[Diseases of domestic animals in Chile in relation to geographical factors].
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Animals↗
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Results for “Geographic Factors”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
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Effect of certain maternal, foetal and geographical factors on the weight and length of the newborn and on the duration of pregnancy.
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Adult↗
[Geographical factors and eye morbidity].
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Adaptation, Physiological↗
Biologic and geographic factors in prevention and treatment of malaria.
More effective prevention and treatment of malaria will require a better understanding of drug action and resistance. Development of an effective malaria vaccine will require information we do not yet have about immunity to malaria. Reducing malaria mortality with require new information about the mechanisms responsible for malaria complications and deaths.
Animals↗
Predictors of frequent emergency department utilization in Southeastern Pennsylvania.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine socioeconomic and demographic factors that predict frequent emergency department (ED) use among asthmatics in Southeastern Pennsylvania. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using the 2004 Philadelphia Health Management Corporation's Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Health behaviors were surveyed using telephone interviews (random-digit dialing) in Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware, Philadelphia, and Chester counties. Response rate was 30%. RESULTS: Of 13,342 respondents, 1,799 (13%) stated that they had asthma. The mean reported visits in 12 months were as follows: clinic--1.2 (SD 2.7); doctor's office--4.7 (SD 5.6); ED--0.8; (SD 1.8); overnight hospitalizations--0.4 (SD 0.9). Most (91%) reported that a primary care doctor was their principal source of care, whereas 2% reported the ED as their principal source of care. Frequent ED use (>or=3 visits/12 months) was reported in 180 (10%). Frequent ED use was associated with race, education, diabetes, mental illness, smoking at home, and language barriers (p < 0.001) as well as indicators of severity of illness (clinic visits, office visits, prescription for asthma medication, p < 0.001). Using multivariable logistic regression, predictors of frequent ED use were: prescription for asthma meds (OR 2.3, 95%CI 1.4-3.7), having Medicaid or Medical Assistance (OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.1-2.6), having a high school education or less (OR 1.5, 95%CI 1.0-2.3), number of clinic visits (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.1-1.1), office visits (OR 1.1, 95%CI 1.1-1.1), number of children living in the house (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.3), and living in Philadelphia (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-3.1). CONCLUSIONS: Frequent ED use is associated with demographic factors, geographic factors, and markers of severity of illness. While care guidelines recommend prompt referral to a primary care physician to prevent ED visits, given the level of primary care use in this population, frequent primary care attendance alone may not prevent asthma-related ED visits.
Adolescent↗
[Risk factors for neuroblastoma].
INTRODUCTION: NB is the most frequent pediatric cancer arising in the sympathetic nervous system and represents a serious healthcare challenge because: 1) it is the most frequent neoplasm in the first decades of life; 2) it biological behavior is unpredictable (spontaneous regression, maturation to ganglioneuroma, and localized and metastasized variants); and 3) little is known about most of the risk factors involved in its etiopathogenesis. The objective of this study was to disseminate knowledge of constitutional and environmental (physical, chemical, biological and social) risk factors linked to the development of neuroblastoma (NB), with various levels of scientific evidence. To seek collaboration among pediatricians in the research project "Environment and Pediatric Cancer". MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the literature published in the previous 25 years on risk factors for NB diagnosed in the first two decades of life, using Medline, the Science Citation Index and Embase. Search profiles were: "neuroblastoma/childhood sympathetic nervous system neoplasms and risk factors/etiology/epidemiology". The most interesting articles and the most relevant references contained therein were selected. RESULTS: With greater or lesser scientific evidence, the following risk factors increase the risk of developing NB: genetic factors; geographic factors; ethnic factors; socioeconomic factors; infectious factors; physical factors; parental occupational exposure; gestational factors; and perinatal and maternal factors. Preventive factors associated with a lower risk of developing NB are breastfeeding and intake of vitamin supplements during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: The main barriers to the identification of evidence-based risk factors involved in the development of NB are its complex biology and clinical course, its relative rarity and the difficulty of performing epidemiological studies. Research on constitutional and environmental factors involved in its etiopathogenesis should be stimulated. The best preventive strategy is to recommend breastfeeding for more than 6 months.
Adolescent↗
The distribution of urban population and income: explorations using six Asian cases.
"Urban concentration (or primacy) and inequality (in size distribution of income) are expected to follow bell shaped curves through the development process. Spatial convergence (through investments in transportation etc.) is expected to precede income convergence. Using longitudinal data from six Asian countries (Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and India) this paper shows that (i) the bell shapes for urban concentration and income inequality generally hold, and (ii) the temporal relationship between the curve peaks is determined by geographical factors (for urban concentration); income inequality is seen to be more policy amenable."
Asia↗
Indonesia: population distribution and redistribution.
The author describes "the broad pattern of contemporary population distribution in Indonesia and the major changes which have occurred in this pattern between the 1930, 1961 and 1971 census enumerations and the 1976 intercensal survey." In the final section, he outlines some of the major demographic, social, economic, political, and geographic factors associated with these patterns of distribution and redistribution.
