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PubMed2005

Halitosis manifestation and prevention means for patients with fixed teeth dentures.

The objective of this research is to analyse the causal relationship between construction of fixed bridge dentures and the intensity of halitosis manifestations, as well as to establish basic hygiene requirements for construction of fixed dentures which would completely exclude retention of food particles and avoid bad breath. 48 patients (36 men and 12 women), who use fixed dentures for 2-10 years, have been involved in this research. 26 patients wore fixed bridge dentures made of punched tooth crowns, the other 22 patients wore cast fixed dentures. The obtained measurements of halitosis magnitude point to the close connection between bad breath and the construction of fixed dentures. Fixed dentures with tooth crown laps, saddle intermediate parts, as well as denture constructions, which impede complex of mouth hygiene measures, cause bad breath. In this research, the condition of patients' teeth, periodontium, and oral cavity hygiene have been evaluated as satisfactory; the tongue is not perceptibly coated, and patients etiologically have not experienced problems caused by respiratorial or gastrointestinal diseases. The examined patients have not complained of xerostomia problems. In conclusion, it should be admitted that fixed dentures, which make difficult or even completely impede the complex of oral cavity hygiene measures, intensify the development of halitosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Halitosis and abuse of antibiotics. Report of a case.

A case of halitosis caused by the abuse of antibiotics is presented. The abuse of tetracycline resulted in a black hairy tongue and halitosis in this patient. Periodontal therapy and the withdrawal of tetracycline corrected these problems. This is the first patient with halitosis due to abuse of tetracycline seen in our clinic.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Halitosis.

Halitosis, or bad breath, is a universally experienced condition that is usually resolved by common practices of oral hygiene. Medical or dental evaluation is sought by many patients with halitosis of elusive etiology. The physician knowledgeable in the many causes of halitosis can appropriately diagnose and manage these cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Halitosis.

Although halitosis is generally thought of as a social handicap related to poor oral hygiene or disease of the oral cavity, it may also indicate a serious systemic illness that requires diagnosis and treatment. Halitosis can be the result of pathologic or nonpathologic factors, both local systemic. A complete physical examination, with laboratory and radiographic studies as indicated by the history and physical examination, will generally identify a treatable cause for halitosis. Treatment is directed at the underlying cause. Simple measures, including careful oral hygiene, may be employed to lessen breath odor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Halitosis: causes, diagnosis, and treatment.

Halitosis is a major concern to the general public and the source of a multimillion-dollar industry world wide. Although the aetiology may be localised to the oral cavity in up to 90 percent of instances, halitosis may indicate a serious underlying medical condition necessitating medical referral. In general, halitosis of an oral cause can be safely and easily diagnosed and treated by the general dental practitioner.

Halitosis↗
PubMed2001

Successful treatment of gut-caused halitosis with a suspension of living non-pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria--a case report.

UNLABELLED: In up to 90% of cases, severe halitosis is a result of gastrointestinal or orolaryngeal problems. This case study reports on a girl with bad breath caused by increased formation of malodorous intestinal gases (halitosis), which could be successfully treated with a suspension of living non-pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli. CONCLUSION: in unclear cases of bad breath, an increased formation of intestinal gases should also be considered.

Breath Tests↗
PubMed2003

Halitosis.

Halitosis (oral malodor, bad breath) is a condition affecting millions of Americans and is a major concern to the general public. In healthy individuals complaining of bad breath, the mouth is the main source of their oral malodor, more specifically the posterior dorsum of the tongue. Halitosis may also indicate an underlying medical condition that necessitates treatment. In a patient with oral malodor for whom an underlying systemic problem has been ruled out, improved oral hygiene, removal of tongue plaque, and, if necessary, antibacterial mouth rinses are advised.

Halitosis↗
PubMed2003

The effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and zinc lactate on the microflora of oral halitosis patients: a dual-centre, double-blind placebo-controlled study.

