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PubMed2003

Oro-facial injury and mouthguard usage by athletes in Nigeria.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of awareness concerning mouthguard use for sports as well as the amount and type of oro-facial trauma associated with sporting activities among Nigerian athletes. DESIGN: A questionnaire survey. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was completed by 273 athletes (91% completion rate) who participated in the National Sports festival in May 2002 in Benin City, Nigeria. The sample was representative of all the 36 states in Nigeria including the Federal capital territory, Abuja. Descriptive statistics were employed and the data were further analysed using the chi-square test. RESULTS: Awareness concerning mouthguards was claimed by 226 (82.8%) of the athletes but significantly fewer athletes who claimed awareness of the devices were using them. Only 93 (41.2%) of this mouthguard-aware group knew of the three types of mouthguard available. Of all the respondents, 131 (48.0%) believed that wearing mouthguards would reduce the prevalence and/or severity of oro-facial injuries during sports. In all, 158 (57.9%) of them had one form of oro-facial injury or the other with contact sports accounting for most of them (78.5%) while 21.5% resulted from non-contact events. The prevalence of oro-facial injuries was significantly lower while wearing mouth protectors. CONCLUSIONS: Although the majority of the athletes claimed awareness of mouthguards, less than one-third used them. Over half of the athletes were not sure that mouthguards could reduce the prevalence and/or severity of oro-facial injuries. There is need to educate the athletes more concerning mouthguards.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Lower-third facial injuries: management and complications.

I report 1,110 patients with lower-third facial injuries isolated from 1,608 patients with different types of facial injuries. Mixed injuries (bone and soft tissue) were most common (72%; n = 805). The most common site of fracture was the body of the mandible (26.12%; n = 290). One hundred sixty-three patients underwent soft-tissue and bony reconstruction with a local soft-tissue flap or an iliac bone graft, or both. Three procedures failed because of gingival tearing. Other treatments ranged from conservative treatment to different types of closed or open reduction. Postinjury and postsurgery complications were many and involved soft tissue, nerves, tongue, and bones. The follow-up period ranged from 3 months to 3 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Incidence and aetiology of facial injuries resulting from motor vehicle accidents in Queensland for a three-year period.

BACKGROUND: No studies have been reported on the frequency and aetiology of facial injuries due to MVAs in Queensland. This study aims to investigate the incidence, aetiology, age and sex distribution of facial injuries resulting from MVAs for a period of three years. METHOD: Cases were identified from the Motor Accident Insurance Commission, Queensland. Information including the type of injury sustained, the time, age and role of the patient in the accident were recorded and analysed. RESULTS: There was an average maxillofacial injury incidence of 4.8/100,000 per year, 53.5 per cent in males and 46.5 per cent in females. A peak incidence was found for both sexes aged 18 to 22 years. In males, 57 per cent of facial injuries occurred in this age group compared to 41 per cent in females. CONCLUSIONS: Maxillofacial injuries as a result of MVAs are still relatively high regardless of the legislation for compulsory seatbelt use. Recent advances in seatbelt systems have the potential to reduce the risk of head and face impacts. The airbag is also well established as an effective means of preventing serious head and face injury. However, more research is required to further reduce the incidence of maxillofacial injuries as a result of MVAs.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1990

[Facial injuries caused by dog bites in childhood. Clinical staging, therapy and prevention].

Dog bite injuries are a frequent cause of facial injuries in childhood. Between 1986 and 1990 we treated 16 children with facial dog bite injuries. Based on these experiences we suggest a clinical classification, corresponding therapeutic rules and prophylactic possibilities, summarized according to the literature. It is our aim to establish guidelines for the physician concerned with the therapy of these injuries, and advice to involved families.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Are head, neck and facial injuries markers of domestic violence?

Few data exist regarding the relationship between the location of injuries and the presence of domestic violence. This study of 127 people at an inner-city hospital emergency department found that most patients had head, neck and facial injuries. Although only 23 percent of patients with such injuries were victims of domestic violence, 94.4 percent of victims of domestic violence had head, neck and facial injuries. The study results indicate that head, neck and facial injuries could be markers of domestic violence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Facial injuries associated with cervical fractures: recognition, patterns, and management.

