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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Diabetes mellitus is associated with a decrease in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide content of gastrointestinal tract of rat.

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is an inhibitory non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic transmitter, which mediate in the relaxation of sphincters of the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a change in the pattern of innervation and tissue content of VIP in the rat gastroduodenum after the onset of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg Kg(-1)). Four weeks after the induction of diabetes mellitus, the rats were anaethetised and the pancreata were removed for further processing. VIP was localized and measured in normal and diabetic rat gastroduodenal tissues by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay, respectively. VIP immunoreactivity was stronger in the ganglion cells of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the gastric antrum and duodenum of normal rats (n = 6) when compared to that of diabetic rats (n = 6). Moreover, the number of VIP-positive neurons was significantly lower in the gastrointestinal tract of diabetic rats compared to normal. The VIP content of the gastric antrum and duodenum of diabetic rat was significantly lower (p< 0.05) than that of normal rat. In contrast to the lower tissue levels of VIP in the gastroduodenal segment of diabetic rats, the plasma level of VIP was significantly higher (p< 0.04) in diabetic rat compared to normal. The plasma level of VIP in normal rats was comparable to that measured in normal human beings. A low tissue level of VIP in the gastroduodenal tract of diabetic rat may contribute in part to the abnormal gut motility observed in diabetic patients.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effects of emetic and cathartic agents on the gastrointestinal tract and the treatment of toxic ingestion.

Emetic drugs and saline cathartics produce direct or reflex changes in gastrointestinal motility. The changes in gastrointestinal smooth muscle function may be important in the rapid oral or rectal expulsion of gastrointestinal contents, effects which serve as a basis for emetic and cathartic drug use in the treatment of toxic ingestion. Because of difficulties in recording gastrointestinal smooth muscle contractile activity from the intact, unanesthetized animal or man, relatively few studies have attempted to characterize the changes in gastrointestinal motility preceding vomiting. Limited results from past studies and the results of more recent studies employing improved technology suggest that pharmacological activation of the emetic reflex is accompanied by characteristic movements of the stomach and small intestine. The gastric response consists of initial muscle relaxation and an expansion of gastric volume. The intestine responds with a contraction, which begins in the distal ileum and migrates orad over the entire small intestine immediately before active retching. The changes in gastric and intestinal motility may be initiated by structures in the central nervous system and may be an important component of the emetic reflex. This article urges more active research to characterize the gastrointestinal emetic response and to investigate more generally the therapeutic value of emesis in the treatment of toxic ingestion. Emphasis should be placed on the clinically important emetic drugs apomorphine and syrup of ipecac. Studies comparing the efficiency of removal of gastrointestinal contents, resultant blood levels of orally administered drugs with and without emesis, differences in the gastrointestinal emetic response between agents and the pharmacology of the gastrointestinal emetic response should be performed. Studies should also be conducted to determine the pharmacology of the emetic sensory receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and the intraluminal physical-chemical or gastrointestinal physiological factors influencing gastrointestinal emetic sensory receptor activation. The results would demonstrate the value of emesis in various poison cases and help establish criteria for use and selection of emetic drugs. No less experimental attention should be devoted to the cathartic drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Water intake and water concentration in the body and gastrointestinal tract of intermittently fed broiler chickens.

The relationship between water intake and water concentration in the body and in the gastrointestinal contents was studied in meat-type chickens fed either intermittently or ad libitum, as controls. In experiment 1, male broilers were reared from 12 to 33 d of age and were fed every second day or ad libitum. The water consumption of the intermittently-fed birds on days of food removal was 31% of the consumption of the control group. On days of food restoration their water consumption exceeded that of the controls, by 27%. No significant differences in water:food ratios were found between birds fed intermittently or the controls on days of food restoration. The restricted birds had a lower fat and a higher protein concentration in the body. No relationship was found between water:food ratio and body composition. In experiment 2, birds were kept on the same feeding regimes from 12 to 46 d of age. The water content of the pancreas increased after food restoration compared with ad libitum feeding or food deprivation. The amount of water in the gastrointestinal contents increased progressively from crop to ileum. The feeding regimens had no effect on the water content of the intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Avian mortality events in the United States caused by anticholinesterase pesticides: a retrospective summary of National Wildlife Health Center records from 1980 to 2000.

