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PubMed2004

Marrying foreign policy and health: feasible or doomed to fail?

Although there appears to be no Australian foreign policy statement on health, much of our existing foreign policy has health implications, ranging across security, economic, political and humanitarian objectives. Humanitarian motives have influenced Australia's foreign-aid policy, but our aid program, like our wider foreign policy, has a large national interest component. A generalised approach to health and foreign policy activities is difficult given the disparate direct and indirect links between foreign policy and global health issues, and the various official and unofficial interests and responsibilities involved. The greatest benefit may come from the health community making its own judgements on health priorities and seeking to engage in specific terms with foreign policy makers.

Altruism↗
PubMed1990

Perceived control, knowledge and fear of AIDS among college students: an exploratory study.

It is reasoned that fear of AIDS can be an inhibiting factor for students' adopting protective health behavior against acquiring AIDS. The study examined (a) how knowledgeable students are about AIDS and being in control of their life situation and (b) the relationship between knowledge of AIDS, perceived control and other selected factors on students' fear of AIDS. Using a sample of N = 597, drawn from two east coast universities, it was seen that, although some misconceptions still persist, students were both knowledgeable and fearful about AIDS. Foreign students reported more fear of AIDS. Having less knowledge as to how AIDS is acquired and a perceived lack of control were two dominant factors shown to be statistically (P less than .05) related to a fear of AIDS. Some policy implications are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1996

[Major findings from the second public opinion survey on population issues in Japan, 1995].

"The Institute of Population Problems carried out the second public opinion survey on population issues in Japan on 15 June, 1995....[It] aimed at grasping current public opinions on population issues, and it also intended to derive [the] most recent reproduction indices in Japan, for the purpose of contributing to the population projections and the effective planning and management of the administration." Information is included on marriage intentions and timing, fertility decline, population size, urbanization, and attitudes toward the provision of foreign aid for population control. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Asia↗
PubMed2006

Routes to better health for children in four developing countries.

Despite the availability of effective, affordable interventions for the most common causes of death, more than ten million children in developing countries die each year. This article describes the circumstances of four countries whose reductions in child mortality exceeded what might be expected from their poor economic circumstances, and it asks whether they followed common routes to improved health for children. The findings suggest that contextual factors, such as the degree of economic development, good governance, and strong health care systems, matter less than do targeted health intervention, foreign aid, and technical assistance. In general, these findings contradict prevailing U.S. foreign policy regarding the circumstances in which progress toward health goals can be made.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Ideologies of aid, practices of power: lessons for Medicaid managed care.

The articles in this special issue teach valuable lessons based on what happened in New Mexico with the shift to Medicaid managed care. By reframing these lessons in broader historical and cultural terms with reference to aid programs, we have the opportunity to learn a great deal more about the relationship between poverty, public policy, and ideology. Medicaid as a state and federal aid program in the United States and economic development programs as foreign aid provide useful analogies specifically because they exhibit a variety of parallel patterns. The increasing concatenation of corporate interests with state and nongovernmental interests in aid programs is ultimately producing a less centralized system of power and responsibility. This process of decentralization, however, is not undermining the sources of power behind aid efforts, although it does make the connections between intent, planning, and outcome less direct. Ultimately, the devolution of power produces many unintended consequences for aid policy. But it also reinforces the perspective that aid and the need for it are nonpolitical issues.

Altruism↗
PubMed2002

Renal transplantation in Pakistan.

The economic indicators of Pakistan show that the GNP is dollar 70 billion and foreign exchange reserves stand at dollar 8.0 billion and foreign debt at more than dollar 36 billion. Against this backdrop, the government is unlikely to provide state-of-the-art facilities for management of end-stage organ failure. The unequal distribution of wealth leaves more than 40% below the poverty line. Economic solutions are based on temporary fixes where foreign aid and loans keeps the government machinery operational. Many of the basic health measures such as immunization are also foreign funded. Under such a scenario, local philanthropy has come to play a vital role. SIUT developed a model based on self-help--a model based on a community-government partnership, where the doctor plays the pivotal role and the beneficiary is the patient. SIUT acquired funds by developing a community-government partnership. The government fulfills about 40% of the total budget and the rest comes from the community as donations. The scheme has been extremely successful in providing free medical care and renal support to thousands of patients. It has been sustained over the past 15 years through complete transparency, public audit and accountability. These confidence-building means stimulate the community to come forward and donate money, equipment and medicines. The goal of transplantation is to provide organs to all with long-term survival of the graft. The emerging challenges to achieve this goal and efforts that can be made to increase and sustain transplant activity in Pakistan require a concerted effort on the part of the government, society and the medical profession.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Overweight in the Pacific: links between foreign dependence, global food trade, and obesity in the Federated States of Micronesia.

