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PubMed2003

Vaccination against Fowlpox virus via drinking water.

The oral vaccination against Fowlpox was investigated via drinking water containing the F132-c strain of Fowlpox virus to be effective even though the vaccine virus-titer was 10(4) TCID (50)/dose each time. When the virus-titer of the F132-c strain was 10(4-5 )TCID(50)/dose per single drinking water vaccination, 90% or more of chickens were not protected, however, they were protected when vaccinated twice via drinking water. A weak immune response occurred by a slight infection after the first vaccination, and due to memory cells, a booster could work well after the second vaccination. These results suggest the possibility of reducing both the amount of virus required for a vaccine via drinking water and the labor cost in the field.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Selection of recombinant fowlpox virus coexpressing HIV-1 gag-gp120 and IL-6].

OBJECTIVE: To construct the recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV) coexpressing HIV-1 gag-gp120 and hIL-6. METHODS: The recombinant expressing plasmid pUTA-GE-IL6 was successfully constructed by inserting gag-gp120 gene and hIL-6 gene into the downstream of the combined promoter ATI-p7.5 and p7.5 tandem promoter respectively. After transfecting the plasmid into chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells preinfected with FPV 282E4 strain and selecting the recombinant virus under the pressure of BUdR. The recombinant virus was analyzed by nucleic acid probe hybridization and immunoblotting. In addition, the formation of virus-like particle and the expression of interested proteins in the recombinant virus-infected p815 cells were observed, and the immunogenicity of the recombinant virus was also analyzed. RESULTS: There was colorable dot for the positive recombinant virus, immunoblotting analysis showed that the recombinant virus could expressed both gag-gp120 and IL-6. Virus-like particles (VLP) were formed in virus-infected cells, and the interested proteins could be expressed in mammalian cells infected by the recombinant virus. The immunity index from the immunized mice showed that the recombinant virus had good immunogenicity. CONCLUSION: The recombinant fowlpox virus coexpressing gag-gp120 and IL-6 was successfully constructed, which may provide basis for the preparation of live vector genetic engineering vaccine and macromolecule particle vaccine against HIV-1.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The addition of fowlpox and pigeon pox vaccine to Marek's vaccine for broilers.

Laboratory and field studies indicated that a cell-culture fowlpox vaccine was effective and safe when administered subcutaneously to day-old broiler chicks in combination with cell-associated Marek's vaccine without compromising the latter. Pox vaccines of chick embryo origin evaluated similarly provided excellent protection, although they caused local musculature swelling when injected into muscle rather than under the skin. No muscle swelling followed improper vaccination with the cell-culture fowlpox vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vaccination of 1-day-old chicks with fowlpox virus by the aerosol, drinking water, or cutaneous routes.

Administration of 10(4) mean cell-culture infectious dose (CCID50) per ml of a plaque-purified derivative of a commercial fowlpox virus (FPV) vaccine to 1-day-old chicks by aerosol or drinking water gave inconsistent serological responses and little evidence of protective immunity. In contrast, cutaneous vaccination with the same preparation protected against challenge with virulent FPV at 4 weeks of age. Administration of the vaccine at a concentration of 10(6) CCID50 per ml by the drinking-water route was as effective as conventional cutaneous vaccination in terms of the serological response in an enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay and in terms of protection against challenge. Drinking-water vaccination at 2 days of age was no more effective than vaccination on day 1, and oral dosing with the vaccine was less effective than incorporation of the vaccine in the drinking water. It was concluded that 1-day-old chicks may be vaccinated against fowlpox by the drinking-water route if the vaccine contains a sufficiently high concentration of virus.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fowlpox virus in the Sudan.

A virulent fowlpox virus was isolated from a natural outbreak of the disease in the Sudan. The virus was used for experimental transmission of the disease to susceptible chickens. Scarification and intravenous methods were used to infect one-month-old chickens. Scarification induced typical pox lesions at 5-7 days postinoculation, whereas intravenous injection induced only swelling of combs or wattles, at 10-11 days postinoculation, although neutralizing antibodies against fowlpox virus were detected 2, 3, and 4 weeks postinoculation. The histopathological features of the pox lesions obtained in both natural and experimental infection were described.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

A recombinant fowlpox virus that expresses the VP2 antigen of infectious bursal disease virus induces protection against mortality caused by the virus.