Publications in both the orthopedic and maxillofacial literature have noted the association of cervical spine and facial injuries. However, because the incidence of spinal injury is low, we found no study which documented the relationship between maxillofacial and cervical spine injuries. The present study reviewed 982 cervical spine injuries in two major trauma centers, finding a 19.3% incidence of facial injury. Fourteen per cent of patients had soft-tissue injuries and 8.6%, facial fractures. Important relationships were noted between fractures of the mandible and upper cervical spine, and soft-tissue injuries of the upper face and fractures of the lower cervical spine. Methods of care adapted to the combined injuries are described. The study concludes that examination of the face for soft-tissue and bony injuries may give important clues on the direction and intensity of the force injuring the cervical spine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Facial injuries in mass catastrophes, principles of differentiated treatment].

Even in peace time mass injuries may occur where a large number of people suffer facial injuries. Doctors, paramedical workers as well as the lay public should possess the right type of information and know how to give first aid. Only well trained workers can cope with pretentious classification, ensure life saving operations, i.e. arrest massive haemorrhage immediately, restore the patency of the airways, ensure rapid but safe transport to health institutions where the majority of casualties can obtain skilled treatment. There resuscitation with replacement of blood losses must proceed as prevention of shock. Treatment of severe facial injuries has some special features to which the author draws attention.

Disasters↗
PubMed1993

Facial injuries from falling: age-dependent characteristics.

A retrospective analysis was undertaken of 108 patients with facial injuries from falling who presented at the Plastic Surgery Unit of the Toyo-oka Public Hospital from 1988 to 1990. Facial injuries from falling were common in little children, in those < 6 years of age comprising 45.4% of injuries. Age-dependent characteristic injury sites were found (i.e., in those < 2 years old, the forehead; in small children, the chin; in students, the lip; and in older persons, the cheek); this disparity can be explained by the mechanism of injury. The injury pattern also depended on age, varying activities, and tissue strength. In children of < 6 years of age, small lacerations on the forehead or chin were most common, but even conservative treatment could achieve good results. On the other hand, inadequate suturing by emergency room physicians brought on poor results. In adults, abrasions and traumatic tattoos occurring with late-night inebriation tended to develop some sequelae.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2002

Factors associated with oro-facial injuries among children in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia.

This study was prompted by the dearth of injury data among children in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected prospectively on all children 0-15 years who presented to the King Fahad Hospital at Al Baha with oro-facial injuries over a period of five consecutive years. These records were analyzed for age, gender, seasonal distribution, cause, location and types of injuries. The mean age of the injured children was 6.2 +/- 3.7 years. Falls, motor vehicle accidents followed by direct blunt trauma were responsible for over 97 percent of all oro-facial injuries in children, and over 60 percent of all injuries were due to falls. The forehead, eye, periorbital areas and the mouth accounted for about two-thirds of all injury sites. Most injuries 356 (75.3%) occurred during the summer months while only 117 (24.7%) occurred during the winter months. The difference was significant (P<0.0001). The large majority of injuries, which occurred in children under the age of 6 years, took place at home, while road traffic accidents were the commonest cause of injury in the older children 6 years and above. Following logistic regression analysis, age (6 years and under) was associated with increased risk of injury while the winter months were associated with a lower risk. In addition, the study found no statistically significant difference in the prevalence by sex. Having a safe home environment, health education programmes directed towards the caretakers of young children and legislation in support of seat belts will go a long way towards reducing injuries among children in this community. A multi-disciplinary clinical management approach is envisaged due to the different injury sites and facilities would need to be equipped to take care of all types of oro-facial injuries.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1982

Head and facial injuries after low-speed motor-cycle accidents.