We reviewed the U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) mortality database from 1980 to 2000 to identify cases of poisoning caused by organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. From the 35,022 cases from which one or more avian carcasses were submitted to the NWHC for necropsy, we identified 335 mortality events attributed to anticholinesterase poisoning, 119 of which have been included in earlier reports. Poisoning events were classified as confirmed (n = 205) when supported by findings of > or =50% inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity in brain tissue and the detection of a specific pesticide in the gastrointestinal contents of one or more carcasses. Suspected poisonings (n = 130) were defined as cases where brain ChE activity was > or =50% inhibited or a specific pesticide was identified in gastrointestinal contents. The 335 avian mortality events occurred in 42 states. Washington, Virginia, and Ohio had the highest frequency of events, with 24 (7.2%), 21 (6.3%), and 20 (6.0%) events, respectively. A total of 8877 carcasses of 103 avian species in 12 orders was recovered. Because carcass counts underestimate total mortality, this represents the minimum actual mortality. Of 24 different pesticides identified, the most frequent were famphur (n = 59: 18%), carbofuran (n = 52; 15%), diazinon (n = 40; 12%), and fenthion (n = 17; 5.1%). Falconiformes were reported killed most frequently (49% of all die-offs) but Anseriformes were found dead in the greatest numbers (64% of 8877 found dead). The majority of birds reported killed by famphur were Passeriformes and Falconiformes, with the latter found dead in 90% of famphur-related poisoning events. Carbofuran and famphur were involved in mortality of the greatest variety of species (45 and 33, respectively). Most of the mortality events caused by diazinon involved waterfowl.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2000

Multiresidue screen for cardiotoxins by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography.

A two-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic method was developed for the qualitative determination of the cardiotoxins oleandrin, gitoxin, digitoxin, gitoxigenin, and grayanotoxins I, II, and III in gastrointestinal contents (stomach, rumen, colon, and cecum contents), feces, and plant material. The cardiotoxins were extracted with dichloromethane. The extract was cleaned up by charcoal and reverse phase solid-phase extraction columns. Analysis was performed by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on silica gel plates and visualized by aluminum chloride followed by chloramine T spray. The method detection limits were 0.05 microg/g for oleandrin, 0.1 microg/g for gitoxin, and 0.2 microg/g for the other toxicants in gastrointestinal contents and feces and were 5 times higher in plant material. Four replicate fortifications of bovine rumen contents, bovine feces, and alfalfa at these levels were all well recovered. The diagnostic utility of the method was tested by analyzing samples submitted to the veterinary toxicology laboratory.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Metabolic fate of the new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor imidapril in animals. 2nd communication: tissue distribution and whole-body autoradiography of imidapril in rats.

Tissue distribution, whole-body autoradiography and metabolic profiles in selected tissues of imidapril hydrochloride ((-)-(4S)-3-[(2S)-2-[[(1S)-1-ethoxycarbonyl-3- phenylpropyl]amino]propionyl]-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid hydrochloride, imidapril, TA-6366, CAS 89396-94-1) were studied in male and female rats after oral and intravenous administration of [N-methyl-14C]-imidapril (1 and 5 mg/kg) or [alanine-3-14C]-imidapril (1 mg/kg). After oral administration of [N-methyl-14C]-imidapril, radioactivity was distributed relatively rapidly to all tissues, except for the central nervous system. Maximum concentrations in most tissues were observed at 30 min to 1 h after dosing. Concentrations greater than those in the plasma were found in the liver, kidney and particularly in the lung except for the gastrointestinal contents. The elimination from the lung was relatively slow (t1/2: ca. 28 h). At 96 h after dosing, there was no evidence of remaining radioactivity in any tissues, except for the lung and kidney. No gender-related differences in the tissue distribution profile of radioactivity were observed in the whole-body autoradiogram. After intravenous administration, the distribution pattern of radioactivity was similar to the results of oral administration, except for the gastrointestinal contents. There was no specific binding of drug-related compounds to melanin-containing tissues such as the hair follicles and the uveal tract of the eye in the pigmented rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1999