Asia↗
[Spatial mortality disparities in the metropolitan region of Montreal, 1984-1988: an ecological analysis of the role of social, economic, and cultural factors].
Geographic differentials in mortality and life expectancy in the region surrounding Montreal, Canada, are compared. The author notes that "despite a marked drop of mortality in the Montreal region, there are still important geographic disparities at the end of the [1980s]....A multiple regression analysis shows that the proportion of poor and the percentage of immigrants account for more than 80% in the geographic disparities of life expectancy in the Montreal region." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
Americas↗
Hepatitis B virus infection on a tropical island: sociodemographic and geographic risk factors in Guadeloupe.
A seroepidemiologic study on a cross-sectional sample of blood donors was carried out in Guadeloupe, a French West Indies island, to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers, and to investigate the influence of age, socioeconomic, and geographic factors on prior HBV infection. Blood specimens and sociodemographic data were collected in 1989 from 2,339 blood donors residing on the island. A total of 73 (3.1%) of 2,339 were found to be HBV surface antigen carriers, and 518 (22.1%) were positive for antibody to HBV core antigen. Among them, 61 were positive for both markers and consequently 530 persons (22.7%) were considered to have evidence of prior HBV infection. Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified age and low socioprofessional status as being related to HBV infection, as in many endemic areas. In addition, some major geographic risk factors were highlighted, reflecting a strongly hyperendemic situation in specific areas and the potential influence of horizontal transmission or unknown environmental factors on these particular populations.
Adolescent↗
Electroencephalographic manifestations of grand mal epilepsy in Africans: observation of relative rarity of interictal abnormalities.
Interictal EEG records of Nigerian epileptic patients living in Lagos and clearly diagnosed as having grand mal epilepsy were compared with those of British epileptic patients with a similar diagnosis. Interictal EEG abnormalities (spike and wave discharges, (SW), photoparoxysmal discharges (PPD), and nonspecific changes) were significantly less common in Nigerian patients (incidence 15.7%) compared with British patients (incidence 52.9%) irrespective of age or sex of the patients. These findings may be related to ethnic or geographical factors. Rarity of PPD in Africans has previously been attributed to ethnic factors. Other studies have demonstrated an influence of geographical factors, specifically sunshine. In papio papio, such a geographical factor was shown to influence occurrence of PPD. In human epileptic subjects, environmental sunshine has been found to inversely influence the occurrence of PPD as well as SW. Besides possible ethnic factors, the relative rarity of interictal EEG abnormalities in Africans with grand mal epilepsy may be related to the larger amount of sunshine in the tropics.
Action Potentials↗
Geographic risk factors for viral hepatitis and cytomegalovirus infection among United States Armed Forces blood donors.
In an effort to determine whether residence in a foreign country increases the risk of hepatitis B and C and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in United States (US) Armed Forces blood donors, 5719 volunteer donors at four US Navy blood banks were evaluated. Most participants were repeat donors (68%) and were young (mean age, 25 years), male (88%), and white (80%), black (10%), or Hispanic (7%). Birth outside of the United States was reported by 6 percent of subjects, and 34 percent had lived in a foreign country for more than 3 months. Twenty (0.3%) subjects had hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and 100 (1.7%) had antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). Thirty-four (0.6%) were repeatably reactive in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV); 11 (0.2%) had anti-HCV in immumoblot assay. Of the 3484 donors tested for anti-CMV, 1117 (32.1%) were positive. When demographic characteristics were controlled for both anti-HBc and anti-CMV seropositivies were independently associated in male blood donors with residence in the Philippines. Geographic factors were not associated with HBsAg and anti-HCV positivity. These findings indicate that the prevalence of serologic markers for viral hepatitis is low in military blood donors, but that residence in the Western Pacific is a risk factor for hepatitis B and CMV infection.
Adult↗
Occupational and geographic risk factors for hepatitis B among US Army enlisted personnel during 1980.
Hepatitis B hospitalization rates for US Army enlisted personnel were determined by occupation and geographic area for 1980. The only group in the US Army currently recommended to receive hepatitis B vaccine is medical personnel regularly exposed to blood. Other groups of Army personnel, specifically those working in areas of high hepatitis B endemicity, have been thought to be at higher risk. Therefore, this work was undertaken to document hospitalization rates for all personnel using occupational blood exposure criteria as well as geographic area of assignment as risk factors for hepatitis B. The hospitalization rates underestimate true rates of hepatitis B incidence by a wide margin, and therefore were not used to calculate specific costs and specific benefits for a new vaccination strategy. In spite of this limitation, these data were useful for calculating relative risk, attributable risk, and amount of vaccine preventable disease. The risk of hospitalization for blood-exposed employees was consistently higher than that for non-blood-exposed personnel. The magnitude of the relative risk for blood exposure may be as high as 3.8 times or as low as 1.2 times, depending on which occupational comparison group is used. The relative risk of hospitalization in South Korea vs. the United States was 3.1 (p less than 0.0001), that for Europe vs. the United States, 2.1 (p less than 0.0001). Of all occupational and geographic risk comparisons, assignment to South Korea carried the highest attributable risk: 225 per 100,000. The amount of vaccine preventable disease in personnel assigned to South Korea was similar to that in occupationally blood-exposed employees (5.5 vs. 5.2 hospitalized cases per 1,000 vaccinees) after prorating exposure to risk based on average number of days of exposure to risk over three years. These data support the argument that geographic factors are as important as occupational blood exposure in defining risk of hepatitis B hospitalization among the US Army enlisted personnel.
