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PubMed1990

Harderian gland and the lacrimal gland of the lizard Podarcis s. sicula: histology, histochemistry, and ultrastructure.

Histology, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of the Harderian gland and lacrimal gland of the lizard Podarcis s. sicula were investigated. The Harderian gland, located at the medial corner of the orbit, can be divided into three zones showing different tinctorial features either with Mallory or hematoxylineosin stains. The glandular cells of the acinar medial zone secrete predominantly acidic sulphated mucosubstances. The acinar cells of the intermediate zone contain secretory granules that show a weak reaction to the histochemical tests for mucosubstances. The lateral zone has a tubulo-acinar type of structure and tests strongly for proteins, whereas Alcian-PAS staining is very weak. The lacrimal gland is smaller than the Harderian gland and lies in the region of the posterior commissure of the eyelids. it shows the same histological and histochemical characteristics of the medial zone of the Harderian gland, i.e., it is mucous secreting. At the ultrastructural level the zonation is well defined, especially when the secretory granules are examined. Granules of the mucoid type are found in the lacrimal gland and the medial zone of the Harderian gland. The secretory granules of the lateral part of the Harderian gland show a composite structure never described before. Therefore, they have been called "special secretory granules." Each of these granules is composed of three sharply separated components. It is not known whether the three components correspond to different secretions. Histochemical tests suggest that they are of the serous type. Both mucous and serous granules are secreted by the same glandular cells of the intermediate zone of the Harderian gland. The two types of granules usually occupy different cell compartments. The mechanism of secretion appears either merocrine or apocrine in both the Harderian gland and the lacrimal gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Expression of the epidermal growth factor gene in mouse lachrymal gland: comparison with that in the submandibular gland and kidney.

Expression of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) gene in mouse lachrymal gland was studied. The lachrymal gland of adult male and female mice contained immunoreactive EGF at a concentration of 0.013 +/- 0.002 (S.E.M.) and 0.014 +/- 0.003 ng/mg wet tissue respectively. Northern blot analysis of RNA from the lachrymal gland revealed the presence of 4.1-4.3 kb preproEGF mRNA, which was smaller in size than the 4.7-4.8 kb preproEGF mRNA in the submandibular gland and kidney. There was no sex difference in the mRNA level in the lachrymal gland, whereas the mRNA levels in the submandibular gland and kidney of adult male mice were 42-fold higher and twofold lower respectively than those of female animals. Administration of testosterone propionate or L-thyroxine to female mice increased submandibular gland levels of preproEGF mRNA by 35-fold or 12-fold respectively, but caused no change in lachrymal gland levels of preproEGF mRNA. The level of mRNA in the kidney was decreased by administration of androgen to one-third of that in control animals. The mRNA in the lachrymal gland was detected as early as 2 weeks of age and thereafter it remained at a constant level throughout adulthood, while that in the submandibular gland increased greatly during the pubertal stage. These results indicate differential hormonal and developmental regulation of EGF gene expression in the lachrymal gland, submandibular gland and kidney.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Histochemical and immunohistochemical markers for human eccrine and apocrine sweat glands: an aid for histopathologic differentiation of sweat gland tumors.

Apocrine and eccrine sweat glands are distinct in function, although they are closely related to each other developmentally and morphologically. In certain sweat gland tumors, it is difficult to differentiate between eccrine or apocrine sweat glands. Therefore, this paper reviews histochemical and immunohistochemical markers to differentiate apocrine and eccrine sweat glands with the aim of better understanding the structural and functional characteristics of these sweat glands. Specific markers for apocrine sweat glands are as follows: neuraminidase sensitive anionic sites detected by cationic colloidal gold at pH 2.0, and mitochondrion-like secretory granules that have epidermal growth factor-like antigenicity. The following antibodies react with apocrine sweat glands but not with eccrine sweat glands; the antibodies raised against 70 kDa glycoprotein purified from human milk fat globule membranes, and HMFG-1 (1.10.F3) monoclonal antibody produced by immunizing mice with defatted human milk fat globule membranes. Markers for eccrine sweat glands are as follows: dark cell granules that have chondroitinase ABC sensitive anionic sites detected by cationic gold at pH 2.0 after pretreatment with EGTA, and intercellular canaliculi with high activity of alkaline phosphatase. CEA and GCDFP-15 are expressed in both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. Anti-EMA monoclonal antibody (E29) stains both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.