In the United Kingdom there appears to be little available information concerning the prevalence and the patterns of head and of facial injuries sustained in road traffic accidents by motorcyclists wearing protective helmets. The present preliminary survey was of 56 accidents in urban traffic. 50 per cent of surviving motor-cyclists incurred head injuries. Soft tissue facial wounds were sustained by 38 per cent and fractures of facial bone and teeth by 11 per cent of the injured. The majority of the accidents occurred at speeds of 30 m.p.h. or less to riders of machines of small cubic capacity. Motor-cyclists wearing open-face style helmets had more facial damage after accidents than those wearing full-face style helmets. The results of the survey suggest the need for research into the degree of protection against head and facial injuries offered by the various helmet styles and their constituent materials.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1980

The pattern of maxillo-facial injuries in Singapore.

This is a study of 1,404 patients with maxillo-facial injuries treated at the Dental Clinic, Singapore General Hospital during the period January 1977 to December 1979. The significant features in the pattern of injuries in this group of patients are: 1. the commonest causes of maxillo-facial injuries are falls from height and automobile accidents. 2. the age group most affected is 0 to 39 years. 3. a high incidence in males (72.2%). The various modalities of treatment are also reviewed. Recent trends in the management of complex maxillo-facial fractures have significantly reduced the period of hospitalisation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Management of windshield facial injuries.

Between Jan. 1986 and Dec. 1990, 99 patients with automobile windshield facial injuries were hospitalized in Kaohsiung Medical College hospital. All patients were injured by old type windshields in car accidents. Seventy-three patients (74%) were male and twenty-six (26%) were female. Ages ranged from 6 to 62 years (mean age 31 years). Fifty-seven patients (58%) were car drivers and forty-two (42%) were front seat passengers. All patients had typical multiple U-shaped lacerations on the face. The major injury sites were localized to the upper one third of the face. The wounds were repaired immediately after careful debridement. A total of 21 facial bone fractures were noted. All were open fractures with large, deep avulsion wounds. Displaced and comminuted fractures received reduction and fixation before wound closure. Three patients had cranial bone fracture with no displacement. Brain edema and subarachnoid hemorrhage were found by brain CT scan in two and one patients respectively. They were treated conservatively. In one patient with frontal sinus fracture the glass pieces penetrated into the brain. The foreign bodies were removed from the brain and frontal sinus. Eyeball rupture was found in 16 patients, including two patients in whom both eyes were involved. Eight eyeballs needed immediate evisceration and ten eyeballs received reparation. Blindness occurred in all these patients. Of the 99 patients in this study, 15% sustained additional injury. Most were wounds on the extremities. Because serious injuries can be caused by the old type of windshields, it should be abandoned. Driving with the seat belt fastened is the best way to insure safety.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1979

Chain-saw facial injuries.

Accidents caused by kickback from chain saws produce facial injuries with consistent features. These features include oblique, destructive, ragged lacerations of the left side of the face. Although eyelid damage may be severe, damage to the globe itself is minimal. An analysis of 10 such accidents revealed this consistent pattern. Of this group, eight injuries were left-sided and six involved mainly the eyelid and adjacent structures. Only one patient was left with permanent damage to the globe and with slightly impaired (20/60) vision. The upper lid was always more severely damaged than the lower. The author discusses the merits and disadvantages of protective devices for both operator and machine.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1999

Facial injuries in skiing. A retrospective study of 549 cases.

In the last 2 decades, reports of skiing injuries have shown an increasing number of skiers with severe trauma. This article provides an account of a retrospective study of 549 patients with 1155 facial injuries sustained while skiing who received treatment at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the University Hospital in Innsbruck, Austria between 1991 and 1996. The study was based on a questionnaire answered by the patients and on case report forms. Most of the patients were male (65.2%) and were aged between 3 and 81 years (average 28.4 years). A simple fall while skiing was the main type of accident (45.9%), followed by collisions with other people (23.5%). Injuries were classified into 1 of 3 groups: (i) lesions of the soft tissue (32.2% of all injuries); (ii) dentoalveolar traumas (24.3%); and (iii) fractures of facial bones (43.5%). Lacerations and haematomas were the most frequent lesions in patients with injuries to the soft tissues. The group of patients with dentoalveolar trauma mainly presented with fractures of tooth crowns. Fractures involving the mandible and the zygomatic bone were predominant in patients in the third group. Concomitant injuries mainly included injuries to the brain and skull fractures. Treatment was ambulatory, or by admission and surgery. We did not observe an increase in the number of skiing accidents causing facial injury in the last 5 years. Facial injuries represented 4% of all skiing injuries, a lower proportion than in other sports.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2006

