-fold over the starting material and was homogeneous as indicated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses in the presence of both SDS and urea. The purified hog lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase had an apparent molecular weight of 66 000 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and HPLC and was found to contain about 21.4% (w/w) carbohydrate-hexose, 11.3%; hexosamine, 1.9%; sialic acid, 8.2%. The amino acid composition analysis showed that hog lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase contains four half cystines per mol; two cysteines were titrated at neutral pH with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Nearly all the phenolic groups were unavailable to the solvent at neutral pH, while they become exposed at around pH 11. Hog lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase was found to be associated with HDL in the plasma and it prefers HDL as a substrate. The physicochemical properties of hog lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase were generally similar to those of the human and the rat enzyme.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2006

Faecal steroid metabolites for non-invasive assessment of reproduction in common warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus), red river hogs (Potamochoerus porcus) and babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa).

The objectives of this study were to analyse faecal steroid metabolites in African and South East Asian pig species kept in European zoos. Species studied were the warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), the red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus) and the babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa). Faecal samples were collected 1-3 times per week from non-pregnant and pregnant captive female warthogs (n = 9), red river hogs (n = 7) and babirusas (n = 5). Enzyme-immunoassays for faecal progesterone, androgen, and oestrogen metabolites, were tested for their ability to determine follicular and luteal phases. In all three species, oestrous cycles could be monitored with 20alpha-OH- and 20-oxo-pregnane assays. In contrast, oestrogens and androgens were not useful in characterising follicular activity during the oestrous cycle in any species. Faecal 20alpha-OH- and 20-oxo-pregnane values were significantly correlated. Faecal pregnane concentrations revealed species-specific differences. Luteal phase values of 20alpha-OH-pregnanes were considerably higher than 20-oxo-pregnanes; 20alpha-OH-pregnanes were in the range of 3-10 microg/g in warthogs and red river hogs, whereas concentrations were 30-200 microg/g faeces in the babirusa. Regular oestrus cycles had a length of about 35 days in all three species studied. Results indicated a seasonal influence on the occurrence of reproductive cycles in the warthog with anoestrous periods in the European summer. The red river hog was found to be a seasonal and poly oestrous breeder; oestrus cycles started by January and continued until summer. In contrast, the babirusa showed non-seasonal ovarian cyclicity. In pregnant red river hogs, progesterone metabolites were comparable to luteal phase values of the oestrous cycle during the first 3 months of gestation, but did further increase during the last month of pregnancy. Oestrogens and 17-oxo-androstanes were significantly elevated during the second half of gestation. In summary, the reproductive biology of three exotic pig species was studied using non-invasive faecal steroid analysis and these methods were used for comparative investigations of oestrous cycles, pregnancy and seasonality.

