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PubMed1990

Time to pregnancy--a model and its application.

Biological fertility is poorly measured by the number of children born in industrially advanced societies. The time elapsing from when a couple decides to have a child to clinically recognizable pregnancy is a useful alternative. Time to pregnancy can be collected in broad categories in large samples. A model for condensing important information from such data is presented, which fits several large samples of reported waiting times. It is shown that multiparous women conceive more quickly than primiparous women.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estimation of fecundability from survey data.

The estimation of fecundability from survey data is plagued by methodological problems such as misreporting of dates of birth and marriage and the occurrence of premarital exposure to the risk of conception. Nevertheless, estimates of fecundability from World Fertility Survey data for women married in recent years appear to be plausible for most of the surveys analyzed here and are quite consistent with estimates reported in earlier studies. The estimates presented in this article are all derived from the first interval, the interval between marriage or consensual union and the first live birth conception.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1997

Patterns of prenatal care initiation in Georgia, 1980-1992.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether characteristics in a woman's first pregnancy were associated with the trimester in which she initiated prenatal care in her second pregnancy. METHODS: Data for white and black women whose first and second pregnancies resulted in singleton live births between 1980 and 1992 were obtained from Georgia birth certificates (n = 177,041). Adjusted relative risks (RRs) for early prenatal care in the second pregnancy were computed by logistic regression models that included trimester of prenatal care initiation, infant outcomes, or maternal conditions in the woman's first pregnancy as the exposure and controlled for maternal age, education, child's year of birth, interval between first and second pregnancy, presence of father's name on the birth certificate, and the interaction between prenatal care and education. Models were stratified by race. RESULTS: Women of both races who initiated prenatal care in the first trimester of their first pregnancies were more likely than those with delayed care to initiate prenatal care in the first trimester of their second pregnancies (RR = 1.25 and 1.63 for white and black women educated beyond high school, respectively). Both white and black women who delivered a baby with very low birth weight (RR = 1.06 and 1.15, respectively) or who suffered an infant death (RR = 1.09 and 1.31, respectively) in their first pregnancies were more likely than those who did not experience these events to begin prenatal care in the first trimester of their second pregnancies. CONCLUSION: Women with some potentially preventable adverse infant outcomes tend to obtain earlier care in their next pregnancy. Unfortunately, women who delayed prenatal care in their first pregnancy frequently delay prenatal care in their next.

Female↗
PubMed1986

Age at first birth and the length of the second birth interval: is a positive relationship universal in modern populations?

"Age at first birth has been found to be positively associated with the length of the second birth interval in several studies. One researcher has hypothesized that such a relationship would be found in any population in which contraception is widespread and women are exposed to non-maternal roles. However, in this study a positive relationship is not found for caucasian women in Hawaii, a population in which contraception is wide-spread and women are exposed to non-maternal roles. The findings suggest a revision of the hypothesis to accommodate more complex relationships."

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

The pattern and factors associated with child spacing in eastern Saudi Arabia.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the patterns of child spacing/birth intervals in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia and the socio-economic factors related to them. The study sample comprised nine to 10-year-old Saudi school children randomly selected from 14 schools in Khobar, Thoghba and Dhahran in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. A two-stage sampling technique was applied and yielded a sample of 536 children. The SPSS programme was used for data analysis. The mean preceding and succeeding birth intervals of children in the study were 26.2 +/- 13.7 and 28.2 +/- 12 months respectively. The most important variables that were found to be significantly correlated with the birth intervals were maternal age, level of education, family size and breastfeeding. This is the first time birth intervals were studied for an urban area in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf region. The figures-obtained are essential for any planning of mother and child health interventions. Health team members need to know this information and the variables related to them in order to advise mothers. The figures are also essential in planning measures to reduce infant and child morbidity and mortality.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMed1996

