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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Occupational fitness standards for beach lifeguards. Phase 2: the development of an easily administered fitness test.

BACKGROUND: No task-based fitness standard currently exists for beach lifeguards (BLGs). AIM: To formulate an easily administered fitness test for BLGs based on the physical demands identified in Phase 1 of the project (previous paper). METHODS: A range of anthropometric and land- and water-based (swimming pool and flume) fitness assessments were administered to 25 male and female volunteer subjects (13 BLGs from the UK). RESULTS: The mean (SD) VO(2max) (l/min) were 3.04 (0.61) for towing a casualty, 2.08 (0.53) for board paddling with a casualty and 2.97 (0.67) for freestyle swimming. A significant correlation (r = -0.82, P < 0.001) was identified between distance paddled in the sea in 3.5 min (established in Phase 1) and pool 400-m front crawl swim time and between towing VO(2max) and deltoid circumference/log(10) 400-m front crawl swim time (r = -0.83, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The regression identified allows the conclusion that if a BLG can swim 400-m front crawl in a pool in <7.5 min, he/she should be able to paddle 310 m in the sea in <3.5 min. Final recommendations for a fitness test for potential BLGs are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Protection against ischemic heart disease in the Belgian Physical Fitness Study: physical fitness rather than physical activity?

Occupational and leisure time physical activity and conventional risk factors were determined in the Belgian Physical Fitness Study, a prospective study of 2,363 healthy male factory workers who were aged 40-55 years at entry in 1976-1978 and who were followed for five years. Physical fitness, defined as the interpolated physical working capacity at heart rate 150 beats per minute, was measured in 2,109 subjects. In this subgroup, there were 31 myocardial infarctions and sudden deaths. Smoking, physical fitness, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) were independent risk indicators for subsequent ischemic heart disease, while both physical activity scores were not. It is concluded that in this healthy, predominantly sedentary population, the fitness level, but not the physical activity pattern, is an independent protective factor against ischemic heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Fitness in the fit: does physical conditioning affect cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged marathon runners?

OBJECTIVE: The study was designed to assess cardiovascular risk factors in marathon runners with different degrees of fitness. DESIGN: A total of 30 male middle-aged marathon runners were divided according to their marathon running time into fit (265 +/- 8 min), fitter (222 +/- 5 min) and fittest (178 +/-12 min). The three groups of 10 runners each were comparable in age, weight, and body surface area. Cardiovascular risk factors were assessed by measuring arterial pressure before and during exercise (150 watts) and determination of plasma lipoproteins, uric acid, glucose and white blood cell count before and after a marathon run. RESULTS: All measured laboratory values such as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05), total cholesterol (non-significant), triglycerides (non-significant), blood sugar (non-significant), uric acid (P < 0.01) and white blood cell count (P < 0.05) indicated a lower cardiovascular risk in the fastest when compared with the slowest runners. Resting blood pressure was similar in the three groups but consistently lower at all levels of exercise in the fittest when compared with the less fit runners. The fittest runners also showed greater increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol after the marathon run (14% vs 8% in the slowest runners, P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that even at the extreme end of a continuum such as represented by well-conditioned, middle-aged marathon runners, cardiovascular risk factors are related to the degree of fitness, as measured by the marathon running time.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Back fitness and back health assessment considerations for the Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness and Lifestyle Appraisal.

The Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness, and Lifestyle Appraisal (CPAFLA) is used as a measure for the health-related fitness of the general population. The CPAFLA includes an evaluation of back health, which is comprised of abdominal muscular endurance (partial curl-ups) and trunk flexion (sit and reach). This paper reviews the occupational, lifestyle, and physical risks associated with back pain and examines the measurement techniques used to assess health-related fitness components of back health in fitness assessments, such as the CPAFLA. Recommendations for future revisions of the CPACFLA's back health assessment and future research needs are presented.

Back↗
PubMed2004

Sapporo Fitness Club Trial (SFCT)--design, recruitment and implementation of a randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of exercise at a fitness club for the reduction of cardiovascular risk factor--.