Blood↗
Medicare program; refinements to geographic adjustment factor values, revisions to payment policies, adjustments to the relative value units (RVUs) under the physician fee schedule for calendar year 1995, and the 5-year refinement of RVUs--HCFA. Final rule with comment period.
This final rule revises the geographic adjustment factor values and fee schedule payment areas, various payment policies for specific physician services, the relative value units (RVUs) for certain existing procedure codes, and establishes interim RVUs for new and revised procedure codes. It implements section 13518 of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 that requires payment for antigens under the physician fee schedule. This final rule also discusses the process for periodic review and adjustment of RVUs not less frequently than every 5 years as required by section 1848(c)(2)(B)(i) of the Social Security Act.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
[Factors affecting geographic choice in setting up medical office in France].
So far French medical doctors are free in selecting the city where they set up their private office. However, opinion surveys during the period 1974-1999 evidence certain determinants in the matter. Proximity of the family and occupation of spouse are two increasing determinants during the period. The same upward trend is observed as concerns the proximity of a hospital or the contacts which the doctor has had previously with the local population during his post-graduate probation. On the other side, the pleasant character of the city and the opportunity to obtain (or to rent) an office are two decreasing factors. Surprisingly analysis of the potential market of patients remains stable as factor determining the geographic choice of the young doctors. During the last 25 years, more and more young doctors made payment to retiring colleagues to be introduced to the patients of the latter. The practice is legal. Due to manpower surplus, it became increasingly a factor of geographic distribution of young doctors. It will however decrease its weight in the coming years, with the downing turn in the number of new graduates.
Adult↗
Medicare program; refinements to geographic adjustment factor values, revisions to payment policies, adjustments to the relative value units (RVUs) under the physician fee schedule for calendar year 1995, and the 5-year refinement of RVUs; correction--HCFA. Correction of final rule with comment period.
This document is a second correction to technical errors that appeared in the final rule with comment period entitled "Medicare Program; Refinements to Geographic Adjustment Factor Values, Revisions to Payment Policies, Adjustments to the Relative Value Units (RVUs) Under the Physician Fee Schedule for Calendar Year 1995, and the 5-Year Refinement of RVUs" published in the Federal Register on December 8, 1994. The first correction notice was published in the Federal Register on January 3, 1995 (60 FR 46).
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
Medicare program; refinements to geographic adjustment factor values, revisions to payment policies, adjustments to the relative value units (RVUs) under the physician fee schedule for calendar year 1995, and the 5-year refinement of RVUs--HCFA. Correction of final rule with comment period.
This document corrects technical errors that appeared in the final rule with comment period published in the Federal Register on December 8, 1994 (59 FR 63410) entitled "Medicare Program; Refinements to Geographic Adjustment Factor Values, Revisions to Payment Policies, Adjustments to the Relative Value Units (RVUs) Under the Physician Fee Schedule for Calendar Year 1995, and the 5-Year Refinement of RVUs."
Catchment Area, Health↗
Factors affecting population variation in eastern Adriatic isolates (Croatia).
Inhabitants of the Croatian islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and the Peljesac Peninsula have been the subject of extensive previous studies of local population differentiation. Most of these studies used biological and ecological variables, but some also considered historical and sociological factors. In this study we use genetic, morphological, kinship, and language distance data, collected for individuals from 26 rural communities on the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and the Peljesac Peninsula in the Adriatic, to further explore the interaction of historical, sociological, and biological factors in small populations and to test the significance of some of these proposed causes. First, we use matrix correlation methods to evaluate the relationships among different types of distance measures. The specific measures of genetic distance used here do not correlate well with other measures of population distance, and it appears that for the studied genetic systems the populations are not strongly differentiated. As expected, kinship and language distances have a high degree of association. Morphological differences among populations seem to be more closely tied to kinship distances than to genetic distances. This may result from modification of some morphological features by environmental rather than genetic factors, or it may be attributed to extensive, selective, nonrandom emigration of the population during the first decade of the twentieth century. In the second part of our analysis we use matrix correlation methods to evaluate and possibly identify the external factors that have contributed to the population differences. Specifically, we use design matrices to test hypotheses that population differences can be explained by one of the following factors: geographic isolation on the islands and peninsula, distance from the mainland, geographic barriers within the islands and peninsula, and the historical factors that differentially affected the three islands and the peninsula. Most of these design matrices reflect geographic distances; although correlations between morphological variables and simple geographic distance between localities were not significant, correlations between these localities and a design matrix incorporating geographic distance along with geographic barriers, such as bodies of water and mountain ranges, are particularly important for explaining distances among kin. Design matrices provide an important tool for quantifying the relationship between historical and geographic factors, and measures of population distance.
Anthropometry↗