Apocrine Glands↗
PubMed1989

Alpha 2u-globulin in modified sebaceous glands with pheromonal functions: localization of the protein and its mRNA in preputial, meibomian, and perianal glands.

alpha 2u-Globulin, the principal urinary protein of the male rat, has extensive sequence homology with many lipid binding proteins. The highest concentration of alpha 2u-globulin is found in the preputial gland, a holocrine secretory organ with pheromonal function. Meibomian and perianal glands are two other modified sebaceous glands with holocrine secretory cycles and pleiomorphic peroxisomes capable of synthesizing pheromonal lipids. Immunocytochemical examination shows the presence of alpha 2u-globulin in the acinar cells of all three of these modified sebaceous glands. Whereas in the preputial gland all of the acinar cells exhibit immunoreactivity, in the meibomian and perianal glands only selective cells contain alpha 2u-globulin. In the case of the preputial gland, in addition to the acinar cells some stratified epithelial cells also were immunoreactive. In the perianal and meibomian glands, keratinocytes lining nearby hair shafts and select cells of accessory oil glands stained for alpha 2u-globulin. In situ hybridization with a cloned cRNA probe confirmed the immunocytochemical data. Presence of the alpha 2u-globulin mRNA in these glands was also established by Northern blot analysis. Immunoelectron microscopic examination of preputial alpha 2u-globulin showed the presence of this protein in secretory granules of various maturational stages. Immunolabeled alpha 2u was also found in attached vesicles containing protein and lipid inclusions. The lytic cells were not only loaded with alpha 2u-globulin but also contained sharp-edged, irregularly shaped electron-dense granules which stained heavily for this protein. Specific localization of alpha 2u-globulin and its mRNA in three pheromone-producing sebaceous glands and its structural homology with known lipid binding proteins indicate a pheromone carrier role of alpha 2u-globulin.

Alpha-Globulins↗
PubMed1986

Gland to gland heterogeneity in histologically normal mucosa of colon cancer patients demonstrated by monoclonal antibodies to tissue-specific antigens.

Two of three monoclonal antibodies to tissue-specific antigens of isolated colonic glands revealed gland to gland heterogeneity of antigen expression in sections of the histologically normal colonic mucosa from patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma or various nonmalignant conditions. A colon-specific goblet cell antigen (designated 3NM) was absent from rare, solitary glands randomly distributed among the otherwise strongly stained glands of distal colon. These 3NM-negative glands stained normally for the other two antigens studied and appeared morphologically and histochemically normal. They occurred in 11 of 13 cancer patients and in each of the five patients with benign conditions with median incidences of 2.2 and 0.4 per 1000 glands, respectively. Gland heterogeneity was also demonstrated in both patient groups for a cell membrane antigen (designated 6NM). In cecum and ascending colon, glands staining strongly and weakly for 6NM were found intermixed. The weakly stained glands tended to predominate in cecum and first part of ascending colon, but they were completely replaced by strongly stained glands in more distal colon. The heterogeneity shown by both 3NM and 6NM appeared due to phenotypically distinct cell clones. Our observations indicate that histologically normal colonic mucosa contains antigenically diverse gland populations.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1992

Sebaceous gland and sweat gland carcinomas of the skin. Clinicopathological study and significance of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein expression.

Thirteen sebaceous gland carcinomas and 10 sweat gland carcinomas were examined to elucidate any important histological parameters influencing their prognosis, and the relationship between immunohistochemical expressions of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein and survival of the patients was analyzed. Sebaceous gland carcinomas with vacuolated cytoplasm in more than 50% of whole tumor area, with necrosis, and without lymphoid cell infiltration in tumor nests and stroma had a higher incidence of tumor recurrence and tumor-related death than tumors with vacuolated cytoplasm in 50% or less of whole tumor area (p < 0.01), without necrosis, and with lymphoid cell infiltration in tumor nest and stroma (p < 0.05). Sweat gland carcinomas of all cases with fatal outcomes demonstrated tubular differentiation in 20% or less of whole tumor area, lymphatic permeation and desmoplastic reaction. Three sebaceous gland carcinomas and three sweat gland carcinomas were positive for c-erbB-2 oncoprotein. Two of three sebaceous gland carcinomas, and all three sweat gland carcinomas developed tumor recurrence and ended in tumor-related deaths. Sweat gland carcinomas with c-erbB-2 expression had significantly shorter survival than those with negative immunostain (p < 0.01). Cytoplasmic appearance, tumor necrosis, and lymphoid cell infiltration in tumor nests and stroma of sebaceous gland carcinoma, and tubular differentiation, lymphatic permeation, and growth patterns of sweat gland carcinoma are considered to closely correlate to the prognosis. Immunohistochemically detected c-erbB-2 oncoprotein may be an indicator of bad prognosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Transplantation of cultured salivary gland cells into an atrophic salivary gland.