Androgens↗
PubMed1998

The Hog1 MAPK prevents cross talk between the HOG and pheromone response MAPK pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The MAPKKK Ste11p functions in three Saccharomyces cerevisiae MAPK cascades [the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG), pheromone response, and pseudohyphal/invasive growth pathways], but its activation in response to high osmolarity stimulates only the HOG pathway. To determine what restricts cross-activation of MAPK cascades (cross talk), we have studied mutants in which the pheromone response pathway is activated by high osmolarity (1 M sorbitol). We found that mutations in the HOG1 gene, encoding the p38-type MAPK of the HOG pathway, and in the PBS2 gene, encoding the activating kinase for Hog1p, allowed osmolarity-induced activation of the pheromone response pathway. This cross talk required the osmosensor Sho1p, as well as Ste20p, Ste50p, the pheromone response MAPK cascade (Ste11p, Ste7p, and Fus3p or Kss1p), and Ste12p but not Ste4p or the MAPK scaffold protein, Ste5p. The cross talk in hog1 mutants induced multiple responses of the pheromone response pathway: induction of a FUS1::lacZ reporter, morphological changes, and mating in ste4 and ste5 mutants. We suggest that Hog1p may prevent osmolarity-induced cross talk by inhibiting Sho1p, perhaps as part of a feedback control on the HOG pathway. We have also shown that Ste20p and Ste50p function in the Sho1p branch of the HOG pathway and that a second osmosensor in addition to Sho1p may activate Ste11p. Finally, we have found that pseudohyphal growth exhibited by wild-type (HOG1) strains depends on SHO1, suggesting that Sho1p may be a receptor that feeds into the pseudohyphal growth pathway.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Hog barn dust extract increases macromolecular efflux from the hamster cheek pouch.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether short-term exposure to an aqueous extract of hog barn dust increases macromolecular efflux from the intact hamster cheek pouch and, if so, to begin to determine the mechanism(s) underlying this response. By using intravital microscopy, we found that suffusion of hog barn dust extract onto the intact hamster cheek pouch for 60 min elicited a significant, concentration-dependent leaky site formation and increase in clearance of FITC-labeled dextran (molecular mass, 70 kDa). This response was significantly attenuated by suffusion of catalase (60 U/ml), but not by heat-inactivated catalase, and by pretreatment with dexamethasone (10 mg/kg iv) (P < 0.05). Catalase had no significant effects on adenosine-induced increase in macromolecular efflux from the cheek pouch. Suffusion of hog barn dust extract had no significant effects on arteriolar diameter in the cheek pouch. Taken together, these data indicate that hog barn dust extract increases macromolecular efflux from the in situ hamster cheek pouch, in part, through local elaboration of reactive oxygen species that are inactivated by catalase. This response is specific and attenuated by corticosteroids. We suggest that plasma exudation plays an important role in the genesis of upper airway dysfunction evoked by short-term exposure to hog barn dust.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1997

Immunohistochemical detection of hog cholera viral glycoprotein 55 in paraffin-embedded tissues.

Formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissues obtained from 40 pigs inoculated with a field isolate of hog cholera virus were examined for the presence of Gp55, a major structural protein of the virus envelope, using a monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical test with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. Immunoreactivity was detected in hog cholera virus-infected tissues but not in control pigs tissues, African swine fever virus-infected tissues, or bovine viral diarrhea virus-infected porcine or bovine tissues. The first positive reactions were seen in lymphatic tissues, digestive tract and skin on postinoculation day (pid) 4, respiratory and urinary tissues on pid 5, nervous tissues on pid 6, and endocrine tissues on pid 7. These staining reactions persisted until the last observation on pid 18. Hog cholera virus antigen was not detected in heart tissue at any time. The highest levels of antigen detection were found in tonsils, spleen, and pancreas, although the esophageal mucosa and skin epithelial cells were also intensely and widely stained. The cellular staining pattern of Gp55 had a ubiquitous distribution. It was found in epithelial cells, macrophages and circulating monocytes, endothelial cells, lymphoid cells, and glial cells. The results showed a high specificity and high sensitivity for detecting hog cholera Gp55 in formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue samples. This method allows precise association of Gp55 with specific cells, tissues, and histologic lesions, making the technique suitable for use in routine diagnosis of hog cholera.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Growth performance, endocrine, and metabolite responses of finishing hogs to porcine prolactin.

