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PubMed1991

Identification of sugar residues in secretory glycoconjugates of olfactory mucosae using lectin histochemistry.

Lectin histochemistry at the light microscope level was used to determine the distribution of sugar residues in secretory cells of the olfactory mucosae of salamander, hamster, and mouse. Differences in sugar composition and distribution of glycoconjugates found in sustentacular cells and acinar cells of Bowman's glands of these three animals were characterized. Oligosaccharides in secretory products of sustentacular cells in salamander olfactory mucosa contained sialic acid, galactose (Gal), N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), fucose, and mannose residues. Glycoconjugates of these cells lacked terminal galactosyl-beta-(1,3)N-acetylgalactose (Gal beta 1,3GalNAc) residues. The sequences Gal beta 1,3GalNAc, N-acetyllactosamine (Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc), and GalNAc were penultimate to sialic acid residues. Sustentacular cells of mouse and hamster did not appear to contain O-linked oligosaccharides but stained for mannose-containing N-linked oligosaccharides. Glycoconjugates of acinar and duct cells of Bowman's glands in the salamander, hamster, and mouse contained variable amounts of beta(1,4)GlcNAc residues, and terminal N-acetyllactosamine, Gal beta 1,3GalNAc, and GalNAc residues. In the salamander, glycoconjugates of acinar cells possessed terminal GlcNAc residues but were not sialylated, while those of hamster and mouse generally stained for sialic acid but did not possess terminal GlcNAc residues. Secretory products of a subpopulation of rodent acinar cells also contained penultimate Gal beta 1,3GalNAc residues. Staining for sialic acid, Gal, GalNAc, and GlcNAc in glycoconjugates of rodents was often limited to a sub-population of Bowman's glands. This was especially noticeable in the mouse.

Ambystoma↗
PubMed1988

Glycoconjugate boundaries during early postnatal development of the neostriatal mosaic.

The dispositions of galactosyl-containing glycoconjugates were studied during postnatal development of the caudate putamen in mice. The binding of the lectin peanut agglutinin, which has an affinity for galactosyl B-1,3 N-acetylgalactosamine residues, was compared to acetylcholinesterase staining and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the immature and adult neostriatum. The binding of peanut agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, in sections that were processed for peroxidase histochemistry, was extremely pronounced in the neostriatum through the first postnatal week and constituted ringlike or polygonally shaped structures, which, overall, produced a variegated mosaic. These structures consist of outer rims of dense lectin-associated reaction product surrounding lightly labeled centers. Lectin delineations of the neostriatal mosaic are no longer visible in the second postnatal week. When adjacent sections were processed for lectin binding or acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, the dense lectin binding sites represented borders of acetylcholinesterase-rich and -poor zones. The distribution of dense patches of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers and terminals also coincides with the acetylcholinesterase-rich zones during the same times, and thus the glycoconjugate-delineated boundaries can also be directly compared with the distribution of nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections. The findings presented here represent the first demonstration of a probe that recognizes apparent borders of neostriatal compartments during a limited period of development. They are consistent with previous observations made on transient glycoconjugate "hidden boundaries" during development of other central nervous system structures, including the somatosensory cortical barrel field, and thalamic and brainstem nuclei (Cooper and Steindler, '86a,b; Steindler and Cooper, in press). In those studies, glia were shown to be the major source of glycoconjugate-associated patterns, and thus, glia and glycoconjugates that they synthesize during pattern formation events may be involved in the formation and stabilization of neurochemically distinct components of the neostriatal mosaic.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1995

Glycoconjugate profile and CD44 expression in human melanoma cell lines with different metastatic capacity.