[Facial injuries treated in the Grenoble University Hospital. Epidemiological analysis of 961 patients managed in one year].

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine the types of facial injuries treated in a one-year in a maxillo-facial unit operating in a mountainous region. METHODS: All patients admitted to the Grenoble University Hospital maxillo-facial unit for a one year period were studied. We noted cause of trauma, age, sex, type and location of fracture, type of soft tissue injury, time between trauma and surgery. RESULTS: A total of 994 patients presenting maxillo-facial trauma underwent surgery over one year; 30% of the unit's maxillo-facial surgical activity. On average, 80 patients were treated for maxillo-facial trauma per month, with a peak of 97 facial injuries in July; 65.6% were hospitalized in the maxillo-facial unit; 25,4% of the injured were aged between 21 and 30 years. Sex-ratio was 2.7M/1F. The most frequent cause was sports injuries (25.8%) followed, in decreasing order, by traffic injuries (23.1%), home injuries (17.6%), fight injuries (3.4%), work injuries (3.4%) and dog bites (3.2%). 10.5% of the injuries occurred in a mountainous setting and 40.7% were sports injuries, 95% of which during practice of winter's sports. Injuries included facial fractures (65.5%) with or without soft tissue damage, and soft tissue injuries only (34.5%); 33.6% of the patients had other lesions of the body. 67.2% underwent surgery within the first 24 hours and 86.9% before the fifth day. DISCUSSION: Sports accidents are the leading cause of facial trauma in the mountainous regions. Most facial injuries result from ski, surf and other winter sports accidents. Most of the victims were given surgical care within the first 24 hours following the accident.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed2003

Knowledge and attitudes of coaches of secondary school athletes in Ibadan, Nigeria regarding oro-facial injuries and mouthguard use by the athletes.

- The objective of this study was to assess the perceptions of secondary school sports' coaches about oro-facial injuries and mouth protector usage in sports by the adolescent athletes. A 10-item, self-completion questionnaire was distributed to 42 coaches from 23 secondary schools randomly selected from different parts of Ibadan city in Nigeria between May and June, 2002. The questionnaire sought information on why a mouth protector (mouthguard) is used, when it is required; the types of mouth protector used, the major reasons for choosing a specific mouth protector, and personal feeling as to whether mouthguards prevent oral injury. Descriptive statistics were used for the data while the chi-square statistic was employed to test the significance of association between variables. All the coaches, 25 (59.5%) males and 17 (40.5%) females with age range of 19-51 years and mean age of 38.07 +/- 8.97 years (mean +/- SD), completed and returned the forms (100% completion rate). 95.2% of the coaches believed that mouthguards prevent oral injuries and 95.2% of them also would like more information on different types of mouthguard, while 4.8% each felt otherwise. The main factor determining the choice of the type of mouthguard for athletes by the coaches was the quality of oral protection (57.1%), and the next was the cost (23.8%). Acceptance of mouthguard was scored as positive by 88.1% of the athletes. 81.0% of the coaches felt that mouthguard should be worn at all times (during practices and competitions) while 19.0% would prefer the use during competitions only. The majority of the coaches (71.4%) believed that boxing needs mouthguards, 2.4% each indicated football (soccer) and Judo while 11.9% of the coaches did not indicate any sport. The majority of these Nigerian coaches agreed on the protective effectiveness of mouthguard against sport-related oro-facial injuries, but they are yet to be adequately informed about mouthguards generally so as to correctly advise and influence these adolescent athletes in this regard.

Adolescent↗