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PubMed1978

Therapeutic pulpotomies in primary molars with the formocresol technique. A clinical and histological follow-up.

The results of therapeutic pulpotomies in primary molars with formocresol technique were studied by systematic follow-up. Of 84 primary lower molars in the clinical study, 56 became available for histological examination. The radiographic follow-up revealed periradicular osteitis in 10 per cent of the teeth treated. Internal root resorption was seen in 37 per cent of the teeth, or one-fifth of the roots treated. The histological examination revealed a very capricious diffusion of the medicament throughout the pulp tissue. Vital pulp remnants in the apical part of the treated roots showed no signs of healing. All pulps presented a varying number of inflammatory cells in the border zone adjacent to the formocresol-fixed region. In 80 per cent of the roots the histological sections revealed signs signs of internal resorption with or without incomplete repair tissue formation.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pulpal therapy for primary teeth: formocresol vs electrosurgery: a clinical study.

Post-operative clinical and x-ray findings on 80 primary molars were evaluated. These molars had undergone pulpal therapy by 2 techniques: pulpotomy with formocresol and with electrosurgery. The sample was selected from children between the ages of 4 and 7. A criterion for inclusion was each child must have at least 2 primary molars with pulp exposed by caries. Experimental molars with 1 or more of the following clinical or radiographic signs and symptoms were excluded: mobility, sensitivity to percussion, the presence of fistulae, groove drainage, apical or internal resorption, fetid smell and compromised furcation. Also excluded were patients previously diagnosed with diabetes, cardiopathy and renal alterations. Initially, a dinical and radiographic examination was carried out, followed by another at 1, 3 and 6 months after application of the techniques. No significant differences were found at the end of the period. However, electrosurgery had an advantage: it was faster to apply and dispensed with the use of formocresol. Further research is suggested, using larger samples and shorter evaluation periods.

Child↗

PubMed1992

A clinical evaluation of root resorption by formocresol treatment in 120 cases of pulpotomy in permanent molars.

The effect of a formocresol pulpotomy of a 120 permanent molar showed external and internal resorption on distal root in lower molar, and palatal root in the upper molar. In this study 33.3% were male and 66.7% were female. The age distribution of patients was 16 to 20 years of age and 21 to 25 years of age. The rate of resorption for chronic pulpitis was more than acute pulpitis. The success of formocresol pulpotomy treatment at the end of the 10th year for acute pulpitis was 92.26% in contrast to 84% for chronic pulpitis.

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Diffusion of buffered glutaraldehyde and formocresol from pulpotomized primary teeth.

The medicaments used in this study were buffered glutaraldehyde and formocresol. Schiff's reagent was used in the quantification of aldehyde released into the collecting medium. The results of this study clearly show that formocresol diffused throughout the dentine and cementum within fifteen minutes following a pulpotomy procedure, whereas no diffusion of buffered glutaraldehyde was observed.

Buffers↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term evaluation of pulpotomy in primary molars using mineral trioxide aggregate or formocresol.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as pulp dressing material following pulpotomy in primary molars with carious pulp exposure and compare them to those of formocresol (FC). METHODS: Of 33 children, primary molars treated via a conventional pulpotomy technique were randomly assigned to the MTA group (33 teeth) or FC group (29 teeth). Clinical and radiographic follow-up ranged between 4 and 74 months. The mean follow-up time was 38 months, with no difference between the groups. Twenty-nine teeth were followed until uneventful shedding (mean=33 months). Failures were detected after a mean period of 16 months (range=4 to 30). RESULTS: The success rate of pulpotomy was 97% for MTA (1 failure) and 83% for FC (5 failures). Eight teeth presented internal resorption. In 4 of them (2 of each group), progress of the resorption process stopped and the pulp tissue was replaced by a radioopaque calcified tissue. Pulp canal obliteration was observed in 58% of the MTA group and in 52% of the FC group (total=55%). CONCLUSIONS: MTA showed a higher (though not statistically significant) long-term clinical and radiographic success rate than formocresol, and can be recommended as its replacement as, unlike FC, MTA does not induce undesirable responses.

Aluminum Compounds↗

PubMed2006

Persuasive evidence that formocresol use in pediatric dentistry is safe.

Concern has been expressed about the safety of formocresol use in pediatric dentistry. Formaldehyde, a primary component in formocresol, is a hazardous substance and is considered a probable human carcinogen by Health Canada. However, humans inhale and ingest formaldehyde daily and also produce this compound as part of normal cellular metabolism. The human body is physiologically equipped to handle this exposure through multiple pathways for oxidation of formaldehyde to formate and incorporation into biological macromolecules via tetrahydrofolate-dependent one-carbon biosynthetic pathways. Recent re-evaluation of earlier research that examined potential health risks associated with formaldehyde exposure has shown that the research was based on flawed assumptions, which resulted in erroneous conclusions. This review examines more recent research about formaldehyde metabolism, pharmacokinetics and carcinogenicity, the results of which indicate that formaldehyde is probably not a potent human carcinogen under conditions of low exposure. Extrapolation of these research results to pediatric dentistry suggests an inconsequential risk of carcinogenesis associated with formaldehyde use in pediatric pulp therapy. Areas for further investigation are suggested.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[Resorption of roots of milk teeth treated by pulp amputation using formocresol].

