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PubMed1999

Battlefield First Aid: a simple, systematic approach for every soldier.

First aid training for the trained soldier has been modified to incorporate the best available current clinical evidence and clinical experience. This annual training requirement will be achieved in one day and is introduced as Individual Training Directive (Army) 3 (ITD(A) 3) on 1 April 1999. With the exception of a short introductory video, the course is entirely taught and assessed on practical models. ITD(A) 3 teaches a systematic approach to every incident and to each injured soldier. This is presented in a robust, waterproof pocket aide memoire of Battlefield First Aid Drills, which is an individual issue item. The soldier must start with the MASTER DRILL to control the incident, and will then follow the INJURED SOLDIER DRILL to identify and treat life-threatening injuries. The best available clinical experience has resulted in the replacement of the three-sided dressing with the Asherman Chest Seal for open pneumothorax, and the introduction of a simple physiology based triage system. The best available clinical evidence has led to the removal of basic life support in the context of a soldier with no vital signs on the battlefield. It is retained as an 'add on' package for peace and peace-keeping environments.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗
PubMed1998

[The ability of drivers to give first aid--testing by questionnaire].

Road accidents have become a serious social problem. The scale and complexity of this problem shows clearly that there is a necessity to improve citizens' ability to give first aid which is especially essential in the case of drivers. Thus special training how to give first aid at the accident place seems to be of the primary importance. The objective of this paper is to: 1) identify to what extent the drivers of motor vehicles are prepared to provide first aid for casualties of the road accidents, 2) evaluate the training system of teaching motorists how to give first aid before professional help arrives, 3) identify drivers' views on possibilities of decreasing the number of fatal casualties of the road accidents. The questionnaire was given to 560 employees of local government institutions in the city of Lublin either professional or non-professional drivers. The direct method and anonymous questionnaire were used. The results of the questionnaire revealed clearly that very few drivers are well-prepared to give proper first aid at the accident site. No matter what sex, education or driving experience, the drivers have not got enough skills to give first aid and the effect is enhanced by various psychological barriers. The questioned drivers shared the opinion that first aid training is badly run. The drivers stressed bad quality of the training and the fact that it is impossible to acquire practical skills that may be required in the case of emergency. Drivers' views on possibilities of decreasing the number of fatal casualties of the road accidents included, among others, the following propositions: in addition to the driving licence exam first aid exam should be compulsory severe enforcement and execution of the law which regulates the mandatory first aid giving.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2006

Knowledge of first-aid measures of avulsion and replantation of teeth: an interview of 221 Kuwaiti schoolchildren.

The prognosis of replantation of an avulsed tooth is determined by which first-aid measures are taken during the first 15 min after avulsion. Knowledge of the correct first-aid measures is therefore crucial to successful replantation. The aims of this study were (i) to assess the present knowledge level of emergency measures for tooth avulsion in Kuwaiti schoolchildren, and (ii) to design and test an interview form with structured standardized questions. A total of 221 Kuwaiti schoolchildren (aged 7-15 years old) were interviewed by professionals using a standardized method to score several areas of knowledge about tooth avulsion and replantation. Earlier experience of first-aid information and subjection to dental trauma was registered. The following fields of knowledge were assessed: general body injury treatment principles, tooth avulsion and replantation principles, avulsed permanent/primary teeth, cleaning of avulsed tooth before replantation, extra alveolar time and storage media. The form for interviewing children proved to be sufficiently structured in performing the interviews and data management. The results of the interviews showed that 30.3% of the children had been exposed to dental trauma in the past. Among children 7-9 years of age, 25% had received information on general first aid as compared with 75% in children 10 years and older. Children 10 years and older, in general, had a high knowledge level of general principles of how to manage injuries to the body. Regardless of age group, there were generally a low knowledge level regarding tooth avulsion, replantation, extra-alveolar time and storage media. We conclude that first-aid knowledge in Kuwaiti schoolchildren is low on avulsion and replantation of teeth despite a high knowledge level of body injuries. The knowledge level of first-aid measures on avulsion and replantation of teeth could be increased through intervention programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Knowledge of paediatric first aid in the general population.

If accidents cannot be prevented or ameliorated by protective devices, good first aid is essential to reduce the further effects of an injury. This paper highlights deficiencies in first aid knowledge among a random selection of the general population in Edinburgh. The results of this study indicate that first aid knowledge is generally deficient, with only 13% of people able to correctly treat all paediatric emergencies described. Recognised first aid courses, such as those run by voluntary agencies, focus their training on adult injuries, adapting care for children from this. There is no specific paediatric first aid course run by a recognised authority. Recommendations to improve this are made.

Accidents↗
PubMed2006

Community senior first aid training in Western Australia: its extent and effect on knowledge and skills.