Changes in glycoconjugate production have been reported for tumor cells. In this study, we investigated the glycoconjugate expression pattern in normal human melanocytes and in a panel of 6 human melanoma cell lines with different metastatic capacity after s.c. inoculation into nude mice. Glycoconjugates were labeled in vitro with [35S] sulphate and [3H] glucosamine, purified from cells and culture medium by column chromatography and identified by treatment with specific glycosidases. Characterization of the purified glycoconjugate fractions as well as alcian-blue staining of xenograft lesions revealed that hyaluronic acid (HA) is the main glycoconjugate produced by all cell lines. Highly metastatic cell lines expressed higher levels of HA than melanocytes and than weakly metastatic or non-metastatic cell lines. In addition, a shift in dominance from chondroitin-sulphate proteoglycan to heparan-sulphate proteoglycan was observed with increasing metastatic capacity. We also studied the expression and binding activity of the HA receptor CD44. Immunoprecipitation experiments indicated high CD44 synthesis only in highly metastatic cell lines, but FACS analysis demonstrated approximately the same surface expression in melanocytes as in all cell lines. Adhesion assays to immobilized HA showed that CD44 can be present in an inactive or an active conformation. Our data suggest that a combination of increased HA production and the expression of CD44 on the cell surface may be associated with high metastatic potential of human melanoma cell lines in nude mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Heterogeneity of macrophages evidenced by variability in their glycoconjugates.

Staining rat tissues with a battery of 15 lectin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates showed that macrophages contain glycoconjugates possessing terminal alpha, beta-galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, and N-acetylneuraminic acid, plus two terminal disaccharides. Dissimilar binding of lectins by different phagocyte populations in the same or different organs evidenced variability in glycoconjugates according to the location of the macrophages. With a group of four lectins, macrophages stained most intensely in lung, next strongest in splenic red pulp and lymph node sinuses, and weakest in skin and liver. Two populations of macrophages were newly recognized in spleen on the basis of content of fucose-rich glycoconjugate. These included a necklace-like band of macrophages at the border between marginal zone and germinal center and distinctive macrophages dispersed throughout the marginal zone. In lymph nodes, phagocytes stained strongly in the germinal centers and weakly in sinuses for glycoconjugate with N-linked oligosaccharides and conversely for glycoconjugate with terminal beta-galactose. Variable lectin binding indicated heterogeneity of thymic macrophages. Lectin cytochemistry offers increased sensitivity for detecting macrophages in tissue sections, provides selective staining that shows the prevalence and distribution of the phagocytes and differentiates macrophages into separate subtypes.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effect of sulfated glycoconjugates on capacitation and the acrosome reaction of bovine and hamster spermatozoa.

The effects of sulfated glycoconjugates on the preparation of mammalian sperm for fertilization were investigated. The three sulfated glycoconjugates tested were heparin, dextran sulfate, and the fucose sulfate glycoconjugate (FSG) from the sea urchin egg jelly coat. In vivo, FSG induces the acrosome reaction in sea urchin sperm. Bovine sperm were found to be capacitated by heparin and FSG as judged both by ability of lysophosphatidylcholine (LC) to induce an acrosome reaction and by ability to fertilize bovine oocytes in vitro. The mechanism by which heparin or FSG capacitated bovine sperm appeared similar, since glucose inhibited capacitation by both glycoconjugates. In contrast to effects on bovine sperm, heparin and FSG induced the acrosome reaction in capacitated hamster sperm. When hamster sperm were incubated under noncapacitating conditions, heparin had no effect on capacitation or the acrosome reaction. Three molecular weights (MW) of dextran sulfate (5,000, 8,000, 500,000) were found to capacitate bovine sperm as judged by the ability of LC to induce an acrosome reaction. Whereas bovine sperm incubated with 5,000 or 8,000 MW dextran sulfate fertilized more bovine oocytes than control sperm (P less than 0.05), sperm treated with 500,000 MW dextran sulfate failed to penetrate oocytes. The high-MW dextran sulfate appeared to interact with the zona pellucida and/or sperm to prevent sperm binding. Results suggest that sulfated glycoconjugates may prepare sperm for fertilization across a wide range of species.

Acrosome↗
PubMed2001

Glycoconjugate metabolism in a cystic fibrosis knockout mouse model.