Metabolism and disposition of [(14)C]1-nitronaphthalene in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

In rats and mice, 1-nitronaphthalene (1-NN) produces both lung and liver toxicity. Even though these toxicities have been reported, the metabolism and disposition of 1-NN have not been elucidated. Therefore, studies were performed to characterize its fate after i.p. and i.v. administration to male Sprague-Dawley rats. After i.p. administration of [(14)C]1-NN (100 mg/kg; 60 microCi/kg), 84% of the dose was eliminated in the urine and feces by 48 h. At 96 h, 60% of the dose was recovered in the urine, 32% in the feces, and 1% collectively in the tissues, blood, and gastrointestinal contents. The terminal phase rate constant (k(term)) of 1-NN was 0.21 h(-1), the terminal phase half-life (T(1/2,term)) was 3.40 h, and the systemic bioavailability was 0.67. When administered i.v. (10 mg/kg; 120 microCi/kg), 85% of the dose was eliminated in the urine and feces by 24 h. At the end of the study (96 h), 56% of the dose was recovered in the urine, 36% in the feces, and 1% collectively in the tissues, blood, and gastrointestinal contents. Interestingly, 88% of the dose was secreted into bile by 8 h. The k(term) was 0.94 h(-1) and the T(1/2,term) was 0.77 h. The major urinary metabolite after both routes of administration was N-acetyl-S-(hydroxy-1-nitro-dihydronaphthalene)-L-cysteine. Other urinary metabolites identified include hydroxylated, dihydroxylated, glucuronidated, sulfated, and reduced metabolites, as well as dihydrodiol. The major biliary metabolite was hydroxy-glutathionyl-1-nitro-dihydronaphthalene. These data show that 1-NN undergoes extensive metabolism and enterohepatic recirculation, and the majority of the dose is eliminated in the urine.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Application of percutaneous trans esophageal gastro-tubing (PTEG) in to home care for a patient with terminal stage of gastric cancer].

PURPOSE: Since 1994, we devised and have continued to develop a percutaneous trans esophageal gastro-tubing (PTEG) as an effective technique to drain gastrointestinal contents of critical patients suffering from gastric carcinoma. Here we report our satisfactory experience with a critical gastric cancer patient for whom we improved QOL by the application of the PTEG technique. The patient suffered from severe stenosis or obstruction of the digestive tract. This method was found to be effective enough to enable the patient to receive further medical care at home. CASE: The patient was a 36-year-old female who had far-advanced, inoperable gastric carcinoma. It was therefore decided to use the PTEG method. METHOD: The PTEG method was performed using a rupture-free balloon (RFB) catheter to drain the gastrointestinal contents. A reservoir-port for IVH use was embedded to control the patient's nutrition. A morphine hydrochloride suppository was then given for the pain. REMARK: PTEG was found to be effective, safe and simple; moreover, it is a less-invasive, intestine-maintaining method, which enabled the patient to continue receiving further medical treatment at home.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Summer pheasant's eye (Adonis aestivalis) poisoning in three horses.

Three horses died as a result of eating grass hay containing summer pheasant's eye (Adonis aestivalis L.), a plant containing cardenolides similar to oleander and foxglove. A 9-year-old thoroughbred gelding, a 20-year-old appaloosa gelding, and a 5-year-old quarter horse gelding initially presented with signs of colic 24-48 hours after first exposure to the hay. Gastrointestinal gaseous distension was the primary finding on clinical examination of all three horses. Two horses became moribund and were euthanatized 1 day after first showing clinical signs, and the third horse was euthanatized after 4 days of medical therapy. Endocardial hemorrhage and gaseous distension of the gastrointestinal tract were the only necropsy findings in the first two horses. On microscopic examination, both horses had scattered foci of mild, acute myocardial necrosis and neutrophilic inflammation associated with endocardial and epicardial hemorrhage. The third horse that survived for 4 days had multifocal to coalescing, irregular foci of acute, subacute, and chronic myocardial degeneration and necrosis. A. aestivalis (pheasant's eye, summer adonis) was identified in the hay. Strophanthidin, the aglycone of several cardenolides present in Adonis spp., was detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry in gastrointestinal contents from all three horses. Although Adonis spp. contain cardiac glycosides, cardiac lesions have not previously been described in livestock associated with consumption of adonis, and this is the first report of adonis toxicosis in North America.

