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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Development of a cleavage-site-specific monoclonal antibody for detecting metalloproteinase-derived aggrecan fragments: detection of fragments in human synovial fluids.

We have developed a monoclonal antibody AF-28 that specifically recognizes a neo-epitope on polypeptides with N-terminal FFGVG ... sequences. This sequence is found at the N-terminus of aggrecan fragments that have been digested with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). By immunoblotting, monoclonal antibody AF-28 specifically detected G2 fragments derived from an aggrecan G1-G2 substrate digested with stromelysin, collagenase, gelatinase and matrilysin, but failed to detect G2 fragments obtained from elastase, trypsin or cathepsin B digests. Undigested G1-G2 was not detected. In addition, AF-28 antibody detected fragments derived from whole aggrecan and this detection did not require prior treatment with chondroitinase or keratanase. Competition experiments confirmed that peptides containing internal ... FFGVG ... sequences were not detected by the antibody, while native MMP-digested aggrecan fragments and a synthetic 32-mer peptide with FFGVG ... N-termini were equally competitive on a molar basis. An FFGVG 5-mer, and an FGVGGEEDI9-mer which lacked the N-terminal phenylalanine residue, were 50 times and 230 times respectively less competitive than the FFGVG ... 32-mer. Two fragments from the interglobular domain, F342-F373 and F342-D441, that are predicted products of G1-G2 digestion by neutrophil collagenase but have not previously been detected, could be detected with AF-28. The epitope recognized by AF-28 was also detected in human synovial fluids by Western blot analysis. A broad band of 100-200 kDa was detected in some patients and a dominant band of 40-60 kDa was found in two patients. The size of this small fragment corresponds with that seen for the porcine F342-E373 product and may represent the natural physiological product of aggrecan cleaved in vivo at both the MMP site (... DIPEN341 decreases F342FGVG ...) and the aggrecanase site (... ITEGE373 decreases A374RGSVI ...).

Aggrecans↗
PubMed1991

Endotoxin-neutralizing properties of the 25 kD N-terminal fragment and a newly isolated 30 kD C-terminal fragment of the 55-60 kD bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein of human neutrophils.

The bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is a potent cytotoxin, specific for Gram-negative bacteria, that also inhibits endotoxin activity by neutralizing isolated bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). We have previously shown that an isolated 25 kD N-terminal fragment of human BPI carries all the antibacterial activities of the parent 55-60 kD molecule. In this study we have compared the LPS-neutralizing activities of human holo-BPI, the N-terminal fragment and a 30 kD C-terminal fragment that we have now isolated. We show that the N-terminal fragment also has LPS-neutralizing activity as detected by inhibition (up to 95%) of (a) activation by LPS of procoagulant proteases in Limulus amebocyte lysates, (b) LPS "priming" of PMN, and (c) LPS-mediated production of tumor necrosis factor in whole human blood. Holo-BPI and the 25 kD fragment have similar neutralizing potency (in nanomolar range) in all assays toward "smooth" LPS from Escherichia coli O111:B4 and O55:B5 (possessing long chain polysaccharide or O-antigen), and "deep rough" LPS from Salmonella minnesota Re595 mutant (possessing no O-antigen). The C-terminal fragment of BPI is devoid of antibacterial activity when tested against BPI-sensitive E. coli J5, but does have endotoxin-neutralizing activity. This activity is weak relative to holo-BPI and the 25 kD N-terminal fragment in the Limulus and PMN-priming assay, but is comparable for inhibition of TNF production in whole blood. We conclude that the principal determinants for LPS recognition and neutralization, like those for antibacterial action, reside in the N-terminal half of the BPI molecule, but that sites within the C-terminal half can also contribute to BPI-LPS interaction once LPS is detached from the bacterial envelope.

Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides↗
PubMed1990

Cloning of a DNA fragment displaying restriction fragment length polymorphisms between the genomes of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats.

