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PubMed2003

Team supervision in multiprofessional teams: team members' descriptions of the effects as highlighted by group interviews.

The aim of the study was to describe the effects of team supervision in multiprofessional teams as perceived by team members. The literature describes team supervision as a way to develop collaboration in multiprofessional teams. However, little empirical research into the effects of team supervision is available. A research project was undertaken on five units of a university hospital between 1995 and 1998. Data were collected using group interviews with 62 interviewees and were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Team members' perceptions of the feeling of togetherness varied. Communication had become more open in the teams, but the frankness of expression varied: communication had generally become more tactful, whereas in one of the teams frankness offended some members. Team members had learned to know each other. This had improved mutual understanding, but also increased tension. Teams' working methods had changed. Joint decision making had developed, but conflicts had also emerged. Motivation for work had improved as a result of the awareness of shared problems. However, motivation had been lessened by frustration caused by slow progress in the team. Perceptions of the effects of team supervision in the multiprofessional teams varied by units and teams. The study showed that team supervision is a challenge to supervisors.

Communication↗
PubMed1990

Focus group interview: a research technique for informed nursing practice.

AIDS has become a leading cause of death for women between the ages of 25 and 34. An overwhelming proportion of these women are Black (52%) or Hispanic (20%). Despite the disproportionate number of minority women who are HIV infected, the majority of AIDS educational programmes have been directed at the White gay male. The purpose of this paper is to present a qualitative research technique which used focus group interviews to promote the development of a programme devised to reduce risk behaviours in minority populations. A summary of the investigation and implications for nursing are also presented.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changing philosophy by group interviews.

Establishing a philosophy to guide clinical practice is widely regarded as desirable. The articulation of a philosophy is considered by Wright to be the first step in building a model of nursing, and the university which is the source of students for the author's ward has made the existence of a philosophy statement a prerequisite for teams wishing to have students attend their wards. This article relates how a nursing team used the technique of focused group interviews to allow its members to voice their feelings over the direction of an established ward philosophy, and how the changes they suggested were incorporated into a revised statement.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Choice of food and food traditions in pre-war Bosnia-Herzegovina: focus group interviews with immigrant women in Sweden.

OBJECTIVES: Immigrants in Sweden have on average poorer health than native Swedes, including the risk of nutritional problems. In Sweden's multicultural society there is a need for increased knowledge about eating habits in public health work within health and education. A survey of refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina living in Sweden was undertaken to describe the choice of food and food traditions in pre-war Bosnia. The purpose was to introduce the subject of food, health and migration into public health work and develop culture-adapted food and health advice. DESIGN: Focus-group interviews were undertaken with a total of 20 women refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina. RESULTS: Qualitative data analysis identified a large consumption of bread as a staple food with meat, vegetables, milk, cheese, legumes, egg and fish as additions. Self-sufficiency was noted with milk souring, jam making and the production of sweet fruit drinks. Home made cheese and drying or smoking of meat were common methods of food storage. In child rearing, breast-feeding for 6-8 months was most common. Home made breast milk replacements were made from semolina, rice and 'petit biscuits'. CONCLUSION: Several important factors need to be taken into account when giving culturally adapted food and health advice to Bosnian families, such as encouraging bread, vegetable and legume consumption and giving advice on substituting sweet fruit drinks for natural fruit. One should be conscious of how religious beliefs as well as socio-cultural, historical, ecological, economical and psychological influences may guide food choices.

Bosnia and Herzegovina↗
PubMed2002

The evaluation of a clinical development unit leadership preparation program by focus group interviews - part I: positive aspects.

In 1996, in Western Sydney, Australia, the Area Health Service and the University of Western Sydney entered a strategic alliance to develop a nursing research culture in the health services. One of the strategies implemented to achieve this was the establishment of a network of research-receptive environments known as Clinical Development Units (CDUs). At the time, however, evidence suggested that research receptivity will only develop in units where the leadership style is permissive and participatory; evidence also suggested that the successful establishment of CDUs hinged critically on the effective management of CDU leadership stressors. In light of this, it was agreed to conduct a CDU Leadership Preparation Program in Western Sydney. The aim of the program was to equip CDU leaders with the participatory leadership skills required to develop and manage their units. It was anticipated that the acquisition of these leadership skills would, in turn, help them minimise the leadership stressors to which they could expect to become subject. This paper provides details of the first CDU leadership preparation course: how participants were selected, the aims of the course and its content. It focuses, however, on a discussion of the positive evaluative data harvested through 2 focus group interviews which were conducted 5 months following participants' successful completion of the program.A second paper focuses on the more negative evaluative data, 2 themes which unexpectedly emerged during data analysis and how the current program has been modified in light of this data.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Management of chest pain: exploring the views and experiences of chiropractors and medical practitioners in a focus group interview.