Prolactin, a member of the somatotropin-prolactin-placental lactogen gene family, increases feed intake and rate of weight gain in several species. To determine whether prolactin affects growth performance and carcass composition in swine, recombinant porcine prolactin (rpPRL) was administered to finishing hogs. Doses of 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg of rpPRL/d and 4 mg of recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST)/d were administered to groups of seven barrows and seven gilts initially weighing 75.0 +/- .2 kg for a 28-d period. Recombinant pPRL did not alter feed intake or growth rate or affect carcass composition. In addition, most growth-related blood variables did not change, although plasma IGF-I was increased in the 8 and 16 mg of rpPRL treatment groups. At slaughter, mammary development was apparent in rpPRL-treated gilts and was characterized by distended alveolar and ductal lumina and presence of secretory material. In rPST-treated hogs, feed intake was decreased 28% (P < .01), gain/feed was increased more in barrows than in gilts (59 vs 39%, treatment x sex interaction, P = .035), and growth rate was increased 22%, but in barrows only (treatment x sex interaction P = .005). Compared with those in control hogs, circulating concentrations of IGF-I, insulin, and glucose were 175, 311, and 22% higher, respectively, and of blood urea nitrogen were 62% lower in rpST-treated hogs (P < .05). These results suggest that rpPRL, at the doses administered, does not increase feed intake in finishing hogs in contrast to rats and other species.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Protection of piglets born from ruminant pestivirus experimentally infected sows, and their contacts, to the challenge with hog cholera virus.

Two groups, A and B, of two specific pathogen-free pregnant sows were experimentally infected between the 25th and 29th days post-breeding with two strains of ruminant pestivirus: NADL cytopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus for group A and Aveyron non-cytopathic border disease virus French strain for group B. Two other pregnant sows (group C) were kept uninoculated as control. When 7 weeks old, 8 piglets of group C were put in contact with 4 piglets of group A (group D), and 8 other piglets of group C with 4 piglets of group B (group E) in two separate pens with the purpose of testing the horizontal transmission of the viruses. All animals were kept under observation and serologically controlled at weekly intervals; two pigs of each group were finally submitted to a challenge with hog cholera virus. The two pigs of group E which were put in contact with the offspring of the border disease virus infected sow were protected; all other animals developed typical hog cholera symptoms and died. The relation between neutralizing titres of the sera to ruminant pestiviruses and protection to the challenge with hog cholera virus is discussed. The two protected pigs had high neutralizing antibody titres to border disease virus but no antibody to hog cholera virus at the time of the challenge. Though the two viruses look serologically distant, we surprisingly observed that infection with border disease virus protects against a superinfection with hog cholera virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Development and evaluation of an enzyme-labeled antibody test for the rapid detection of hog cholera antibodies.

A rapid enzyme-labeled antibody (ELA) microtechnique for the screening of swine for hog cholera antibodies was developed and evaluated with a blind study, using a 640-sample hog cholera serum bank. The total time to run a group of 22 samples was approximately 1 hour. The ELA test results correlated greater than 99% with hog cholera serum-neutralization test results on the same serums. Test results also indicated that the ELA test shares with the hog cholera serum-neutralization test the problem of cross reactions between the antibodies of hog cholera and bovine viral diarrhea.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Postmortem findings in swine: non-selected submissions from hog cholera protection areas of 1992 versus selected submissions of 1991-1992].

This article presents a survey of death-causes of all spontaneously died pigs, n = 851, from a restricted area in the province of South Holland during a 2 1/2 months lasting hog-cholera epizoötic in 1992. 23 pigs from 5 submissions showed a positive IFT against hog-cholera virus. Those animals and pigs from sero-positive farms were excluded from this survey. The results of the post-mortems were compared with the post-mortem findings of the normally submitted, selected, animals in 1991 and 1992, n = 904 + 745, from the western parts of the Netherlands, in which the above mentioned province is situated. By means of classification of the animals in age-classes and of the post-mortem findings to disease or diseased organsystem, insight is gained in the prevalence of the various causes of death per age-class. No distinct differences were found between the findings in the groups of animals from 1991 and 1992. In the group of the hog-cholera-period comparatively more animals belonged to the neonatal and suckling period. In contrast to 1991-1992 the number of weaned and fattening pigs in the hog-cholera-group was lower. In both groups 40% of the death-causes was due to diseases of the digestive tract and 30% was a result of respiratory-tract infections. The third main cause of death in both groups was septicaemia and related diseases as endocarditis, pleuritis, peritonitis, polyserositis and polyarthritis. Comparison of the prevalence of infectious diseases per organsystem in successive age-classes demonstrated a similar tendency in the hog-cholera-group as in the year-groups 1991 and 1992.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Structural similarities of hog cholera virus with togaviruses.