The coding sequences of VP2 from a virulent strain, 52/70, of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were excised from a cDNA clone and inserted into a fowlpox plasmid insertion vector. The resulting plasmid, pIBD 1, was used to construct a recombinant fowlpox virus, fpIBD 1, which expressed VP 2 as a beta-galactosidase fusion protein. Chickens vaccinated with fpIBD 1 at 1 and 14 days of age, were challenged at 28 days with either IBDV strain 52/70 or the highly virulent strain CS 89. These chickens were protected against mortality, but not against damage to the bursa of Fabricius. The protection achieved by the use of fpIBD 1 shows that VP 2 is a host protective antigen.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Genetic and antigenic differences between fowlpox and quailpox viruses.

The genomes of a fowlpox and quailpox virus isolate were compared by restriction enzyme analysis using BamHI, EcoRI, and HindIII endonucleases. The genetic profiles of the two virus species were very distinct with fragments lacking similar electrophoretic mobilities. In contrast, the patterns of three quailpox virus isolates were very similar with a high proportion of co-migrating fragments. When the immunogenic proteins of two quailpox, three fowlpox, a juncopox, and a pigeonpox virus isolate were examined by immunoblotting, common as well as unique antigens were detected. The greatest disparity was between quailpox virus and the other three species which are genomically conserved. Therefore, on the basis of genetic as well as immunological analysis, quailpox virus is a distinct species of the genus Avipoxvirus.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Morphogenesis of fowlpox virus in a baby hamster kidney cell line.

Fowlpox virus (FWPV) recombinant vaccines are presently being tested as an antihuman immunodeficiency virus vaccine for humans. However, biosafety, as well as the morphogenesis of FWPV in mammalian cells, are not well understood. Currently, electron microscopy is the method of choice for analyzing virus morphogenesis in cell lines. In this study, four different electron microscopic techniques were used to study FWPV morphogenesis in the Syrian baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cell line: direct negative stain electron microscopy, ultrathin section transmission electron microscopy, cryoimmunoelectron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The study showed matured viruses, as well as other stages of fowlpox virus maturation, in BHK-21 cells that led to productive virus multiplication. A number of virus-containing vesicles and plasma membrane-associated mature viruses at an early stage in the budding process were observed. In addition, intracellular mature virus was observed in layers of the trans-Golgi network, a characteristic of intracellular mature virus wrapping that results in the formation of intracellular enveloped virus. The size and morphology of FWPV observed in this study are comparable with previously published data. This study presents the first morphological evidence for the release of FWPV by budding in BHK-21 cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Restriction endonuclease mapping of the fowlpox virus genome.

The genome of fowlpox virus (Webster's mild vaccine strain) is composed of a single, double-stranded DNA molecule with covalently linked terminal hairpins and approximately 300 kb in length. Sites for cleavage by restriction endonucleases Pstl, Sal/l, Smal, and Notl have been identified with partial maps for EcoRI and BamHI. Differences in Pstl restriction fragment profiles for two separately prepared viruses (FPV-M and FPV-M3), both derived from the vaccine strain, indicate the presence of a nonessential region and potential insertion site for foreign DNA, toward one end of the viral genome. The size of the fowlpox virus genome, which is more than 100 kb larger than the orthopoxvirus vaccinia, indicates that the avipox viruses have the potential to code for more proteins than other groups of poxviruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A fowlpox virus vaccine vector with insertion sites in the terminal repeats: demonstration of its efficacy using the fusion gene of Newcastle disease virus.

In this paper we report the development and testing of a fowlpox virus vector system. Insertion sites in non-essential regions within the terminal inverted repeats of the virus have been characterised. Foreign genes inserted into these sites are shown to be present in two copies in the resultant recombinant virus. To test the potential use of this vector as a live vaccine the fusion gene of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been inserted into a vaccine strain of fowlpox virus, and inoculated into chickens. The experiments demonstrate the ability of the recombinant to protect chickens against challenge by a virulent strain of NDV and to elicit the formation of anti-fusion protein antibody.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Molecular and biological characterization of simian-human immunodeficiency virus-like particles produced by recombinant fowlpox viruses.