Adonis↗
PubMed1981

15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and delta 13 reductase content of gastrointestinal organs of rabbits and rats.

15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase was measured in various gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal tissues from rabbits and rats. In addition, delta 13 reductase activity was measured in fundic and antral mucosae and gastric muscle from rabbits. In rabbits, antral mucosa contained the greatest activity of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and was 6 times more active than rabbit lung and fundic mucosa. In rat, duodenal mucosa was more active than antral mucosa or pancreas, suggesting that interspecies variations may exist. delta 13 reductase in rabbit gastric tissues was also more active in antral mucosa than in fundic mucosa or gastric muscle. The high activities of these enzymes in antral mucosa in conjunction with the known large prostaglandin content, particularly PGE2 and PGI2, suggest a large biological turnover of prostaglandin in these tissues.

15-Oxoprostaglandin 13-Reductase↗
PubMed1992

Immunohistochemical determination of the estrogen receptor content of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas.

Recently there have been several reports documenting the presence of estrogen receptors (ERs) in human gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies, raising the possibility that these cancers may be hormonally manipulated. To test this hypothesis, 68 frozen GI tissue specimens were examined for the presence of ERs within the cell nuclei by immunohistochemical staining. There were 51 cancers (25 gastric, 26 colon) and 17 normal tissue specimens (six gastric, 11 colon). Tissue sections 4 to 6 microns thick were incubated with monoclonal antibody H222SP psi, then stained by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique for visualization of the ER. The staining was semiquantitatively graded from 0 to 3+ depending on both the intensity of staining and the percentage of cell nuclei stained. A breast cancer specimen known to be strongly positive for the ER was used as a positive control. The 30 male and 21 female cancer patients had a median age of 59 years. All tumors were adenocarcinomas. Eight per cent of the gastric cancers were poorly differentiated, while 94 per cent of the colon cancers were moderately well to well differentiated. Using weak staining of at least 20 per cent of the cell nuclei as the minimum requirement for an ER positive tumor (1+, 0/51 tumors and 0/17) normal specimens were positive for ER. Only three out of 25 (12%) gastric tumors, and two out of 26 (8%) colon tumors demonstrated any staining; each exhibited weak staining of only five to ten per cent of the tumor nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1997

Localization of enzymes involved in metabolism of glycyrrhizin in contents of rat gastrointestinal tract.

Most digested food 2 h after overnight feeding in rat remained in the stomach, duodenum, upper small intestine, lower small intestine, cecum and colon, all of which indicated pH between 4 and 7 and had glycyrrhizin (GL) hydrolyzing activity. This enzyme activity was highest in the cecal and colonic contents among all gastrointestinal contents. Also, 3 alpha-hydroxyglycyrrhetic acid (3 alpha-hydroxyGA) and 3 beta-hydroxyglycyrrhetic acid (3 beta-hydroxyGA) oxidizing enzymes were localized in the same cecal content. Namely, rat gastrointestinal bacteria had the ability to hydrolyze GL to 3 beta-hydroxyGA by glycyrrizin beta-D-glucuronidase and to oxide 3 beta-hydroxyGA and 3 alpha-hydroxyGA to 3-oxoGA by 3 beta-hydroxyglycyrrhetinate dehydrogenase and 3 alpha-hydroxyglycyrrhetinate dehydrogenase, respectively. In medium of pH 1 to pH 10, metabolites 3 beta-hydroxyGA, 3-oxoGA and 3 alpha-hydroxyGA obtained from the metabolism of GL were the highest in pH 8. The intestinal contents of pH 6 or pH 7 were able to produce metabolites 3 beta-hydroxyGA in the metabolism of GL. However, the stomach content at pH 4.2 was lowest in metabolite 3 beta-hydroxyGA. It is unknown whether or not GL is metabolized to 3 beta-hydroxyGA by the stomach content in vivo.

Animals↗