Hog cholera virus grown in PK-15 cells was purified by centrifugation through a sucrose cushion followed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Analysis of virus labeled externally with [3H]sodium borohydride on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two glycoproteins, gp55 and gp46. A third structural polypeptide, p36, seems not to be glycosylated. The gp46 was also found in the virus-free supernatant of infected cells. It could be demonstrated by radioimmune precipitation of virus labeled with[35S]methionine that all three polypeptides are specific for hog cholera virions. Electron microscopically hog cholera virus appeared as a spherical particle with a diameter of 42 +/- 8 nm. The virus particles frequently displayed a fringe of projections with a length of about 6--8 nm. The similarities of hog cholera virus with Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Yeast Skn7p activity is modulated by the Sln1p-Ypd1p osmosensor and contributes to regulation of the HOG pathway.

Activation and control of the yeast HOG (High Osmolarity Glycerol) MAP kinase cascade is accomplished, in part, by a two-component sensory-response circuit comprised of the osmosensing histidine protein kinase Sln1p, the phospho-relay protein Ypd1p, and the response regulator protein Ssk1p. We found that deletion of SLN1 and/or YPD1 reduces reporter gene transcription driven by a second two-component response regulator -- Skn7p. The effect of sln1delta and ypd1delta mutations upon Skn7p activity is dependent on a functional two-component phosphorylation site (D427) in Skn7p, suggesting that Sln1p and Ypd1p may act as phosphodonors for Skn7p. We also observed that loss of PTC1 (a protein serine/threonine phosphatase implicated in negative control of the HOG pathway) in a skn7delta background results in severely retarded growth and in morphological defects. Deletion of either PBS2 or HOG1 alleviates the slow growth phenotype of ptc1delta skn7delta cells, suggesting that Skn7p may participate, in concert with known regulatory components, in modulating HOG pathway activity. The contribution of Skn7p to HOG pathway regulation appears to be modulated by the receiver domain, since non-phosphorylatable Skn7pD427N is unable to fully restore growth to ptc1/skn7 cells.

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases↗
PubMed1986

Progesterone secretion by induced corpora lutea (CL) of anestrous bitches after administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HOG).

Sixteen bitches were treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG; 44 IU/kg bwt) intramuscularly (i.m.) for nine consecutive days and each was given 500 IU HOG i.m. on the tenth day or on the first day of induced estrus (Day 0). On Day 12, each bitch was randomly assigned to three groups and treated as follows: Group 1-six bitches, each given 10 mcg GnRH i.m.once every 24 hr; Group 2-six bitches, each given 500 IU HOG i.m. once every 24 hr; and Group 3-four bitches, each given 5 ml 0.9% saline i.m. once every 24 hr. Treatments were continued until Day 55. Blood samples were obtained prior to treatment and every other day until Day 55. Plasma progesterone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and data arranged using a split-plot design, with treatment as the main plot and days of sampling as subplots. Analysis of data was by Duncan's Multiple Range Test and treatment-by-day interaction determined by the least-squares method. After treatment, progesterone concentrations from Group 2 were higher (P<0.05) than those of the other groups. A significant effect was seen on Day 20 (P<0.01), while on Day 50 the difference approached significance. These findings suggest that HOG is capable of stimulating the production of progesterone by induced CL in the bitch. However, neither HOG nor GnRH prevented premature regression of these induced CL. Results of this study suggest that premature luteolysis of induced CL is probably not due to lack of gonadotrophic support from either the hypothalamus or the anterior pituitary gland.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Measurement of renin and prorenin in cattle, hog and horse.