Population policies and reproductive patterns in Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: Vietnam's population policy since the 1980s had stipulated a limit on family size to two children, born 3-5 years apart, and recommends a minimum age of 19 for the mother of a first child. We analysed trends in the timing of marriages and births, and in fertility and abortion rates, among women born between 1945 and 1970, to assess the impact of these policies on reproductive patterns. METHODS: Reproductive histories were recorded in a random sample of 1432 married women aged 15-49 in a rural province in northern Vietnam. Mean age at marriage and at birth of the first child, birth intervals, fertility, and abortion rates were examined in relation to the woman's year of birth. FINDINGS: Later-born women married and had their first child at a younger age than women born earlier. Birth intervals had increased among later-born women but 25% still had only a 1-year interval between first and second child. Fertility had gradually decreased while abortion ratios had increased rapidly. Childbearing patterns had become "earlier, longer, and fewer" rather than "later, longer, and fewer" as stipulated by the policies. The results also show that women with more schooling married and had their first child later. Women involved in farming had shorter spacing between children. INTERPRETATION: There are signs that Vietnam's population policy has focused too strongly on contraception and abortion while ignoring the connection between fertility and women's opportunities for education and employment. In these respects, rural women are at particular risk.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1996

Distribution of time of first birth in presence of social customs regulating physical separation and coital frequency.

The interval between marriage and the first birth in India, particularly in rural areas, is much longer than what is observed in western countries. In eastern Uttar Pradesh, the mean interval is observed to be even longer, possibly due to traditional customs such as the female partner's visits to her parents in the early years of marriage and the smaller chance of coition because of the observance of rigid intercourse taboos. Thus the models to explain the length of the interval of marriage to first birth proposed by Western demographers, which assume that the period of cohabitation between marriage and first birth is uninterrupted, often do not describe the data satisfactorily when applied to rural India. In this paper a model to describe data on first birth interval is proposed that takes account of the distributions of timing and periods of physical separation and variation in fecundity with effective marriage duration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Marital and reproductive experience in a community-wide epidemiological study of breast cancer.

The relationship of marital and reproductive experience to human breast cancer was studied using data collected during 1956-1962 by the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute in Buffalo, New York. Information of epidemiological interest was obtained from all women with cancers of the reporductive organs in Buffalo, New York, and the adjoining township of Kenmore. For comparison, a probability sample of the same population was selected. During 1965-1967, an International Collaborative Study with similar objectives found a striking positive relationship between age at first birth and breast cancer risk. This finding can be interpreted as either indicating that an event associated with first birth at an early age protects against the development of breast cancer or that the hormonal status of a women both produces a delay in a woman becoming pregnant and increases the risk of developing breast cancer. The analysis of marital and reproductive histories in the Buffalo population study confirms previous reports of an increasing risk of breast cancer with increasing age at first birth. Attempts to distinguish the two interpretations mentioned by analyzing the interval between first marriage and time of birth in addition to age at first birth were not conclusive. This necessitated a similar analysis of data available in a larger series of 1164 breast cancer patients and 1200 non-neoplastic controls hospitalized at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute during 1957-1965. The results do not show an influence of interval between first marriage and first birth but do show an increased risk of breast cancer with increasing age at first birth. The results are thus consistent with a protective effect of an earyl age at first birth. These findings also have a bearing on recent suggestions that ovulatory failure predisposes to development of breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Birth spacing patterns and correlates in Shaanxi, China.

This study shows that most women in Shaanxi Province, China try to have their first birth as soon as possible after their first marriage, and that the length of the interval between marriage and first birth is strongly correlated with the woman's age at first marriage. The length of the second and third birth intervals and the likelihood of going on to have a second or third birth are strongly influenced by the sex composition of children already born, the survival time of the child initiating the interval, the duration of breastfeeding, and the woman's occupation. There is significant regional variation in the length of birth intervals and in the prevalence of second and third births in Shaanxi. The findings indicate that China's one-child policy is far from being universally accepted in Shaanxi, including its urban areas. The persistence of many social, economic, institutional, and cultural factors promoting high fertility poses many obstacles to further fertility decline.

Adult↗