OBJECTIVE: To define the extent of Senior First Aid training in a sample of the Western Australian community, and to evaluate the effect of previous training on first aid knowledge and skills. METHODS: A telephone survey of a random sample from suburban Perth and rural Western Australia; and practical assessment of first aid skills in a subsample of those surveyed. RESULTS: 30.4% of respondents had completed a Senior First Aid certificate. Trained individuals performed consistently better in theoretical tests (p=0.0001) and practical management of snakebite (p=0.021) than untrained. However, many volunteers, both trained and untrained, demonstrated poor skills in applying pressure immobilisation bandaging and splinting the limb adequately despite electing to do so in theory. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Overall knowledge and performance of first aid skills by the community are poor, but are improved by first aid training courses.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Judicial and medical/legal aspects of the responsibility of workers appointed to carry out first aid].

BACKGROUND: One of the innovations introduced by law 626/94 [the Italian law on occupational health and safety of workers] is the obligation of the employer to designate workers responsible for first aid. OBJECTIVES: To identify and discuss the duties, the role and the medical and legal responsibility of workers appointed to carry out first aid measures. METHODS: Analysis of legislation and current practice concerning medical and legal responsibility in first aid procedures. RESULTS: The worker appointed to carry out first aid measures is, by virtue of his appointment, obliged to take action. Therefore, he could commit an illegitimate act both by "acting" and by "omitting" to carry out a duty that is his responsibility. In the first case the worker could be accused of committing an unpremeditated criminal offence when his actions involve negligence, imprudence, inexperience or violation of regulations concerning his duties. A "serious criminal offence" is committed when the most elementary rules of diligence, prudence and skill are violated; the offence is "slight" when negligence, imprudence or inexperience are involved in particularly complex situations. The reference parameter for inexperience is not a first aid volunteer, nor a member of the public, but a worker designated to carry out first aid possessing "average" attitudes, training and ability. Briefly, a guilty error by the appointed worker consists of the following: i) the professional conduct of the operator was clearly wrong, serious and unjustifiable; ii) the operator clearly omitted doing his/her duty; iii) the consequence of the error is physical personal damage. CONCLUSIONS: The observations made clearly illustrate the delicacy of the tasks of the worker appointed to carry out first aid measures. Essential elements for minimizing wrong and/or negligent conduct are appropriate choice of the designated workers and their adequate training.

First Aid↗
PubMed1997

[First aid and initial medical care in injuries of the large blood vessels].

Nowhere as in emergency medicine results of a well done first aid can be more obvious as in the cases of big blood vessels injuries. Properly done first aid and first medical aid at big blood vessels injuries save the life of the patient. The following example is the case of MM patient The patient was received in the Emergency ward after an explosive injury of the big artery vessels and badly done first aid and be was without any signs of life. The patient was treated with: Adrenalin hydrochloride 1 ml intracardial Hydrocortisone amp a 1000 mg i.v. Sol Haemaccel 3 x 500, o ml i.v. Sol Hartman 3 x 500 ml i.v. Na-bicarbonate amp a 40 mg i.v. (2 x 20 mg) 9 bottles of fresh blood (300 ml each) After the intensive cardiopulmonal reanimation the patient after 3 hours he was in a stable general condition and sent to the operation theatre. For proper first aid the methods and activities are very simple but they should be known and implemented. In the opposite case a patient can lose all the blood and die in a hemorrhagic state.

Blood Vessels↗
PubMedDate not supplied

First-aid training and bystander actions at traffic crashes--a population study.

INTRODUCTION: Traffic crashes constitute a major, worldwide public-health problem that cause disabilities, life-long suffering, and huge economic losses. When a person is injured in a traffic crash, actions taken by bystanders often are of crucial importance. To perform first-aid actions in a correct manner, bystanders, often laypersons, need both the courage and the knowledge to do so. For preventive purposes, society spends large resources to inform and educate the public in order to enhance people's ability to take correct actions. However, there only is little information on the rate in a population of persons who have had first-aid training, have been bystanders at a traffic crash, on the actions taken by such persons, and on effects of first-aid training on patient care. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to acquire knowledge about: (1) the prevalence of first-aid training; (2) the incidence of being a bystander and of the first aid provided at traffic crashes and other emergencies; and (3) the impact of first-aid training on the risks people take in road traffic. METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to 2,800 randomly selected persons aged 18-74 years. RESULTS: The response rate was 67.5%. During the previous five years, 39% of the population had received first-aid training, with a higher rate among younger individuals and those with a higher education. After training, 30% of the respondents had used their skills, and 41% took fewer risks in traffic, particularly those who were older or had a lower level of education. Fourteen percent of those with training (significantly more men) had been bystanders at a traffic crash. At 20% of the crashes, a bystander had administered first aid, and one-third of those who provided such assistance had had use of their training. CONCLUSION: Intensified first-aid training of the general public could lead to citizens who are more cautious in traffic and to bystanders who provide more immediate and adequate first aid at traffic crashes and other emergencies.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2000

First aid anaphylaxis management in children who were prescribed an epinephrine autoinjector device (EpiPen).