A 3 kilobase (kb) EcoRI fragment cloned from the genome of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) displayed restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) compared with the genome of the Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) when total genomic Southern blot analysis was performed for two restriction enzymes, PstI and PvuII. Sequencing of the DNA fragment cloned from genomic SHR and WKY libraries revealed that this 3 kb EcoRI fragment harbours three point mutations. Two of them (C to T and A to T) are situated in the middle of the restriction sites for PstI and PvuII, thus disrupting the recognition sites for these enzymes in the SHR genome. Southern blot analysis using total complementary (c) DNA obtained from cDNA libraries of aortic smooth muscle cells from SHR and a whole WKY kidney, with this 3 kb EcoRI fragment as a probe, showed polymorphic bands suggesting that these point mutations are reflected in the sequences of messenger (m) RNA transcribed from the gene encoded in this 3 kb fragment. Detection of two bands by a Northern blot analysis for RNA from various SHR tissues indicates that this 3 kb fragment is actively transcribed in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The amino acid sequence of fragment A, an enzymically active fragment of diphtheria toxin. III. The chymotryptic peptides, the peptides derived by cleavage at tryptophan residues, and the complete sequence of the protein.

Fragment A (21,145 daltons in its longest known form) may be derived from diphtheria toxin (60,000 daltons) by mild tryptic digestion and reduction. Purified Fragment A consists of a mixture of 3 molecules of 190, 192, and 193 residues; the first 190 residues are in common and correspond to the NH2-terminal region the toxin. All three species of Fragment A are active in catalyzing ADP ribosylation of elongation factor 2, an essential component of protein synthesis. This reaction inactivates the factor and is responsible for the toxin's action in inhibiting protein synthesis in animal cells. It is believed that Fragment A or similar enzymically active fragments released into the cytosol of toxin-treated cells mediate this inhibition. The complete amino acid sequence of Fragment A has been determined from 32 chymotryptic peptides, three peptides derived by chemical cleavage of Fragment A at its 2 tryptophan residues, five cyanogen bromide peptides, and six tryptic peptides from the maleylated protein.

Adenosine Diphosphate Sugars↗
PubMed1988

Chemical modification of bovine prothrombin fragment 1 in the presence of Tb3+ ions. Sequence studies on 3-gamma-MGlu-fragment.

Chemical modification of the gamma-carboxyglutamyl (Gla) residues of bovine prothrombin fragment 1 using the formaldehyde-morpholine method in the presence of 100 Kappm Tb3+ ions at pH 5.0 provided a modified protein containing 3 gamma-methyleneglutamyl residues (gamma-MGlu) and 7 Gla residues (bovine 3-gamma-MGlu-fragment 1). The modified protein bound the same number of Ca2+ ions as the native protein (six to seven), exhibited 28Mg2+-binding properties identical to native fragment 1 (five Mg2+ ions bound), exhibited the metal ion-promoted quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence in a manner similar to the native protein, but did not bind to phosphatidylserine (PS)/phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles in the presence of Ca2+ ions. Modification of the bovine protein using [14C]formaldehyde-morpholine provided a 14C-labeled 3-gamma-MGlu-fragment 1 suitable for sequence analysis. Edman sequencing of the peptides released by a tryptic digest of the reduced and carboxymethylated bovine [14C]3-gamma-MGlu-fragment 1 indicated that Gla residues at positions 7, 8, and 33 had been converted to [14C]gamma-methyleneglutamyl residues. In addition Lys97 was found to contain a 14C label. Similar analysis of the human [14C]3-gamma-MGlu-fragment 1 indicated that Gla residues at positions 7 and 32 were major modification sites and that Gla residues at positions 6 and 14 were partially modified. Lysine 96 was also modified in the human protein. The incorporation of a 14C label at Lys97 in bovine 3-gamma-MGlu-fragment 1 protein is not responsible for the loss of Ca2+-promoted binding to PS/PC vesicles. We suggest that Gla residues 7, 8, and 33 are elements of the first Ca2+-binding site; occupancy of this site establishes the Ca2+-specific conformation which is essential for the Ca2+-promoted interaction of the bovine protein with PS/PC vesicles. These studies also suggest that the loss of Gla residues at positions 7 and 32 prevents the formation of the initial Ca2+-binding site in the human protein.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Studies in the fibrinogen molecule D fragment inactivation protecting fragment].