BACKGROUND: We report on a multidisciplinary focus group project related to the appropriate care of chiropractic patients who present with chest pain. The prevalence and clinical management, both diagnosis and treatment, of musculoskeletal chest pain in ambulatory medical settings, was explored as the second dimension of the focus group project reported here. METHODS: This project collected observational data from a multidisciplinary focus group composed of both chiropractic and medical professionals. The goals of the focus group were to explore the attitudes and experiences of medical and chiropractic clinicians regarding their patients with chest pain who receive care from both medical and chiropractic providers, to identify important clinical or research questions that may inform the development of 'best practices' for coordinating or managing care of chest pain patients between medical and chiropractic providers, to identify important clinical or research questions regarding the diagnosis and treatment of chest pain of musculoskeletal origin, to explore various methods that might be used to answer those questions, and to discuss the feasibility of conducting or coordinating a multidisciplinary research effort along this line of inquiry. The convenience-sample of five focus group participants included two chiropractors, two medical cardiologists, and one dual-degreed chiropractor/medical physician. The focus group was audiotaped and transcripts were prepared of the focus group interaction. Content analysis of the focus group transcripts were performed to identify key themes and concepts, using categories of narratives. RESULTS: Six key themes emerged from the analysis of the focus group interaction, including issues surrounding (1) Diagnosis; (2) Treatment and prognosis; (3) Chest pain as a chronic, multifactorial, or comorbid condition; (4) Inter-professional coordination of care; (5) Best practices and standardization of care; and (6) Training and education. CONCLUSION: This study carries implications for chiropractic clinical training relative to enhancing diagnostic competencies in chest pain, as well as the need to ascertain and improve those skills, competencies, and standards for referrals and sharing of clinical information that may improve cross-disciplinary coordination of care for chest pain patients.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

[Career wishes and career worries of medical students--results of focus group interviews].

PURPOSE: In addition to a prospective longitudinal study of career determinants in young physicians the aim of the present qualitative study was to gather information on 1. experiences by medical students during their clinical year, 2. their understanding of career, 3. their career desires and worries regarding the compatibility of profession and family, and 4. their wishes of career promotion. METHOD: Twenty-two subjects from the initial sample of 377 students from the three medical schools in the German-speaking part of Switzerland in their senior year agreed to participate in focus groups. The interviews were structured by an interview guideline, the material was tape-recorded, transcribed, paraphrased, and categorised. RESULTS: 1. The experiences during the clinical year mainly brought a gain of practical skills. Female students were disillusioned by the daily routine at the hospital. 2. Career was associated with a poor quality of life. 3. Regarding career wishes male students showed more optimistic attitudes, while female students suppressed their career wishes in prospect of a spouse and/or family. Female and male students had rather traditional ideas about the compatibility of their profession and family. The only acceptable models were the so-called life cycle model (professional work - family phase - return to work for women) or a reduced professional engagement of the woman during the family phase. 4. The majority of the participants wanted some sort of career promotion, female students at the beginning, males rather in a later stage of their career. CONCLUSION: The results of the longitudinal study will show whether the assessments of the subjects in the focus groups will be confirmed during their further career.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Attitudes towards co-workers affected by occupational hearing loss. II: Focus groups interviews.