BACKGROUND: The annual health check followed by lifestyle recommendations has long been the standard national strategy to improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Japan. Exercise at fitness clubs, now widely accessible in major cities, has a novel appeal as a strategy with the additive effect of CVD risk reduction. The Sapporo Fitness Club Trial (SFCT) is a randomized controlled trial to compare the efficacy of the national standard alone (control) with the standard plus exercise at a fitness club (intervention) for the reduction of CVD risk factors. METHODS: The SFCT has recruited and randomized 561 relatively inactive overweight men and women, aged 40-85 years, with elevated levels of 2 or more of the following: systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The intervention group was required to exercise at a fitness club 2-4 times per week. At the end of 6 months, risk factors, aerobic capacity, health-related quality of life measures, and adverse effects are to be compared. CONCLUSION: The SFCT is expected to have a major impact in Japan on public health recommendations on exercise for the reduction of lifestyle-related disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effects of Florida's Personal Fitness Course on cognitive, attitudinal and physical fitness measures of secondary students: a pilot study.

The effects of Florida's Personal Fitness Course were studied on 60 secondary students' cognitive achievement, physical fitness, and attitude toward physical activity. Significant improvement in knowledge of fitness concepts, selected physical fitness parameters, and over-all attitude toward participation in physical activity suggests the course was effective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Exercise, fitness, and subjective measures related to fitness of physical education and other teachers.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the differences between physical and nonphysical education teachers in exercise, perceived and actual fitness, self-rated health, and attitudes toward aging. Participants were 307 women, 144 physical education and 163 other teachers, mean age of 40.6 yr. (SD = 7.6). Factor analysis was performed to assess components of attitudes toward aging. Separate t tests on all variables were used to examine group differences, followed by discriminant analysis as a general model. Analysis indicated that physical education teachers were more active and fit, perceived their fitness as higher and rated their health and the physical component of attitudes toward their aging as more positive than those of nonphysical education teachers. Further exploration was recommended for the influence of early experiences with physical activity on later participation and the relations of physical activity, fitness, and subjective measures of well-being.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inaccurate fit of implant superstructures. Part 1: Stresses generated on the superstructure relative to the size of fit discrepancy.

This laboratory study used a photoelastic-coating technique to investigate the relationship between the magnitude and location of discrepancies of fit and the amount and distribution of surface stresses on an implant superstructure. For the test superstructure involving four abutments and a single fit discrepancy, maximum surface stress was found over the intermediate abutment, regardless of the location of the fit error. The results show a positive relationship between the size of the fit discrepancy and the magnitude of stress on the superstructure for gaps of up to 104 micrometers at an end abutment and 55 micrometers at an intermediate abutment, when the gold screws were tightened at 10-Ncm torque.

Dental Abutments↗
PubMed1989

Towards an understanding of the nature and fitness of induced mutations in germ cells of mice: homozygous viability and heterozygous fitness effects of induced specific-locus, dominant cataract and enzyme-activity mutations.

A total of 219 specific-locus, 35 dominant cataract and 44 enzyme-activity mutations induced in spermatogonia of mice by radiation or ethylnitrosourea (ENU) treatment were characterized for homozygous viability as well as fitness effects on heterozygous carriers. For all 3 genetic endpoints, the frequency of homozygous lethal mutations was higher in the group of radiation-induced mutations than in the ENU-treatment group. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that radiation-induced mutations recovered in the mouse are mainly due to small deletions while ENU induces mainly intragenic mutations. The overall fitness of mutant heterozygotes was reduced for the group of radiation-induced specific-locus, dominant cataract and enzyme-activity mutations while the ENU-induced mutations exhibited no reduction in fitness. The fitness reduction of heterozygous carriers for a newly occurring mutation in a population is important in determining the persistence of the mutation in a population, and thus the total number of individuals affected before a mutation is eventually eliminated from the population. For the present results a maximal persistence of 12 generations and a minimal persistence of 3 generations is estimated. These results are consistent with the 6-7-generation persistence time assumed by UNSCEAR (1982) in an estimate of the overall effects of radiation-induced mutations in man.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Large genetic change at small fitness cost in large populations of Drosophila melanogaster selected for wind tunnel flight: rethinking fitness surfaces.

The fitness effects of extreme genetic change by selection were studied in large populations subjected to prolonged, intense selection. Two replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster, with estimated effective sizes 500 < or = Ne < or = 1000, were selected for increased performance in a wind tunnel, selecting on average the fastest 4.5% of flies. The mean apparent flying speed of both lines increased from approximately 2 to 170 cm/sec and continued to respond at diminishing rates, without reaching a plateau, for 100 generations. Competitive fitness tests in generations 50 and 85 showed minimal or no fitness loss in selected lines compared to controls. Sublines relaxed in generations 65 and 85 showed minimal or no regression in apparent flying speed. Hybrid lines, from a cross of selected x control lines in generation 75, responded to reselection saltationally, showing that the chromosomes of the selected lines had been assembled from alleles at many loci, from many different chromosomes in the base population. Thus, major genetic change was achieved, but without the costs usually associated with strong directional selection. Large population size has been interpreted, in opposing models, as either a brake or an accelerator in its effects on long-term change by selection. These results favor the second model, and challenge the concept of rugged fitness surfaces underlying the first model.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The ecology and genetics of fitness in Chlamydomonas. IX. The rate of accumulation of variation of fitness under selection.