The interaction was studied between two fragments of bovine fibrinogen isolated from its tryptic hydrolysate: the D fragment, an inhibitor of fibrin-monomer polymerization, and the protector, a fragment inactivating the D fragment. This reaction is relatively rapid: it is completed for several minutes at room temperature and at 37 degrees and is slowed down at 5 degrees. However, the reached level of the D fragment inactivation does not depend upon temperature (within a range from 5 degrees to 37 degrees). Dilution of the incubation mixture under applied conditions caused no dissociation of the D fragment-protector complex. Inactivation of the D fragment by the protector depends on the solution ionic strength; ionic strength 0.13-0.16 is optimal.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The CrmA- and TPCK-sensitive pathways that trigger oligonucleosome-sized DNA fragmentation in camptothecin-induced apoptosis: relation to caspase activation and high molecular weight DNA fragmentation.

Abstract: In human B lymphoma Namalwa variant cells expressing the serpin-like CrmA protein, the kinetics of oligonucleosome-sized DNA fragmentation was retarded compared with that of control Namalwa cells following camptothecin treatment. However, no difference in the kinetics of high molecular weight DNA fragmentation was observed between the two lines after camptothecin treatment. Similar delay and inhibition of the oligonucleosome-sized DNA fragmentation was observed in human B lymphoma Namalwa and monocytic-like leukemia U-937 cells coincubated in the presence of various concentrations of N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethylketone and camptothecin. The effect of N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethylketone was similar to that of CrmA and did not prevent the appearance of high molecular weight DNA fragments. Similar suppression of camptothecin-induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation was also observed in a cell-free system when cytosolic extracts obtained from camptothecin-treated Namalwa and U-937 cells were coincubated with untreated nuclei in the presence of N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethylketone. Furthermore, N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethylketone had no significant effects on caspase-3-like activities in camptothecin-treated Namalwa and U-937 cells. Hydrolysis of Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-amino-4-methylcoumarin, a fluorogenic substrate with caspase-3-like activities, was detected in extracts prepared from camptothecin-treated Namalwa and U-937 cells with no apparent difference in the time courses of caspase-3-like activation in the absence or presence of N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethylketone. Similarly, N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethylketone was a weak inhibitor of caspase-3-like activities in vitro. Taken together, these observations suggest that the pathway sensitive to N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethylketone is involved in camptothecin-induced oligonucleosome-sized DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, inhibition of this pathway had no effect on caspase-3-like activation and on the occurrence of high molecular weight DNA fragmentation.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed1972

Mercaptan-induced fragmentation of a subunit-like proteolytic fragment of immunoglobulin M.

Limited papain hydrolysis of immunoglobulin M (IgM) produces a subunit-like proteolytic fragment designated IgM(p) (Inman & Hazen, 1968). In the presence of mercaptans, IgM(p) partially dissociated into Fc(mu)-like and Fab(mu) fragments. Treatment of residual IgM (that remaining after a papain digestion) with 2mm-mercaptoethylamine resulted in fragmentation of the same type that occurs in a routine limited digestion of IgM with papain, although exogenous enzyme was not added to the mixture. When IgM was hydrolysed with (14)C-labelled papain, a small quantity of the enzyme was found to be associated with the residual IgM and IgM(p) fractions. IgM and IgM 7S subunit (IgM(s)) that had been exposed to papain in the absence of activating mercaptan and separated from the enzyme by gel filtration also fragmented when subsequently treated with 2mm-mercaptoethylamine. The fragments resembled those produced during a typical limited papain digestion of IgM. It was concluded that mercaptoethylamine induced fragmentation of IgM(p) by activating adsorbed papain.

Carbon Isotopes↗
PubMed1983

Limited enzymatic cleavage of pig immunoglobulin G and of specific antibodies. III. Large-scale isolation of tryptic fragments of antibodies and of non-specific immunoglobulin and characteristics of the Fc fragment.