Patients with dry mouth have been treated with salivary substitutes and/or medications such as pilocarpine or cevimeline hydrochloride. These treatments temporarily relieve their symptoms and induce salivation from residual tissue. However, no treatment is available for the purpose of regenerating an atrophic gland. In this study, the feasibility of a cell transplantation therapy for the atrophic submandibular glands was investigated in rats. Further, the potential of cell differentiation into a useful phenotype was assessed by immunohistochemistry together with cell tracking with the fluorescent dye PKH 26. Rat submandibular glands were excised, and the salivary gland epithelial cells were cultured for 3 weeks with 3T3 cells as a feeder layer. Ductal ligation of the submandibular gland was employed to generate an atrophic gland. One week after the operation, the ligation was removed, and the cultured cells labeled with PKH 26 were injected into the atrophic submandibular glands. As a control, the cultured cells were also injected into normal submandibular glands. Two weeks after cell transplantation, the transplanted cells were detectable in both the experimental and control groups. The cells were clustered in the connective tissue between the lobules. Four weeks after transplantation, the labeled cells were detectable in the experimental group but not in the control group. In the atrophic glands, the scattered transplanted cells were observed over a broad area of the gland but localized mainly around the acini and ductal region. Immunostaining results showed a possible involvement of the transplanted cells in ductal regeneration, while neither myoepithelial nor acinar differentiations were observed within the 4 weeks since transplantation. This study demonstrated that cell transplantation to the salivary gland is feasible, and that the transplanted cells were selectively attracted to and remained in the damaged area without affecting normal tissue.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1998

Ultrastructure of the binary parotid glands in the free-tailed bat, Tadarida thersites. I. Principal parotid gland.

BACKGROUND: Many species of bats have two sets of submandibular glands, principal and accessory. The accessory gland may resemble the principal one but more often shows wide morphological divergence. The free-tailed bat, Tadarida thersites, is very unusual in that it has two sets of parotid glands rather than binary submandibular glands. We studied the ultrastructure of the principal parotid gland to establish a baseline for comparison with the accessory parotid. METHODS: Two specimens of adult free-tailed bats, one male and one female, were live-trapped in western Kenya. Parotid glands were fixed for electron microscopy using a protocol expressly designed for field fixation and then embedded by conventional means. RESULTS: Histologically, the principal parotid is a typical serous gland. The secretory granules of the endpiece cells have an unusual substructure in that they contain variable numbers of lucent halos and one or several spherules. Intercalated duct cells contain a significant number of dense, serous-like granules. Striated ducts have the usual basal configuration of mitochondria and folded plasma membranes, but the supranuclear cytoplasm contains many small, dense granules, so that these ducts resemble the granular convoluted tubules found in the submandibular glands of many families of rodents. The apices of the duct cells have a peculiar contour--the luminal surfaces obliquely invaginate into the apical cytoplasm, so that in thin section the luminal membranes appear to be underlaid by a layer of vacuoles. CONCLUSION: Although the principal parotid gland of the free-tailed bat shows some distinctive, species-specific ultrastructural features, it basically is similar to the parotid gland in two other molossid bats, Tadarida brasiliensis and Molossus molossus. The distinctive features in the principal parotid gland of T. thersites might relate to its feeding on hard-bodied insects and perhaps to the production of lysozyme.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Ultrastructural investigation of a salivary gland in a centipede: structure and origin of the maxilla I-gland of Scutigera coleoptrata (Chilopoda, Notostigmophora).

The maxilla I-gland of Scutigera coleoptrata was investigated using light and electron microscopy methods. This is the first ultrastructural investigation of a salivary gland in Chilopoda. The paired gland opens via the hypopharynx into the foregut and extends up to the third trunk segment. The gland is of irregular shape and consists of numerous acini consisting of several gland units. The secretion is released into an arborescent duct system. Each acinus consists of multiple of glandular units. The units are composed of three cell types: secretory cells, a single intermediary cell, and canal cells. The pear-shaped secretory cell is invaginated distally, forming an extracellular reservoir lined with microvilli, into which the secretion is released. The intermediary cell forms a conducting canal and connects the secretory cell with the canal cell. Proximally, the intermediary cell bears microvilli, whereas the distal part is covered with a distinct cuticle. The cuticle is a continuation of the cuticle of the canal cells. This investigation shows that the structure of the glandular units of the salivary maxilla I-gland is comparable to that of the glandular units of epidermal glands. Thus, it is likely that in Chilopoda salivary glands and epidermal glands share the same ground pattern. It is likely that in compound acinar glands a multiplication of secretory and duct cells has taken place, whereas the number of intermediary cells remains constant. The increase in the number of salivary acini leads to a shifting of the secretory elements away from the epidermis, deep into the head. Comparative investigations of the different head glands provide important characters for the reconstruction of myriapod phylogeny and the relationships of Myriapoda and Hexapoda.

Animals↗