Virus-like particles (VLPs) mimicking the simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV89.6P (VLPSHIV) were produced by co-infection of Vero cells with fowlpox SIVgag/pol (FPgag/polSIV) and fowlpox HIV-1env89.6P (FPenv89.6P) recombinant viruses. As a necessary prerequisite for a more efficient vaccine approach, ultrastructural, functional and molecular characterizations of VLP(SHIV) were performed in the SHIV-macaque model to verify the similarity of these particles to SHIV89.6P. Here we show that VLPSHIV can infect T cells by fusion without replication, as demonstrated by the absence of new viral progeny in VLPSHIV-infected C8166 cells. Biochemical characterization showed identical protein profiles of VLPSHIV and SHIV89.6P, and ultrastructural analysis of Vero cells releasing VLPSHIV also confirmed the morphological similarity of these pseudovirions to SHIV89.6P particles. Viral mRNAs were also found packaged inside the core of VLPSHIV by RT-PCR and reverse transcriptase assays.

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMed1995

The Marek's disease virus (MDV) unique short region: alphaherpesvirus-homologous, fowlpox virus-homologous, and MDV-specific genes.

Despite its previous classification as a gammaherpesvirus, primarily due to its lymphotropism, Marek's disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic avian herpesvirus, is phylogenetically more related to the "neurotropic" alphaherpesviruses, characterized by its prototype, herpes simplex virus (HSV) (Buckmaster et al., 1988, J. Gen. Virol. 69, 2033-2042). In this report we present the DNA sequence of an 11,286-bp DNA segment encompassing the entire 11,160-bp-long Us region of the oncogenic avian herpesvirus, Marek's disease virus. Eleven open reading frames (ORFs) likely to code for proteins were identified; of these, 7 represent homologs exclusive to alphaherpesvirus S component genes. These include MDV counterparts of HSV US1 (ICP22), US2, US3 (a serine-threonine protein kinase), US6, US7, and US8 (HSV glycoproteins gD, gI, and gE, respectively), and US10. Three additional ORFs were identified with no apparent relation to any sequences currently present in the SwissProt or GenBank/EMBL databases, while a fourth was found to exhibit significant homology to an uncharacterized fowlpox virus (FPV) ORF. Having precisely identified the IRs-U(s) and U(s)-TRs junctions, we have corrected and clarified their previously reported locations. By characterizing genes encoding three new alphaherpesvirus-related homologs (US1, US8, and US10), completing the sequence for a fourth (US7), and identifying 2 new MDV-specific ORFs (SORF1 and SORF3) and a fowlpox homolog (SORF2), our sequence analysis of the "virulent" GA strain of MDV (vMDV) extends upon that of a 5255-bp segment located in the U(s) region of the "very virulent" RB1B strain of MDV (vvMDV) (Ross et al., 1991, J. Gen. Virol. 72, 939-947; 949-954). These two sequences were found to exhibit 99% identity at both nucleotide and predicted amino acid levels. Combined with the fact that MDV U(s) sequences failed to show statistically significant CpG deficiencies, our analysis is consistent with MDV bearing a closer phylogenetic relation to alphaherpesviruses than to gammaherpesviruses. Because alphaherpesvirus-specific U(s) region genes are primarily nonessential for virus replication, they are thought to be important biological property determinants. Thus, our sequence provides a foundation for further MDV studies aimed at resolving the apparent discrepancy between MDV's genetic and biologic properties.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Protection against diverse highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses in chickens immunized with a recombinant fowlpox vaccine containing an H5 avian influenza hemagglutinin gene insert.

A recombinant fowlpox vaccine with an H5 hemagglutinin gene insert protected chickens against clinical signs and death following challenge by nine different highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses. The challenge viruses had 87.3 to 100% deduced hemagglutinin amino acid sequence similarity with the recombinant vaccine, and represented diversely geographic and spatial backgrounds; i.e. isolated from four different continents over a 38 year period. The recombinant vaccine reduced detectable infection rates and shedding titers by some challenge viruses. There was a significant positive correlation in hemagglutinin sequence similarity between challenge viruses and vaccine, and the ability to reduce titers of challenge virus isolated from the oropharynx (r(s)=0.783, P=0.009), but there was no similar correlation for reducing cloacal virus titers (r(s)=-0.100, P=0.78). This recombinant fowlpox-H5 avian influenza hemagglutinin vaccine can provide protection against a variety of different highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses and frequent optimizing of the hemagglutinin insert to overcome genetic drift in the vaccine may not be necessary to provide adequate field protection.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Construction and characterization of a recombinant fowlpox virus co-expressing F, HN genes of Newcastle disease virus and gB gene of infectious laryngnotracheitis virus].