Histological examination was carried out of milk molars involved by physiological or pathological resorption, i.e. accelerated, during treatment of pulp diseases by amputation using formocresol, and delayed in case of persisting milk teeth. The results showed that the histological pattern of accelerated resorption due to formocresol was not different from physiological resorption. Delayed resorption was associated with an evident repairing reaction in the resorption sinuses.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Antibacterial effects of CMCP, Cresophene, and formocresol as root canal medications].

This clinical and laboratory study was to compare the antimicrobial effects of camphorated monoparachlorophenol, Cresophene and formocresol. Root canals of anterior teeth with 3-5 mm. rarefied area were instrumented and irrigated until they were ready to be filled. The patients returned every 7 days. Intracanal medicaments were changed until negative culture was obtained. The number of visits was recorded. The comparative effectiveness of the three medicaments were analysed. Results showed no statistical differences of the three medicaments (p greater than 0.1). The antimicrobial activity against bacteria from positive root canal culture of these three antiseptics were assayed by disc diffusion method. The inhibition zone of camphorated mono-parachlorophenol and Cresophene were nearly the same size, but that of formocresol had greater diameter. Using Gram's staining procedure, the majority of bacteria obtained from root canals was identified as gram positive cocci (94.74%).

Bacteria↗

PubMed1994

Comparison of electrosurgery and formocresol as pulpotomy techniques in dog primary teeth.

The primary teeth of four dogs were treated using either a conventional formocresol or electrosurgical technique following pulpotomy. Pulps of the treated teeth were evaluated histologically for the presence of inflammation, fibrosis, necrosis, resorption, and reparative dentin formation. Results indicated that conventional formocresol pulpotomy technique is histopathologically superior to electrosurgery pulpotomy technique.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ferric sulfate versus dilute formocresol in pulpotomized primary molars: long-term follow up.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of ferric sulfate (FS) to that of dilute formocresol (DFC) as pulp dressing agents in pulpotomized primary molars. Ninety-six primary molars in 72 children were treated by a conventional pulpotomy technique. Fifty-eight teeth were treated by a FS solution for 15 sec, rinsed, and covered by zinc oxide-eugenol paste (ZOE). In another 38 teeth, a cotton pellet moistened with 20% DFC was placed for 5 min, removed, and the pulp stumps were covered by ZOE paste. The teeth of both groups were sealed by a second layer of intermediate restorative material (IRM) and restored with a stainless steel crown. This is a report of the clinical and radiographic examination of 55 teeth dressed with FS and 37 teeth fixed with DFC, that have been treated 6 to 34 months previously (mean 20.5 months). Four teeth were excluded from the study due to failure of the patient to present for recall. Success rates of 92.7% for the FS, and of 83.8% for the DFC were not significantly different. Four teeth (7.2%) of the FS group and two (5.4%) of the DFC group presented internal resorption. Inter-radicular radiolucencies were observed in two teeth of the FS group and three teeth of the DFC group. The latter also presented periapical lesions. Success rates of both groups were similar to those of previous studies utilizing the traditional Buckley's formocresol.

Bandages↗

PubMed2002

Ferric sulphate and formocresol pulpotomies in baboon primary molars: histological responses.

AIM: To compare pulpal reactions to ferric sulphate and formocresol pulpotomies in primary molar teeth with inflamed pulps. STUDY DESIGN: An experimental study in 15 juvenile baboons (Papio ursinus). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pulpitis was induced with fresh human carious dentine or Streptococcus mutans placed into occlusal cavities in 57 primary molars; after 14 days a pulpotomy was performed on the same primary molars with the two pulp medicaments randomly allocated; the pulp was covered with IRM and the cavity filled with amalgam. After 90 days specimens were harvested and examined under the light microscope with the examiner blind to the treatment. RESULTS: Reaction frequencies in the ferric sulphate-treated and formocresol-treated teeth were: recognisable pulp 52% and 50%, dentine bridges 16% and 12%, internal root resorption 12% and 4%, external resorption 28% and 31%, bacteria 12% and 23%, peri-apical abscesses 32% and 38%. STATISTICS: Fisher's exact probability test showed no statistically significant differences between reaction frequencies in the two treatment groups. CONCLUSION: A pulpotomy in a primary tooth may be clinically successful in the presence of adverse histological reactions.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1983

The formocresol technique in young permanent teeth. A histopathologic study.