Cystic fibrosis knockout mice (cftr(-/-)) die prematurely of obstruction of the intestine which may result from accumulation of dehydrated glycoconjugate-containing mucus. We noted an increase in the specific activity of [(14)C]glucosamine-labeled high-molecular weight glycoconjugates, probably mucin, in the lumen of the intestine of cftr(-/-) (homozygous) mice compared to cftr(+/+) (wild-type) and cftr(+/-) (heterozygous) mice and a decrease in the turnover of glycoconjugates of several organs of the cftr(-/-) mice. No difference in the anionic composition of secreted intestinal glycoconjugates was detected and no difference in the amount of mucin 1 (Muc1) was found in the small intestine, colon, pancreas, and lungs of the different genotypes. In addition, the spleen of the cftr(-/-) mice was significantly smaller than that of control mice and the small intestine and colon were, respectively, longer and shorter compared to control mice. These results indicate modified glycoconjugate metabolism in cystic fibrosis knockout mice and morphologic changes to the spleen and intestine where the latter modifications are possibly related to the intestinal malabsorption associated with cystic fibrosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A nitrous acid procedure as a selective histochemical means of eliminating the N-sulphates of glycoconjugates.

A nitrous acid procedure has been shown to lead to the elimination of N-sulphates in sections of a series of tissues containing sulphated glycoconjugates. Two groups of sulphated glycoconjugate-containing tissues were used; one contained N-sulphates and other was devoid of such groupings. In the first group of tissues, mast cells of different origins and renal glomeruli in the rat were employed. Xiphoid and tracheal cartilage matrix, submandibular and sublingual gland acini and gastric, duodenal and colonic mucosae were used in the second group. Sections were treated with nitrous acid and then stained with Alcian Blue pH 1.0, high iron diamine or Aldehyde Fuchsin for sulphated glycoconjugates. Such treatment was found to diminish the staining intensities exclusively in N-sulphated glycoconjugate-containing structures such as mast cell granules and renal glomerular basement membrane, providing a means of chemically eliminating N-sulphates of glycoconjugates in tissues.

Acetates↗
PubMed1992

Cationic colloidal gold--a probe for light- and electron-microscopic characterization of acidic glycoconjugates using poly-L-lysine gold complex.

Cationic colloidal gold (CCG) was used to characterize acidic glycoconjugates in semithin and ultrathin sections of rat large intestine and salivary glands embedded in hydrophilic Lowicryl K4M resin. It was prepared from poly-L-lysine and 10 nm colloidal gold solution. The staining of CCG in semithin sections was amplified after photochemical silver reaction using silver acetate as a silver ion donor and examined under bright-field and epi-illumination microscopy. CCG adjusted to various pH levels was tested on various rat tissues whose histochemical characteristics with regard to acidic glycoconjugates are well known. At pH 2.5 CCG labelled tissues containing sialylated and sulphated acidic glycoconjugates such as the apical cell surface, mucous cells in the distal and proximal colon, and acinar cells of the sublingual gland. In contrast, CCG at pH 1.0 labelled tissues containing sulphated acidic glycoconjugates such as mucous cells in the upper crypt of the proximal colon and mucous cells in the whole crypt of the distal colon. This specificity of CCG was verified by the alteration of CCG staining following several types of cytochemical pretreatment. These results were further confirmed by electron microscopy. CCG staining is thus a useful postembedding procedure for the characterization of acidic glycoconjugates at both the light- and electron-microscopic levels.

Cations↗
PubMed1988

The cytochemistry of glycoconjugates in the planum nasolabial gland of the goat as studied by electron microscopic methods.

In the planum nasolabial glands of the goat, glycoconjugates of glandular and duct cells have been studied by means of a series of electron microscopic cytochemical methods. In the glandular cells glycoconjugates with vicinal diol groupings were present in secretory granules, certain elements of the Golgi complex, lysosome-like dense bodies, the surface coat of the plasma membrane, the majority of intracellular cytomembranes, glycogen particles and the basal lamina. In duct cells, glycoconjugates with the same properties were localized in similar ultrastructures, except for secretory granules, which were not detected in these cells. By lectin cytochemistry, glycoconjugates in glandular cell secretory granules contained a variety of saccharide residues such as alpha-D-mannose, alpha-D-glucose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and alpha-L-fucose. The cytochemical properties of the secretory glycoconjugates are discussed in relation to the physiological functions performed by the planum nasolabial glands in the goat.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Glycoconjugates of the intestinal goblet cells of four cyprinids.