Precipitating and non-precipitating anti-Dnp antibodies and S-sulpho non-specific IgG in gram quantities were subjected to limited cleavage by trypsin. Upon gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100 the fraction of Fab and Fc fragments was separated from incompletely split molecules and from tFc' fragments. The Fab and Fc fragments were separated from each other either by ion-exchange chromatography on QAE-Sephadex or by preparative electrophoresis in starch block. Both Fab and Fc fragments appeared to be heterogeneous as to electric charge. The Fc fragments were characterized by amino acid composition and N-terminal amino acids. The Fc fragment of non-specific IgG was cleaved by cyanogen bromide, and a C-terminal peptide containing 18 residues was isolated. Partial amino acid sequence of this peptide pointed to a high degree of homology with immunoglobulins of other animal species.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1995

Apoptosis of a fibrosarcoma induced by protein-free culture involves DNA cleavage to large fragments but not internucleosomal fragmentation.

A murine fibrosarcoma clone, Gc-4 SD, grows depending on fetal calf serum. In MTT assay, protein-free cultivation resulted in a reduction of the viable cell number time-dependently. Electron-microscopic and flow-cytometric analyses revealed that the reduction in growth was accompanied by the appearance of apoptotic cells. However, no internucleosomal fragmentation was observed even after SI-nuclease treatment. On the other hand, pulse field gel electrophoresis revealed that cleavage of DNA into high-molecular-weight fragments estimated as 50 to 150 kilobase pairs (kbp), with a peak of 100 kbp, was found in the serum-deprived cells. Large fragments disappeared from the DNA extracts when the smaller cells with high blue fluorescence with Hoechst 33342 were removed by flow cytometry, suggesting direct correlation between the large DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. The addition of aurintricarboxylic acid neither abolished the large DNA fragmentation nor inhibited the reduction in the number of viable cells. Both cycloheximide and actinomycin D enhanced the reduction in the number of viable cells as well as the large DNA fragmentation. These results suggest that apoptosis of a fibrosarcoma induced by protein-free culture involves a specific endogenous endonuclease, which may be distinct from and independent of the ATA-sensitive endonuclease producing internucleosomal DNA fragmentation.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Mapping the DNA fragments produced by cleavage of EcoRI F fragment of adenovirus 2 with HaeIII, HpaII and AluI.

Hydrolysis of the EcoRI F fragment of the adenovirus 2 genome with HaeIII, HpaII and AluI restriction enzymes gives respectively 9, 11, and 11 fragments, the size of which ranges from 20 bp for the smallest HpaII k fragment to 585 for the largest AluI A fragment. The order of fragments was mainly deduced from partial hydrolysis analyses. The relative order of all restriction sites and the distance in nucleotides between them were obtained through secondary analyses of each restriction fragment by the two other enzymes. Position of the KpnI, HindIII, MboI and SmaI sites within the EcoRI F fragment were also reevaluated.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1981

Integration of foreign genome fragments into cells transformed or cotransformed with fragmented adenoviral DNA.

The integration of DNA of highly oncogenic simian adenovirus type 7 (SA7) and non-oncogenic human adenovirus type 6 (Ad6) into the genome of newborn rat kidney cells transformed by fragmented DNA preparations was studied using reassociation kinetics and spot hybridization. Transforming DNA was fragmented with the specific endonuclease SalI (SA7) and BglII (Ad6). In contrast to the cell transformation by intact viral DNA, transformation by fragmented DNA resulted in integration into the cellular genome of not only the lefthand fragment with the oncogene but also of other regions of the viral genome. Additionally integrated fragments were stable and preserved during numerous passages of cells lines, although they were no expressed, at least in the case of the Ad6-transformed cell line. The integration of the fragments of SA7 DNA was accompanied by loss of 25-50% of the mass of each fragment. Adding the linear form of the pBR322 plasmid to the preparation of transforming Ad6 DNA also contributed to its cointegration into the genome of the transformed cell. This technique of cell cotransformation with any foreign DNAs together with the viral oncogens may be used as an equivalent of an integration vector for eukaryotic cells.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1979

Physical studies on isolated human prothrombin fragment-2. Comparisons with human prothrombin fragment-1.