Populations of Chlamydomonas founded by single cells were cultured in chemostats for 50 days, representing about 125 generations. The mean and variance of division rate was measured daily by withdrawing cells from the effluent and culturing them for 24 h on filtered effluent medium solidified with agar. Mean fitness did not change during the period of culture, and the behavior of neutral markers indicated that no substitutions of novel beneficial mutations occurred. However, the variance of fitness increased markedly at about the same rate in two replicate populations. The standardized rate, or mutational heritability, was Vm/VE = 4-5 x 10(-3) per generation. This is substantially greater than most other estimates for characters closely correlated with fitness. Moreover, it seems difficult to reconcile with the absence of any change in mean fitness. We investigated the possibility that frequency-dependent selection was created by spatial heterogeneity within the culture vessel by testing cell populations with different phenotypes from the top, bottom, and surface of the chemostats. However, the differentiation of these populations seemed to be attributable to phenotypic plasticity, with no evidence that their characteristics were heritable. Finally, we report an experiment in which lines were selected for about 100 generations on solid or liquid medium. These lines became specifically adapted to the medium on which they were cultured, showing that liquid and solid media, even when chemically identical, provide different conditions of growth for Chlamydomonas. The genetic variance appearing in the cultures was therefore attributed to conditionally neutral mutations that were not expressed in the chemostat. This implies that rates of accumulation of mutational variance measured in the culture environment itself (where this can be done) may greatly underestimate the variation available for a response through selection to environmental change. Moreover, it suggests that chemostat populations may be more dynamic and more diverse than is usually thought.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

An in vitro comparison of the single cone and lateral condensation techniques using 'friction-fitted' and 'solvent dip-fitted' primary gutta-percha cones.

Extracted teeth, root-filled by single cone and lateral condensation techniques, using friction fitted and solvent (chloroform and eucalyptol) dip-fitted primary gutta-percha cones, were compared with respect to apical sealing as measured by length of dye penetration and frequency of no dye penetration. Overall, the single cone techniques were significantly more effective than lateral condensation techniques regarding length of dye penetration. The single cone techniques were not significantly different from the lateral condensation technique which employed chloroform dip-fitted primary gutta-percha cones regarding length of dye penetration. The single cone and lateral condensation techniques which utilized chloroform dip-fitted cones ranked first and second with respect to frequency of no dye penetration.

Chloroform↗
PubMed2001

Molecular recognition by induced fit: how fit is the concept?

Induced fit explains why biomolecules can bind together even if they are not optimized for binding. However, induced fit can lead to a kinetic bottleneck and does not describe every interaction in the absence of prior complementarity. Preselection of a fitting conformer is an alternative to induced fit.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗
PubMed2001

The psychometric function: I. Fitting, sampling, and goodness of fit.

The psychometric function relates an observer's performance to an independent variable, usually some physical quantity of a stimulus in a psychophysical task. This paper, together with its companion paper (Wichmann & Hill, 2001), describes an integrated approach to (1) fitting psychometric functions, (2) assessing the goodness of fit, and (3) providing confidence intervals for the function's parameters and other estimates derived from them, for the purposes of hypothesis testing. The present paper deals with the first two topics, describing a constrained maximum-likelihood method of parameter estimation and developing several goodness-of-fit tests. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we deal with two specific difficulties that arise when fitting functions to psychophysical data. First, we note that human observers are prone to stimulus-independent errors (or lapses). We show that failure to account for this can lead to serious biases in estimates of the psychometric function's parameters and illustrate how the problem may be overcome. Second, we note that psychophysical data sets are usually rather small by the standards required by most of the commonly applied statistical tests. We demonstrate the potential errors of applying traditional chi2 methods to psychophysical data and advocate use of Monte Carlo resampling techniques that do not rely on asymptotic theory. We have made available the software to implement our methods.

Bias↗
PubMed2002

The MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Fitness to Plead: a preliminary evaluation of a research instrument for assessing fitness to plead in England and Wales.