Twenty-six extractions were performed at random among seventy-six young, permanent teeth, treated by the formocresol technique, between 5 and 20 months after treatment: twenty-one with penetrating caries (nine vital and twelve nonvital) and five healthy. As a control group, thirteen permanent teeth with penetrating caries were removed: seven vital and six nonvital. The histopathologic analysis compared pretreatment and posttreatment radiographic examinations. In the control cases, there was almost always inflammation and/or necrosis in the entire root canal. In the experimental cases, fibrosis and osteodentin predominated in the apical third, diminishing gradually near the cervical third. Inflammation and necrosis, very low in the apical third, increased similarly near the cervical third. This response seems to be a stage in a process of evolution in biologic scar healing. The complete cure must require a greater lapse of time than that of this experiment--around 10 to 12 months.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Evaluation of the formocresol versus mineral trioxide aggregate primary molar pulpotomy: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To apply meta-analysis to compare the clinical and radiographic effects of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) with formocresol (FC) when used as wound dressing for pulpotomy of primary molars. STUDY DESIGN: The study list was obtained by searching MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and SCI. Only those papers that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. RESULTS: Six studies met the inclusion criteria. There was significant difference between the success rates of FC- and MTA-treated pulpotomized primary molars (P < .05). Clinical assessments and radiographic findings of the MTA versus FC pulpotomy suggested that MTA was superior to FC in pulpotomy resulting in a lower failure rate, with the RR (Relative Risk) being 0.32 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11 to 0.90) and 0.31 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.74), respectively. Internal root resorption happened less in the MTA group with RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.77. CONCLUSION: MTA induces less undesirable responses and might be FC's suitable replacement.

Aluminum Compounds↗

PubMed2003

Tooth exfoliation and necrosis of the crestal bone caused by the use of formocresol.

A 68-year-old woman received a formocresol pulpectomy of the right lower lateral incisor. The temporary restoration was lost within hours. The next day, the patient suffered continuous pain, the gingiva sloughed, and the alveolar bone was exposed. Four days after treatment, the patient complained of moderate pain. Six days after the pulpectomy, the tooth spontaneously exfoliated. At this time she was referred to our hospital. The clinical diagnosis was chronic alveolitis. Treatment consisted of irrigation of the area. Three weeks after the pulpectomy, the dull pain had subsided, but the alveolar bone of the area showed increased mobility. Five weeks after the pulpectomy, the mobility of the alveolar bone was more significant and a sequestrectomy was performed with the patient under local anesthesia. The sequestrum of necrotic bone was approximately 10 x 5 x 5 mm in size. The patient has been symptom-free for 2 years since the sequestrectomy.

Aged↗

PubMed1975

A 3-year clinical follow-up study of pulpotomized primary molars treated with the formocresol technique.

The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the prognosis of primary molars treated with pulpotomy employing formocresol. The material consisted of 98 primary molars. The study included clinical and radiographic observations 3, 12, 24 and 36 months after treatment. The survival rate at the 3-month follow-up was 91%, whereas the rate was 83%, 78% and 70% - 12, 24 and 36 months respectively after the treatment. The results were computed according to the life table method.

Child↗

PubMed1976

Allergy tests against formaldehyde, cresol, and eugenol in children with formocresol pulpotomized primary teeth.

One hundred and twenty-eight children in the age range 5-14 years with formocresol pulpotomized teeth were tested for sensitivity againist formaldehyde, eugenol, and cresol using the patch test. The number of treated teeth on each child varied from one to six and the time between the pulpotomy and patch test varied from 2 months to 8 years. None of the children showed positive results.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Dentin formation in formocresol pulpotomized primary monkey teeth studied by tetracycline and 3H-proline incorporation.

The influence of formocresol treatment on the pulp tissue of 24 primary monkey teeth was studied using tetracycline and 3H-proline labeling techniques. Six untreated monkey teeth served as controls. The tetracycline labeled teeth were examined between 352 and 600 d, following treatment. The 3H-proline labeled teeth were observed over a period of 22-607 d, the isotope being administered 15 d before extraction. The labeling was evaluated in the coronal, middle and apical area of the roots. Dentin formation as indicated by tetracycline labeling was observed in both control teeth and successfully treated teeth, as well as in some of the unsuccessfully treated teeth. The average dentin formation rate per day varied from 1 micrometer in the control teeth to 0.14 micrometer in the pulpotomized teeth (P less than 0.01). Success of treatment was of significant importance for the amount of dentin formation (P less than 0.001). Labeling with 3H-proline, indicating collagen synthesis, could be observed in the pulp and predentin of the majority of areas judged to be normal, degenerated or inflamed. Labeling was not observed in fixed or necrotic tissue. In degenerated pulp tissue the proline labeling was clearly reduced. The findings indicate that dentin formation and collagen synthesis may take place in formaldehyde influenced pulp tissue although at a decreased rate.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Histological comparison of alendronate, calcium hydroxide and formocresol in amputated rat molar.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of alendronate sodium (ALN), a biphosohonate to stimulate hard tissue formation in pulpotomized (amputated) rat molars. Two commonly used pulpotomy materials, calcium hydroxide (CH) and formocresol (FC) were utilized for comparisons. Histological evaluations were performed by observers blinded to treatment allocation on days 7, 15, 30 and 60, followed by statistical analysis of selected histological criteria. In all evaluation periods, hard tissue deposition was evident along the radicular dentin in ALN and CH groups. In days 30 and 60, the latter two groups showed no differences in inflammatory cell response and hard tissue deposition scores (P > 0.05). ALN appears to be capable of maintaining pulpal vitality, while promoting hard tissue formation, similar to CH.

Alendronate↗