The aim of this work was to show differences in the terminal and subterminal sugar composition of carbohydrate chains of glycoconjugates produced by the goblet cells of the intestines of four cyprinids. We analysed intestines of two herbivorous species--sneep and grass carp--and two omnivorous ones--chub and common carp. We compared four intestinal regions of every studied species. In every region, the presence of neutral and acidic glycoconjugates was confirmed. The smallest amount of acidic glycoconjugates was present in the second region of sneep intestine. Sulphated glycoconjugates were absent in the third and fourth region of chub intestine. Lectin histochemistry provided evidence for the presence of beta-D-galactose, a-N-acetylgalactosamine, beta-N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acids. Additionally, the occurrence of alpha-L-fucose in the goblet cells of chub, grass carp and sneep was confirmed. We tried to correlate the pattern of glycoconjugate glycosylation with feeding habits of the studied fishes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Relative amounts of sialic acid and fucose of amniotic fluid glycoconjugates in relation to pregnancy age.

The present knowledge concerning the glycan structures and role of glycoconjugates derived from amniotic fluid is fragmentary and mainly focuses on the individual glycoproteins. The question has arisen as whether the general glycosylation pattern of amniotic fluid glycoconjugates can change with the progression of a normal pregnancy. In the present work we have described the dynamic, quantitative alterations in relative amounts of sialic acid and fucose linked by a variety of anomeric linkages to subterminal oligosaccharide structures of amniotic fluid glycoconjugates in relation to pregnancy age. The analysis was performed in the following groups of amniotic fluids derived from normal pregnancy by lectin dotting method: "2nd trimester" (14-19 weeks), "3rd trimester" (29-37 weeks), "perinatal period" (38-40 weeks) , "delivery at term" (39-41 weeks) and "post date pregnancy" (41-43 weeks). In the "3rd trimester" the amniotic fluid glycoconjugates contained higher relative amounts of glycans terminated by alpha2-6-linked sialic acid (p < 0.00002) and by alpha1-6 innermost fucose (p < 0.000001) than those in the 2nd trimester. In contrast, they showed the lower relative amount of fucose linked alpha1-3 (p < 0.02). At the perinatal period the relative amount of alpha2-6-linked sialic acid increased (p < 0.03), and it then decreased during delivery (p < 0.02) to the level found in the "3rd trimester" group. In the post date pregnancy all parameters studied increased. The sialyl- and fucosyl-glycotopes of the amniotic fluid glycoconjugates may play an critical role in growth and tissue remodeling of the foetus, as well as may might reflect maturation of a foetus. Additionally, a determination of the glycotope expressions might be helpful in prenatal diagnosis as predictor factors for well being of mother and child.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Isolation and partial characterization of a surface glycoconjugate of Entamoeba histolytica.

To study surface molecules of Entamoeba histolytica we produced monoclonal antibodies from mice immunized with lysates from the pathogenic amebic strain HM1:IMSS, and screened them for the ability to inhibit E. histolytica adhesion. One monoclonal antibody, CC 8.6, was a potent inhibitor of amebic adhesion to a Chinese hamster ovary cell line, and was capable of inhibiting HM1:IMSS mediated cytotoxicity by 50%. We found that monoclonal antibody CC 8.6 bound to an amebic glycoconjugate. The glycoconjugate is present only in E. histolytica and not in other Entamoeba sp. It migrates as a polydisperse band on SDS-PAGE, and can be metabolically radiolabeled with [14C]glucose, [32P]phosphate, and [3H]palmitate. The glycoconjugate can be purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on octyl-Sepharose; enzymatic hydrolysis with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C alters the hydrophobic properties of the molecule. HPLC analysis of [14C]glucose-labeled glycoconjugate saccharides revealed that approximately 82% of the incorporated label was in glucose and 12% in galactose. Our studies demonstrate that one of the immunogenic surface molecules of E. histolytica is a phosphorylated, lipid-containing, glycoconjugate, and that antibodies to this antigen may have the potential to protect against E. histolytica adhesion and cytotoxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The effects of intravenously administered methylxanthines on the proportion of goblet cells containing fucosylated glycoconjugates in rabbit tracheal epithelium.