This study concerns the preliminary evaluation of an instrument, the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Fitness to Plead (MacCAT-FP), for assessing competence to stand trial, according to the legal requirements in England and Wales. The purposes of the study were to ascertain whether the instrument can be administered practically to groups of prisoners, both those with mental illness and those without; to examine its internal consistency and interrater reliability; to determine whether it can distinguish between fit and unfit individuals, as judged by expert forensic psychiatrists; and to discover whether it is sensitive to changes over time. The instrument was administered to two groups of remanded prisoners: those transferred to psychiatric units for treatment and those without mental illness. In addition to the MacCAT-FP, scales measuring symptom severity and IQ were administered to all participants. Results suggest that the instrument is practical, with good internal consistency and interrater reliability. The correlation of scores with psychiatrists' opinions as to fitness was 0.77. Scores of unfit patients were significantly different from those of fit individuals. The instrument was able to detect significant differences in scores over time. It is suggested that once the instrument has been further validated for research purposes, it may be developed for clinical application.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Benefits of 2 years of intense exercise on bone density, physical fitness, and blood lipids in early postmenopausal osteopenic women: results of the Erlangen Fitness Osteoporosis Prevention Study (EFOPS).

BACKGROUND: Growing evidence indicates that physical exercise can prevent at least some of the negative effects on health associated with early menopause. Here we determine the effects of intense exercise on physical fitness, bone mineral density (BMD), back pain, and blood lipids in early postmenopausal women. METHODS: The study population comprised 50 fully compliant women, with no medication or illness affecting bone metabolism, who exercised over 26 months (exercise group [EG]), and 33 women who served as a nontraining control group (CG). Two group training sessions per week and 2 home training sessions per week were performed in the EG. Both groups were individually supplemented with calcium and cholecalciferol. Physical fitness was determined by maximum strength and cardiovascular performance. Bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry [DXA] and quantitative computed tomography [QCT]), the proximal femur (DXA), and the forearm (DXA). In serum samples taken from a subset of the study participants, we determined bone formation (serum osteocalcin) and resorption (serum cross-links) markers as well as blood lipid levels. Vasomotor symptoms related to menopause and pain were also assessed. RESULTS: After 26 months, significant exercise effects determined as percentage changes compared with baseline were observed for physical fitness (isometric strength: trunk extensors [EG +36.5% vs CG +1.7%], trunk flexors [EG +39.3% vs CG -0.4%], and maximum oxygen consumption [EG +12.4% vs CG -2.3%]); BMD (lumbar spine [DXA L1-L4, EG +0.7% vs CG -2.3%], QCT L1-L3 trabecular region of interest [EG +0.4% vs CG -6.6%], QCT L1-L3 cortical region of interest [EG +3.1% vs CG -1.7%], and total hip [DXA, EG -0.3% vs CG -1.7%]); serum levels (total cholesterol [EG -5.0% vs CG +4.1%] and triglycerides [EG -14.2% vs CG +23.2%]); and pain indexes at the spine. CONCLUSION: General purpose exercise programs with special emphasis on bone density can significantly improve strength and endurance and reduce bone loss, back pain, and lipid levels in osteopenic women in their critical early postmenopausal years.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1979

The effect of a four-month physical fitness program on a young and an old group matched for physical fitness.

A young (X = 36.8 years) and an old (X = 52.9 years) group (n = 12) matched for physical fitness performed a graded exercise test at the beginning and after a 4-month physical fitness program consisting of calisthenics, jogging, and recreational activities. The purpose of the study was to determine if there were any differences in response to physical training in the two age groups of similar fitness. Sixteen physiological and four biochemical variables were measured. There was no significant difference in VO2 max between the young and old groups. Also, there were no significant differences between groups for serum total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, or glucose levels. The effects of the training program were similar for both the young and old groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Future Fit: a cardiovascular health education and fitness project in an after-school setting.

Future Fit was developed to provide a low cost, heart health education and fitness program that could be incorporated readily into existing after-school programs with minimal teacher training and nominal expenditures for equipment and supplies. Participants in the 12-week demonstration project were 55 third and fourth grade students enrolled in after-school programs at four sites, randomly assigned to experimental and control conditions. Results indicated significant knowledge gains and changes in knowledge, attitude, and behavior at home. These outcomes suggest health and fitness programming in the after-school setting can be an effective complement to the education provided within the school setting.

Attitude to Health↗