This study was undertaken as a complement to a questionnaire inquiry on attitudes towards co-workers affected by occupational hearing loss (OHL). Four groups of 7 to 11 volunteer participants were recruited among respondents to the questionnaire inquiry. They were interviewed using a focus group technique. Scenarios were prepared to serve as a basis for asking questions aimed at three major objectives: (a) to characterize workers' perception of a co-worker who has an impairment involving no visible signs; (b) to identify the conditions that trigger social withdrawal and isolation behaviour among people affected by OHL, and the conditions that might make the latter decide to seek help; and (c) to define the type and methods of help that might minimize social withdrawal and isolation among hearing impaired workers. The interviews were taped and transcribed verbatim for content analysis using a phenomenological-interpretative framework. The findings can be summarized by the following description of the perception of the problem of OHL among industrial workers. The strong fear of being stigmatized leads those affected by OHL to conceal its manifestations and consequences in their everyday life. As a result, significant others, co-workers, employers and the general population are not aware of such manifestations. Within the workplace, the problem of OHL is generally seen as being inconsequential. In daily interactions among co-workers, its effects are ignored. Within the family, hearing difficulties are often not interpreted as such but they nevertheless affect the workers' significant others. People do not know how to facilitate communication with a person affected by OHL. A large scale multi-target awareness programme is proposed to demarginalize workers affected by OHL. Implications of the findings are drawn in such areas as characterization of attitudes toward workers with hearing impairment, rehabilitation for those affected by OHL, and prevention of OHL.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The use of focus group interview in the evaluation of patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

The purpose of this study was to develop some of the focus group discussion (FGD) potentialities in order to provide information on patients' understanding of the origin and management of their medical condition. Fifteen ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients (mean age = 32.6 yr and mean disease duration = 13.4 yr) were selected from the Rheumatic Disease Unit (RDU) out-patient clinic at Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil, to take part in this study. The FGD constituted two sessions, with eight patients in the first and seven in the second. The moderator raised specific questions about the patients' understanding of the pathology, the treatment and how the illness affected their quality of life. It was observed through the FGD that patients believed that their illness onset was due to some physical trauma. Clinicians should inquire about this tissue to be sure that their individual patients do not have this false belief. Also, it is necessary to improve the methods for early diagnosis and to develop further studies to determine and assess the parameters of disease activity. And finally, FGD may be of use in establishing a self-help group for individuals with chronic diseases, such as AS. In conclusion the FGD is an available technique that should be used more frequently in medicine to gather global qualitative data.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Conceptions and perceived influence of peer groups: interviews with preadolescents and adolescents.

72 fifth-, eighth-, and eleventh-grade boys and girls were interviewed to investigate developmental changes in perceptions of peer groups and group influence. Results indicated that preadolescents defined groups on the basis of common activities and social behavior and considered group influence to be greatest in these domains. Older adolescents were more likely to describe peer-group influence as global and far reaching, affecting one's appearance, illicit acts, attitudes, and values. Corresponding to increases in peer-group conceptions emphasizing group attitudes/norms and global influence were increases in the extent to which subjects felt that peer-group acceptance or rejection influenced self-evaluation. Developmental changes in the apparent reference-group functions of peer groups for adolescent identity formation are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Focus group interviews to examine the role and development of the clinical nurse specialist.

This paper reports on the use of focus groups to investigate the development of clinical nurse specialist roles. The need for this project was identified during initial research, undertaken in two London Hospital Trusts, to assess the variety and nature of advanced clinical nursing roles already in evidence. From analysis of these data, this second stage of the research developed, in which the future of the clinical nurse specialist role within these two trust settings was explored. The initial steps of grounded theory, analytical techniques and procedures, using a constant comparative method, were used to analyse the findings from five focus groups (composed of a total of 25 nurses from two trusts). From the data, six categories were identified; role components; experience versus education; supportive strategies; personal qualities; future role development and development strategies. These categories provide the framework for discussing the findings of the research, within the context of the available literature. This examination of the clinical nurse specialist role highlights issues for career progression and education strategies. Both will need careful planning, in order for the clinical nurse specialist role to be considered and evolve as part of a potential strategy for the development of nursing roles within the two trusts and on a national level.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2002

Group interviews in primary care research: advancing the state of the art or ritualized research?

BACKGROUND: Focus groups have become an important data gathering technique in primary care research. OBJECTIVES: This study provides an integrated review of recent articles that used focus groups as a data collection method to gather information from family physicians. METHODS: Medline was searched for articles that used focus groups with family physicians in a North American setting during the 1990s. Articles that met this criteria were critically evaluated to determine who participated, the number of groups conducted, setting, length, inclusion and exclusion criteria, sampling technique and whether the groups were used as part of a larger study. RESULTS: The twenty articles discussed herein revealed tremendous variation in how focus group research is conducted and reported. CONCLUSIONS: Focus group research is a popular form of qualitative research in primary care research. Journals reporting qualitative research should require that certain basic information be present, thereby advancing the state of the art and permitting readers to better evaluate these articles.

Canada↗