The proportion of goblet cells containing various fucosylated glycoconjugates was evaluated with the use of lectin histochemistry in rabbit tracheal epithelium at 15 and 30 min after intravenous administration of either aminophylline (Syntophyllin) or a mixture of etophylline and theophylline (Oxantil). Methylxanthine derivatives are nonspecific inhibitors of phosphodiesterases that are used to treat bronchial asthma; the proportion of fucosylated glycoconjugates strongly affects rheologic properties of respiratory tract mucus. It is concluded that administration of Syntophyllin dramatically lowered the proportion of goblet cells containing fucosylated glycoconjugates in rabbit tracheal epithelium, especially at 30 min after exposure. This decrease was strongest in the levels of alpha(1-2)-fucosylated glycoconjugates. Therefore, Syntophyllin substantially altered the composition and viscoelastic properties of mucus of the upper respiratory tract. The vasodilator Oxantil exerted less pronounced changes in the proportion of goblet cells, but the strongest effect was again found in the levels of alpha(1-2)-fucosylated glycoconjugates.

Alcian Blue↗
PubMed2004

Partial characterisation of high-molecular weight glycoconjugates in the trail mucus of the freshwater pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis.

We have studied the glycoconjugates in trail mucus of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The mucus was dissolved with 6 M guanidinium hydrochloride (GuHCl) and the major component was comprised of very high-M(r) glycoconjugates that were eluted in the void volume of a Sepharose CL-4B gel-filtration column. This high-M(r) material was pooled and thereafter subjected to density gradient centrifugation first in 4 M GuHCl/CsCl and subsequently 0.2 M GuHCl/CsCl to further remove non-glycosylated proteins and DNA. The harvested glycoconjugate pool chromatographed in the void volume of Sepharose CL-2B. However, reduction of disulfide bonds lowered the molecular size of approximately 80% of the void material yielding a major fragment and some minor smaller fragments in gel chromatography. The reduced glycoconjugates were digested with papain and yielded high molecular weight, proteinase-resistant glycopeptides. This fragmentation pattern is similar to that found for oligomeric gel-forming mucins in mammals and the amino acid composition (60% Ser/Thr) and sugar analysis of the glycopeptides is consistent with mucin-like molecules, there being no significant amounts of xylose or uronic acids. The residual 20% of the preparation, which apparently resisted reduction and protease digestion, had a similar amino acid composition to the bulk, but was somewhat different in sugar composition, containing some xylose and a significant amount of glucuronic acid. The two groups of molecules had very different morphologies in the electron microscope. Taken together, these data suggest that trail mucus is a complex mixture of at least two families of protein-glycoconjugate molecules based upon the gel-forming mucin and proteoglycan families, though we cannot rule out that polysaccharides may also be present.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1992

Immunochemical characterization of polyclonal and monoclonal Streptococcus group A antibodies by chemically defined glycoconjugates and synthetic oligosaccharides.

Synthetic oligosaccharides of increasing complexity that represent different epitopes of the Streptococcus Group A cell-wall polysaccharide were used as haptens and glycoconjugates of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and horse hemoglobin (HHb) to characterize polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Rabbits were immunized with the BSA glycoconjugates of a linear trisaccharide, branched trisaccharide, and branched pentasaccharide. The binding specificities of the polyclonal antisera were determined by a series of inhibition ELISA studies in which disaccharide through pentasaccharide haptens were used as inhibitors of antibody-glycoconjugate binding. Monoclonal antibodies derived from mice immunized with a killed bacterial vaccine were selected for their binding to native polysaccharide antigen coupled to BSA and the BSA glycoconjugates of the di- and linear tri-saccharides. Polyclonal antibodies were moderately specific for the oligosaccharide epitope of the immunizing glycoconjugate and only those antibodies raised to the branched pentasaccharide antigen showed cross-reaction with the bacterial antigen. The behaviour of selected monoclonal antibodies parallels the binding profile of polyclonal antibodies in that the two highest-titre antibodies were directed toward an epitope displayed by the branched pentasaccharide.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Synthesis and sensory characterization of novel umami-tasting glutamate glycoconjugates.