Variation of pH strongly affects the fluorescence intensity of human prothrombin fragment-1 in a manner suggesting contributions from a number of protropic equilibria including groups with apparent pKa values near 3.0. These results suggest a structural role for pK1a of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid noieties. Added calcium ions (9 mM calcium chloride) quench the fluorescence titration curve uniformly above pH 4. Below pH 4, however, the titration curve in the presence of calcium ions suggests that calcium-ion-dependent processes leading to fluorescence quenching are pH-dependent. Upon back titration of human fragment-1, from pH 9, hysteresis is observed. Human prothrombin fragment-2 fluorescence titration curves are relatively broad at low pH suggesting the titration of normal carboxyl groups. The titration curves of fragment-2 are not affected by the presence of calcium ions, and hysteresis occurs upon back titration from low pH values. Circular dichroism (CD) Cotton effects appear at 232 nm and 280 nm and a trough appears at 203 nm in the CD spectrum of human prothrombin fragment-2. The Cotton effects in the region from 230 nm to 300 nm are sensitive to pH, ellipticity values at 232 nm increasing from approximately 300 at pH 2.5 to 1300 (degree-cm/decimole) at neutral pH and finally become negative at high pH values. In contrast to fragment-1, at neutral pH the fragment-2 Cotton effect at 232 nm is insensitive to the presence of 8 mM calcium chloride.

Calcium↗
PubMed1983

The clearance of human fibrinogen fragments X and Y in mice: a process mediated by the fragment D receptor.

The clearance of radiolabeled human fibrinogen fragments X and Y was studied in the mouse model. Fragment X cleared rapidly from the circulation with less than 10% of the ligand remaining in the circulation at 4 hr. The clearance of fragment Y was somewhat slower, but was identical to the rate of clearance of fragment D1. Competition studies indicated that fragments X, Y, D1 amd D1 dimer clear via the same, saturable pathway. Fragment E did not compete for the clearance of there ligands. Tissue distribution studies demonstrated that the liver was the principle site of clearance of all three ligands. The kidneys also cleared a fraction of each ligand in the order fragment D3 greater than D2 greater than D1 greater than Y greater than X. This pattern suggests that renal clearance is a passive phenomenon dependent on the size of the fibrinogen degradation product.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Fc intermediate (Fci), a papain-generated fragment of human IgG, intermediate in charge, molecular weight and cleavage between the Fc and Fc' fragments of IgG.

Fc intermediate (Fci) is a papain-generated fragment of human IgG which is intermediate in charge, mol. wt and state of cleavage between the Fc and Fc' fragments of IgG. It is composed of two polypeptide chains of unequal mol. wt held together by non-covalent bonds between the C gamma 3 regions. The larger polypeptide chain has both a C gamma 2 and C gamma 3 domain and its N-terminus is at Leu 235 (60%) and Leu 234 (40%) (IgGl Eu numbering). The smaller polypeptide chain is composed of a C gamma 3 domain with its N-terminus at Gly 341. The carboxy-termini obtained by carboxypeptidase digestion and by a computer program which determined the most probable sequences by fitting the amino acid compositions to the sequence of IgG Eu Fc were heterogeneous involving residues 440-446 for the large polypeptide chain and 429-436 for the small one. The calculated mol. wt of the large polypeptide chain was 26,183, assuming the N-terminus at Leu 234 and C-terminus at 446 and including the carbohydrate moiety. The calculated mol. wt for the small polypeptide chain was 10,682, with the N-terminus at 341 and assuming the C-terminus at 434, for a combined mol. wt of 36,865 for the Fci fragment. Sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation of Fci under non-dissociating conditions showed an Mn of 36,200 +/- 1200, an Mw of 36,400 +/- 600 and an Mz of 37,000 +/- 300 g/mole. The best yields of Fc were obtained with a 6-hr digestion and the best yields of Fcl and Fc' were obtained with digestion for 18 hr in phosphate buffer. Digestion in Tris buffer for 18 hr gave results similar to the 18-hr digestion in phosphate buffer except the yields of Fc' were less. This fragment may be useful for exploring biological functions of human IgG Fc. In addition, some Fc fragments obtained by papain digestion of human IgG either in phosphate or Tris buffer are not covalently bonded and are probably cleaved on the carboxy-terminal side of the interchain disulfide bonds at Leu 234 or Leu 235, the N-termini for the large polypeptide chain of Fci. This indicates that, if disulfide bonded Fc fragments are needed, gel filtration under dissociating conditions will be necessary to remove non-covalently bonded Fc.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Coupling of antibody-binding fragments to solid-phase supports: site-directed binding of F(ab')2 fragments.