1. Species specific problems complicating the measurement of prorenin and renin concentrations were studied in bovine, hog and horse plasma. 2. In contrast to horse renin, bovine and hog renin reacted with rat angiotensinogen, allowing measurement of the plasma renin concentration in cattle and hog with rat angiotensinogen as exogenous substrate. 3. Trypsin treatment of plasma in order to activate prorenin generated an interfering angiotensin I immunoreactive material in all three species, most extensively in horse plasma. 4. This material could be removed in bovine and hog plasma by a cation-exchange resin, allowing an assay of the plasma prorenin concentration to be constructed in these species. 5. Another strategy has to be followed in order to measure prorenin and renin concentrations in horse plasma.

Angiotensin I↗
PubMed2006

Development of a hydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry assay for spectinomycin and lincomycin in liquid hog manure supernatant and run-off from cropland.

A specific and sensitive analytical method was developed to extract and quantify spectinomycin and lincomycin in liquid hog manure supernatant and simulated rainfall run-off from manure-treated cropland. Sample extracts were prepared using solid-phase extraction (SPE) employing a weak cation-exchange resin (Oasis WCX) for extraction of spectinomycin. An Oasis HLB cartridge was used for extraction of lincomycin. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) was used to obtain the necessary separation of the two antibiotics from interfering compounds and to provide baseline separation. Analytes were detected using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Extraction recoveries were 77% for lincomycin and 84% for spectinomycin in liquid hog manure supernatant, and 89% for lincomycin and 95% for spectinomycin in run-off water. The corresponding limits of quantitation were 6.0 and 0.040 microg l(-1) for spectinomycin and lincomycin, respectively, in liquid hog manure supernatant and 0.2 and 0.008 microg l(-1) for spectinomycin and lincomycin, respectively, in run-off from manure treated cropland. The method is suitable for monitoring the environmental fate and transport of these two antibiotics in both liquid hog manure and agricultural field run-off.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

A peptide from hog plasma that inhibits human cholesteryl ester transfer protein.

A peptide that inhibits the human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) was isolated from hog plasma by ultracentrifugation, two sequential column chromatographies and electroelution from gels. Molecular weight of the peptide was determined to be approximately 3 kDa on the SDS-PAGE. The peptide contained 28 amino acids with an identical sequence to the amino terminus of hog apolipoprotein-CIII except two amino acid residues: -Pro-Glu- at the fifth and sixth amino acids from the amino terminus in the isolated peptide, in contrast to -Leu-Leu- in hog apo-CIII. A peptide synthesized chemically according to the amino acid sequence of the peptide (designated P28) showed approximately the same degree of CETP inhibitory activity as the isolated peptide. Synthetic peptides with different number of amino acids were also tested for CETP inhibition. Among the peptides, the one with 20 amino acid residues (P20) from the amino terminus showed the highest inhibitory activity against the CETP. The peptide appeared to be associated with the hog high-density lipoproteins (HDL), as determined by immunoblot analysis using antibody against P28. The CETP-inhibitory activity of the peptide was examined in vivo using diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rabbits. When the peptide was injected into the rabbits (7-9 mg/kg body weight), approximately 75% CETP activity disappeared from the plasma in 1 h after the injection and the effect lasted up to 30 h. The inhibition of CETP in vivo led to a concomitant decrease in total plasma cholesterol level up to 30% and an increase in the level of HDL-cholesterol up to 32%. The cholesterol concentrations in the rabbit plasma gradually recovered to the initial level after 48 h.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Stimulation of the yeast high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway: evidence for a signal generated by a change in turgor rather than by water stress.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae HOG pathway controls responses to osmotic shock such as production of the osmolyte glycerol. Here we show that the HOG pathway can be stimulated by addition of glycerol. This stimulation was strongly diminished in cells expressing an unregulated Fps1p glycerol channel, presumably because glycerol rapidly equilibrated across the plasma membrane. Ethanol, which passes the plasma membrane readily and causes water stress by disturbing the hydration of biomolecules, did not activate the HOG pathway. These observations suggest that stimulation of the HOG pathway is mediated by a turgor change and not by water stress per se.

Blotting, Northern↗