Two glycoconjugates of glutamic acid, namely, the N-glycoside dipotassium N-(d-glucos-1-yl)-l-glutamate (1) and the corresponding Amadori compound N-(1-deoxy-d-fructos-1-yl)-l-glutamic acid (2), have been synthesized in yields of 35 and 52%, respectively, using new Maillard-mimetic approaches, and their chemical structures have unequivocally been elucidated by 1D- and 2D-NMR and MS experiments. Systematic sensory studies revealed that both glycoconjugates exhibit pronounced umami-like taste with recognition taste thresholds of 1-2 mmol/L, close to that of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Contrary to an aqueous solution of MSG, 1 does not show the sweetish and slightly soapy by-note, but evokes an intense umami taste. Aqueous solutions of 2 were described by the descriptors umami, seasoning, and bouillon-like. Added to a bouillon base, which did not contain any taste enhancers, both glycoconjugates imparted a distinct umami character similar to the control sample containing the same amount of MSG on a molar basis. To the best of our knowledge, these types of glycoconjugates in general and, in particular, N-glucosyl glutamate and N-deoxyfructosyl glutamate have never been reported as taste active compounds having umami-like properties. Therefore, 1 and 2 represent a new class of umami-type taste compounds showing properties similar to the umami reference compound MSG. Systematic (13)C NMR measurements revealed that 1 was fairly stable in aqueous solutions under alkaline conditions (pH 8-10) as well as in dry form. However, it rapidly hydrolyzes in neutral and acidic solutions, giving rise to glucose and glutamate. In contrast, glycoconjugate 2 was observed to be rather stable in aqueous solution as well as in the presence of human saliva.

Flavoring Agents↗
PubMed2004

srf-3, a mutant of Caenorhabditis elegans, resistant to bacterial infection and to biofilm binding, is deficient in glycoconjugates.

srf-3 is a mutant of C. elegans that is resistant to infection by Microbacterium nematophilum and to binding of the biofilm produced by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pestis. Recently, SRF-3 was characterized as a nucleotide sugar transporter of the Golgi apparatus occurring exclusively in hypodermal seam cells, pharyngeal cells, and spermatheca. Based on the above observations, we hypothesized that srf-3 may have altered glyconjugates that may enable the mutant nematode to grow unaffected in the presence of the above pathogenic bacteria. Following analyses of N- and O-linked glycoconjugates of srf-3 and wild type nematodes using a combination of enzymatic degradation, permethylation, and mass spectrometry, we found in srf-3 a 65% reduction of acidic O-linked glycoconjugates containing glucuronic acid and galactose as well as a reduction of N-linked glycoconjugates containing galactose and fucose. These results are consistent with the specificity of SRF-3 for UDP-galactose and strongly suggest that the above glycoconjugates play an important role in allowing adhesion of M. nematophilum or Y. pseudotuberculosis biofilm to wild type C. elegans. Furthermore, because seam cells as well as pharyngeal cells secrete their glycoconjugates to the cuticle and surrounding surfaces, the results also demonstrate the critical role of these cells and their secreted glycoproteins in nematode-bacteria interactions and offer a mechanistic basis for strategies to block such recognition processes.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Local administration of 2% trimecaine affects the content of fucosylated glycoconjugates in goblet cells in rabbit tracheal epithelium.

The proportion of fucosylated glycoconjugate-containing rabbit tracheal goblet cells after intratracheal application of trimecaine was studied to evaluate its possible unfavourable effects. This lapine model is comparable with diagnostic findings in humans because airway epithelia in humans and rabbits are similar; tracheal epithelium is also practically identical to bronchial epithelium in both species. Local trimecaine anaesthesia caused a proportional decrease in percentage of the tracheal goblet cells containing both alpha(1-2)- and alpha(1-6)-, alpha(1-3)- and alpha(1-4)-fucosylated glycoconjugates as revealed 10 min postexposure using lectin histochemistry. In previous studies, only mild ultrastructural damage to the airway's epithelium was revealed, but a conspicuous decrease in sialylated glycoconjugate-containing tracheal goblet cells and the dominance of acidic sulphated glycoconjugates were observed as after-effects of the same treatment. Glycoconjugate changes can influence the inner environment of airways (e.g. viscoelastic properties of the airways' mucus and mucosal barrier functions) and thus the patient's defence barriers in airways may be weakened. Concurrently, the histochemical properties of goblet cells can be altered in bronchoscopic specimens. Since trimecaine is widely used as local anaesthesia in airways in bronchoscopy, it is necessary to heed these aforementioned effects.

Administration, Topical↗