AIM: This study evaluated the microbial effects of a newly formulated mouthwash (Halita) on oral halitosis patients. METHODS: Forty subjects were included in this dual-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel study. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to select patients. At baseline and at 2 weeks post-treatment, full-mouth organoleptic odor scores, level of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) and the Winkel Tongue Coating Index were recorded. Standardized samples of tongue coating, saliva and subgingival plaque were microbiologically investigated. Participants were randomly assigned to the test or placebo groups. RESULTS: High prevalences were observed for Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis in tongue coating, saliva and subgingival plaque samples. A significant positive correlation between baseline total counts of P. gingivalis in saliva samples and organoleptic and VSC scores was found. Two weeks post-treatment there was a reduction in total anaerobic counts in all samples in the test group. A significant positive correlation was observed between the reduction in total counts in saliva samples and the reduction in organoleptic scores in the test group. Significant reductions in total counts and proportions of F. nucleatum and total counts of P. intermedia in tongue coating samples were observed in the test group. CONCLUSIONS: The test mouthwash demonstrated efficacy in reducing the microbiological parameters in three oral niches in moderate to severe halitosis patients without periodontitis, and this was correlated with the improvements in organoleptic and VSC scores but not with the tongue coating scores.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2005

Halitosis and periodontal disease in subjects with mental disabilities.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between halitosis, presence of N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide (BANA) positive activity (indicative of Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis) and periodontal conditions in subjects with mental disabilities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The population consisted of 17 Down syndrome (DS), 17 mentally retarded (MR) and 17 mentally healthy subjects (MH) - control group. A portable sulfide monitor was used to measure the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) found in the mouth. Clinical parameters [Plaque Index (PlI), Probing Depth (PD), Bleeding on Probing (BOP)] were obtained from six reference teeth. Subgingival plaque samples for BANA Test were taken from the same six teeth and dorsum of the tongue. RESULTS: PlI and BOP were higher in DS than in MR and MH, respectively (P < 0.05). Mean PD was similar between DS and healthy groups but it was higher than the MR group. No significant differences were found among the three groups regarding the presence of BANA positive species, however the VSC levels were significantly lower in DS (97.23 ppb) than in MR (203.23 ppb) and MH individuals (180.53 ppb). CONCLUSIONS: Even though the presence of BANA positive activity was similar among DS, MR and MH subjects, halitosis seemed to be lower in the DS group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Halitosis.

Halitosis (oral malodour or breath odour) is a fairly common complaint. Halitosis is most often a consequence of oral bacterial activity, typically from anaerobes. Occasional causes include systemic disease, and some patients have a psychogenic background to the complaint. The management is outlined in this paper.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1991

Halitosis measurement by an industrial sulphide monitor.

Previous studies have established that hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans are the primary components of halitosis (bad breath). In the present investigation, we report a simple, rapid technique for measurement of halitosis-related sulphides. The technique is based on a portable instrument generally used for environmental safety applications. Seventy-five volunteers were measured using this technique, and the results (in peak ppb hydrogen sulphide equivalents) compared with organoleptic assessment by 7 judges. A highly significant overall correlation (r = 0.603; P less than 0.001) was obtained between these 2 methods. Moreover, in most cases, the organoleptic ratings of the individual judges correlated more highly with sulphide monitor values than with one another. The simplicity of the technique suggests its use in clinical studies as well as in diagnosis and treatment of patients with this complaint.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The relationship between volatile sulfur compounds and major halitosis-inducing factors.