The Fusion (F) and Haemagglutinin-Neuraminidase (HN) genes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and the glycoprotein B (gB) gene of infectious laryngothracheitis virus (ILTV) as well as a LacZ reporter gene were all inserted into a nonessential gene of fowlpox virus (FPV) 017 strain by homologous recombination. The NDV and ILTV genes were each under the control of a fowlpox virus immediate early/late promoter (LP2EP2) while the LacZ reporter gene expression cassette was regulated by a P11 late promoter. A recombinant FPV harboring the F, HN and gB genes as well as the LacZ gene, designated as rFPV-F/HN/gB/LacZ, was obtained after ten cycles of blue plaque purification. The presence of the NDV and ILTV genes was confirmed by PCR. The expression of the recombinant proteins in rFPV-F/HN/gB/LacZ were characterized by Western blot (F and gB proteins) and indirect immunofluorescence test (F, HN and gB proteins). The results demonstrated that all four foreign proteins, which were encoded within a 10 kb gene fragment, could be expressed authentically and efficiently. Compared to the parental virus, rFPV-F/HN/gB/LacZ showed no obvious difference with respect to virus replication and cytopathogenic effects in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) cell culture. Overall, our work suggests that FPV can be a useful live virus vector for the expression of multi- foreign genes against multiple avian pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Insertion of the fusion gene from Newcastle disease virus into a non-essential region in the terminal repeats of fowlpox virus and demonstration of protective immunity induced by the recombinant.

In this paper we report on the identification of non-essential genes in the terminal repeats of the avipox-virus fowlpox virus and the use of these as insertion sites in a vector system. Foreign genes inserted into these sites are shown to be present in two copies in the resultant recombinant virus. To test the potential use of this vector as a live vaccine the fusion gene of Newcastle disease virus has been inserted into a vaccine strain of fowlpox virus and inoculated into chickens. The experiments demonstrate the ability of the recombinant to protect chickens against challenge by a virulent strain of Newcastle disease virus and to elicit the formation of an anti-fusion protein antibody.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Morphogenesis and release of fowlpox virus.

Release of fowlpox virus (FWPV) as extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) appears to proceed both by the budding of intracellular mature virus (IMV) through the plasma membrane and by the fusion of intracellular enveloped virus (IEV) with the plasma membrane. Based on the frequency of budding events compared to wrapping events observed by electron microscopy, FWPV FP9 strain seems to exit chick embryo fibroblast cells predominantly by budding. In contrast to vaccinia virus (VV), the production of FWPV extracellular virus particles is not affected by N(1)-isonicotinoyl-N(2)-3-methyl-4-chlorobenzoylhydrazine (IMCBH). Comparison of the sequence of the VV F13L gene product with its FWPV orthologue showed a mutation, in the fowlpox protein, at the residue involved in IMCBH resistance in a mutant VV. Glucosamine, monensin or brefeldin A did not have any specific effect on FWPV extracellular virus production. Cytochalasin D, which inhibits the formation of actin filaments, reduces the production of extracellular virus particles by inhibiting the release of cell-associated enveloped virus (CEV) particles from the plasma membrane. Involvement of actin filaments in this mechanism is further supported by the co-localization of actin with viral particles close to the plasma membrane in the absence of cytochalasin D. Actin is also co-localized with virus factories.

Actins↗
PubMed1999

Induction of humoral and cellular immune responses in mice by a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus.

A recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV/E2) expressing the E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was constructed and characterized. Mice were immunized with recombinant virus and both humoral and cellular immune responses were studied. rFPV/E2 induced BVDV-specific antibodies which were detected by ELISA. In addition, mouse sera were shown to neutralize BVDV. A cytokine ELISA assay revealed that mice vaccinated with rFPV/E2 induced 7-fold more interferon-gamma than parental fowlpox virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1962

Bases of the nucleic acid of fowlpox virus and host deoxyribonucleic acid.

Randall, Charles C. (University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson), Lanelle G. Gafford, and Robert W. Darlington. Bases of the nucleic acid of fowlpox virus and host deoxyribonucleic acid. J. Bacteriol. 83:1037-1041. 1962.-The nucleic acid of fowlpox virus obtained from purified inclusions was identified as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The base ratios determined on whole virus and on isolated DNA were practically identical. The molar ratios of purines to pyrimidines were approximately unity. The ratio of adenine plus thymine to guanine plus cytosine was 1.8. The base ratios of DNA obtained from chick red cells were approximately the same as other animal DNA preparations reported in the literature. It is of interest that the molar proportions of host DNA are significantly different from viral DNA.

Adenine↗