The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) has received considerable attention for their alarming rates of overweight and obesity. On Kosrae, one of the four districts in the FSM, 88% of adults aged 20 or older are overweight (BMI > 25), 59% are obese (BMI > 30), and 24% are extremely obese (BMI > 35). Recent genetic studies in Kosrae have shown that obesity is a highly heritable trait, and more work is underway to identify obesity genes in humans. However, less attention has been given to potential social and developmental causes of obesity in the FSM. This paper outlines the long history of foreign rule and social change over the last 100 years, and suggests that a combination of dietary change influenced by foreigners, dependence on foreign aid, and the ease of global food trade contributed to poor diet and increased rates of obesity in Micronesia. The last section of the paper highlights the Pacific tuna trade as an example of how foreign dependence and global food trade exacerbates their obesity epidemic.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

AIDS cases rise in China.

New cases of Chinese people with the AIDS virus grew by more than 40% in 1999, with women increasingly at risk, the newspaper of China's Health Ministry reported on March 29, 2000. Health experts detected 4677 new cases of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS and last year a 41.5% rise over 1998, the Health News said. It reported that China has recorded 17,316 Chinese carriers of HIV, 647 of them with full-blown AIDS, since the first case was reported in 1985. The number of reported cases is small by international standards, especially given China's population of 1.25 billion. India, with about 1 billion people, has an estimated 3.7 million people infected with the HIV virus. Chinese and foreign AIDS experts believe the actual number of Chinese that are infected with HIV may be closer to 400,000. Chinese health officials increased testing of high-risk groups last year by conducting more than 4.4 million tests, the Health News said. Women account for 15.4% of all HIV cases--¿an obvious increase¿, the newspaper said, without providing comparisons. The Health News quoted a vice chairman of the Association for the Prevention of AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Dai Zhicheng, as calling the increase among women ¿a special warning¿. For much of the last 15 years, HIV has largely been confined to needle-sharing heroin addicts and their sexual partners. But in recent years, the disease has begun to show up among truck drivers and prostitutes in areas with thriving sex trades, foreshadowing an outbreak in the general population.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health research in the developing world: a gastroenterological view from Bangladesh.

Ill health is a serious impediment to progress in most poor countries, yet health is not a high priority on foreign aid agendas. Health research, which provides the essential base for sustainable progressive health programs, is barely visible in developing countries. For example, in Bangladesh, one finds unacceptably high morbidity and mortality rates among infants and children, health programs that are struggling and a rudimentary health research establishment; for the huge foreign donor community in that country, health programs and research do not appear to warrant major investments. Diarrheal diseases are at the top of the list of killers in many poor nations including Bangladesh. Recent advances in our understanding of diarrhea suggest that when prevention may not be possible soon, improved active treatment can evolve from an aggressive research effort centered in a developing country and linked to appropriate international partners. Global agencies such as the World Health Organization have demonstrated a declining interest in health research, as reflected in the policies of their Diarrhoeal Disease Control Programme. Major donors to the developing world, the Canadian International Development Agency for example, have had a relatively minor involvement in health and little commitment to health research. University links with the west, private enterprises and specially targeted programs are involved in developing world health research but they have not been able to foster and leave behind sustainable, high quality research programs. The problem should be attacked directly by supporting focused, relevant health research centres in regions of the world where the burden of disease continues to impede progress and where the environment is conducive to high quality research that is well integrated with care delivery programs. An instructive model of this approach is the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Bangladesh↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Underdevelopment and role of health assistance. The case of Equatorial Guinea].

The health-care problems of Equatorial Guinea and its health-care resources are analyzed to put them into the context of aid to developing nations, and to especially consider, the impact of Spanish Technological Cooperation, in particular. The parallel between goals of economic development and the development of health-care is so great in Equatorial Guinea that not even the structural change programs patronized by the International Monetary Fund have any effect on health-care expenses. The considerable uncertainty regarding the most suitable development strategy for Equatorial Guinea makes investments in human resources (health-care, education and self-sufficiency in food production) one of the most indisputable measures taken. The role of foreign aid, specifically that of Spain in Equatorial Guinea, has been considerable and is bound to increase, as it contributes effectively to development and can result in external benefits for the donor country.

Delivery of Health Care↗