BACKGROUND: Although tongue coating and periodontal conditions have been reported to be major halitosis-inducing factors, the relationship between volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) and these 2 major factors is not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of VSC concentrations to tongue coating and periodontal health. METHODS: Forty subjects (mean age 33.3 years, range 14 to 64 years) were enrolled in this study. Gas chromatography was performed to analyze each VSC component from the mouth air sampled prior to tongue scraping, after tongue scraping, and after a subsequent prophylaxis on the interdental spaces. RESULTS: CH3SH was the most malodorous component among the 3 major VSC from the mouth air. The high CH3SH group showed a significantly higher organoleptic rating (P < 0.01), gingival index (P < 0.01), bleeding index (P < 0.01), probing depth (P < 0.05), and VSC concentrations prior to tongue scraping (P < 0.01), except for the amount of tongue coating, compared to the low CH3SH group. All VSC concentrations were vastly reduced by tongue scraping in both groups, and the remaining contents were nearly all removed by the subsequent prophylaxis. The VSC contents produced by the tongue coating played a major role [H2S: 76%; CH3SH: 52%; (CH3)2S: 55%] in the low CH3SH group. In the high CH3SH group which had poor periodontal health, the tongue coating still played a major role [H2S: 67%; CH3SH: 59%; (CH3)2S: 48%], but the interdental spaces also contributed to VSC production [H2S: 26%; CH3SH: 32%; (CH3)2S; 36%]. CONCLUSIONS: The tongue coating was demonstrated to be a primary halitosis-inducing factor. Periodontal health was also shown to contribute to VSC production.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Halitosis in 1999].

Bad breath is a major concern to the general population and a source of an important profit industry world wide. Between 50 and 60 per cent of the population suffer from chronic halitosis. This can have consequences for private or professional life. Reasons can imply many specialities: ENT, gastro-enterology, pneumology, hepatology, genetics and psychiatry (a high percentage of the patients who come to the clinic with a primary complaint of halitosis do not have a detectable problem). Nevertheless, 85% are stomatological and are explained by the release of volatile sulfur compounds. These substances have a very offensive odor in very low concentrations. A specialized device called a halimeter is available to measure the volatile sulphur compounds in mouth air but in practice the objective assessment of malodor is still best performed by the organoleptic method. A careful examination can determine the patient's problem in most cases. Initial treatment strategy should focus on the exact cause and on oral hygiene. In addition to the usual recommendations, the daily use of tongue cleaners is very beneficial. Other than etiologic therapy, masking can be achieved by oral care products (mouth rinses, toothpastes, chewing gums) which contain metal ions, especially zinc, that inhibit odor formation because of its affinity to sulphur compounds.

Chelating Agents↗
PubMed1999

Clinical application of a questionnaire for diagnosis and treatment of halitosis.

To treat halitosis, clinicians must examine the psychologic condition of a patient as well as the disease history and plausible causes of oral malodor, such as periodontal disease. However, it is not easy for a practitioner to carry out a psychologic examination other than the normal inquiry concerning oral malodor itself. Hence, a questionnaire that appears to be a normal inquiry, rather than one containing psychologic questions, was composed to survey the causes of halitosis and psychosomatic tendencies.

Dentist-Patient Relations↗
PubMed2000

[Halitosis in two children caused by a foreign body in the nose].

In two boys aged 4.5 and 1.5 years with halitosis a nasal foreign body was found. After removal the foetor disappeared. Little is known about the epidemiology of halitosis in children. Apart from specific odours with certain systemic disorders, local pathology such as chronic sinusitis, upper and lower respiratory tract infections and to a lesser degree gastrointestinal disorders may be the cause of the offensive smell. As in adults, bad breath in children is usually related to poor oral hygiene or disease of the oral cavity. The first-line treatment is proper oral hygiene and if necessary dental sanitization. In resistant cases further evaluation should be aimed at disclosing the causative pathology, in which case in children the possibility of a nasal foreign body should also be considered.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1995

[Diagnosis and treatment of halitosis].

Halitosis or foetor ex ore is a frequent and complex problem with a multifactorial etiology. Nevertheless, in the majority of cases local oral conditions are the causes of the bad breath and therefore an extensive oral examination is the first step towards the identification of the source of malodor. A correct diagnosis will depend on analysis of data gathered from the patient's halitosis history, oral examination and additional laboratory and diagnostic tests.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1993

Halitosis: a review.

Offensive or 'bad' breath (foetor ex ore) has traditionally become known as halitosis and can be very distressing for the individual concerned. This paper reviews the causes and management of halitosis for the general practitioner, who is in an ideal situation to help such patients.

Halitosis↗