A method to covalently bind antibody fragments, via their carboxyl termini to solid supports, is presented. The strategy involves: (1) reversibly blocking all the accessible carboxyl groups on the antibody molecule with phenylhydrazine, (2) exposing the carboxyl termini of the fragment by enzymatic digestion with pepsin and (3) subsequently coupling the fragment to an appropriate support. Experiments with an anti-bovine serum albumin monoclonal antibody and C-14 phenylhydrazine revealed that the blocking step was nearly completely reversible with a dilute solution of FeCl3. Radioiodinated blocked F(ab')2 fragments were then coupled to an amino-functionalized Sepharose 4B column, and characterized as to their coupling capacity (mass of protein coupled/ml of bead), and antigen-binding activity. The coupling capacity of the blocked fragments was found to be 12%, half the coupling efficiency of unmodified radioiodinated F(ab')2. The antigen-binding capacity (mol antigen bound per mol antibody coupled) for the blocked F(ab')2, on the other hand, was found to be 1.9, which was approx. 3.5-times greater than for the unmodified F(ab')2. Comparisons with other conventional coupling techniques were also made. These preliminary studies suggest that this technique can provide one with the means to obtain more uniform and active populations of immobilized antibody fragments.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1999

Method for the preparation of bispecific F(ab')2mu fragments from mouse monoclonal antibodies of the immunoglobulin M class and characterization of the fragments.

Bispecific F(ab')2mu fragments (Bs F(ab')2mu) binding simultaneously both sialyl Lewis A antigen (SLA) and human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were prepared by disulfide bond exchange between F(ab')2mu fragments derived from IgM monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against SLA and CEA, and were purified to homogeneity in a one-step procedure of hydrophobic interaction HPLC. The final yield of Bs F(ab')2mu from F(ab')2mu fragments was 70-78%, and the purity was higher than 98%. The immunoreactivities of the Bs F(ab')2mu fragments against SLA and CEA were almost the same as those of the respective parental F(ab')2mu fragments. The dissociation constant (0.17 microM) of the Bs F(ab')2mu for CEA was in good agreement with that of the parental F(ab')2mu fragments. Although the number of applications of IgM mAbs is restricted because of the large molecular mass and low solubility, Bs F(ab')2mu might, nevertheless, be a useful tool for immunotherapy and immunodiagnosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Inhibition of apoptosis-associated DNA fragmentation activity in nonapoptotic cells: the role of DNA fragmentation factor-45 (DFF45/ICAD).

We have investigated the mechanism whereby nuclear DNA fragmentation activity emerging during early apoptosis is inhibited during normal cell life. In a cell-free system, cytosol fractions from diverse nonapoptotic human cell lines (Jurkat T-cell leukemia, HeLa carcinoma, SK-N-MC neuroblastoma, and WI-38 embryonic lung fibroblast) potently neutralized the nuclear DNA fragmentation activity of cytosol from apoptotic anti-Fas treated Jurkat cells. Recombinant human DNA fragmentation factor 45 kDa subunit (DFF45/ICAD), an inhibitor of the caspase-activated DNase DFF40/CAD, substituted for healthy cytosol in inhibiting DNA fragmentation. An antiserum against human DFF45 detected 44 and 34 kDa proteins (major and minor, respectively) in the cytosols but not in the nuclear or membrane fractions of various cultured human cells. Cytosols depleted of DFF45/ICAD by immunoadsorption had little or no inhibitor of nuclear DNA fragmentation activity and no caspase-activated DNA fragmentation activity. We conclude that immunoreactive DFF45/ICAD is the principal inhibitor of apoptotic DNase activity in the cytosol of healthy cells.

Adenocarcinoma↗