BACKGROUND: Epinephrine for first aid use by parents and other caregivers and in the form of an autoinjector device (EpiPen, Center Laboratories) is often prescribed for children who have had previous anaphylactic reactions. It is not known whether the EpiPen device is used appropriately during subsequent reactions and whether its use is able to prevent the complications of anaphylaxis. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine parental knowledge and practice concerning first aid anaphylaxis management, the frequency of recurrent generalized allergic reactions, the first aid measures taken, and the subsequent outcome of these reactions. METHODS: A retrospective survey was performed with a telephone questionnaire of all children with a history of anaphylaxis who attended a specialist allergy service and were prescribed an EpiPen autoinjector device. RESULTS: Recurrent generalized allergic reactions occurred with a frequency of 0.98 episodes per patient per year and were more common in those with food compared with insect venom anaphylaxis. The EpiPen device was only used in 29% of recurrent anaphylactic reactions. Parental knowledge was deficient in recognition of the symptoms of anaphylaxis and use of the EpiPen device, and adequate first aid measures were not in place for the majority of children attending school. Those children in whom the EpiPen device was used were less likely to be given epinephrine in hospital and to require subsequent hospital admission. CONCLUSION: The EpiPen autoinjector device is infrequently used in children with recurrent episodes of anaphylaxis; the reasons for this require further research. It is likely that parents and other caregivers will require continuing education and support in first aid anaphylaxis management. When the EpiPen device is used appropriately, it appears to reduce subsequent morbidity from anaphylaxis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[First aid, prehospitalization treatment, performed by non-professionals].

In the Casualty Department of the Central Hospital in Slagelse, all acute referrals during a period of 48 hours (illness or accidents) were registered with the object of assessing the extent to which lay persons employ first-aid. First-aid had been employed in half of the cases investigated but was considered relevant in 82% of the cases. The circumstances associated with performance of first-aid are discussed and proposals are made for improvement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Safety and first aid behavioral intentions of supervised and unsupervised third grade students.

This study assessed the safety and first aid behavioral intentions of 285 third grade students. Of the participants, 19% were left at home unsupervised by someone older than age 12 at least three days a week. Students responded to a survey instrument that described situations related to stranger safety, fire safety, accident prevention, and first aid. Stranger safety items received the most correct responses, with females scoring significantly higher than males. Most responses to fire safety items were inappropriate, and 40% of accident prevention items received a dangerous response most frequently. First aid items received more dangerous responses than appropriate ones. Supervised students scored significantly higher than unsupervised students in accident prevention and first aid. Results indicated students' behavioral intentions often were dangerous for situations requiring judgments about safety or application of first aid.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed2005

[The level of first aid and basic life support for the next generation of physicians].

According to Dutch medical-education guidelines junior doctors are expected to be able to carry out first aid and basic life support. We determined the level of first aid and basic life support of junior doctors at the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands. Of the 300 junior doctors 54 (18%) were submitted to a theoretical test, consisting of 52 multiple-choice questions on first aid and basic life support. This was followed by a practical test consisting of two first aid and basic life support scenarios including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The scenarios were evaluated by certified examiners who used Berden's internationally accepted criteria. 19% of the junior doctors passed the theoretical test. The first-aid scenario was performed correctly in 11% of the cases. According to the examiners the CPR situation was performed correctly by 30% of the junior doctors but when assessed by Berden's international criteria only 6% of the junior doctors had performed CPR correctly. The level of first aid and basic life support amongst junior doctors was low and so the majority of them did not meet the required level as stated in the guidelines for practice of medical education in The Netherlands on this subject.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Management of the new first aid service at enterprises and construction sites].

First aid at work organization and management represents a complex and critical aspect of the manifold problems of hygiene and security at work; nevertheless, even in relatively well organized productions, these themes are often neglected, if not completely ignored. In this work the authors analize the laws which regulate the correct first aid at work organization and management and an approach to the problem based on the preliminary risk assessment is suggested.

First Aid↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of a first aid and home safety program for Hispanic migrant adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Unintentional injuries are the major cause of death among children, adolescents, and young adults. This article presents an evaluation of an injury-prevention program for 11- to 16-year-old, Hispanic migrant youth. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial with two conditions: first aid and home safety training and tobacco and alcohol prevention. Participants were assessed at baseline, at immediate post-intervention, and at 1-year follow-up. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 660 Hispanic adolescent and parent pairs participated in a program entitled Sembrando Salud (sowing the seeds of health). INTERVENTION: The intervention consisted of two conditions: first aid and home safety training and tobacco and alcohol prevention. Both groups were exposed to an eight-session, multimedia program presented by bilingual, bicultural college students. The sessions consisted of lectures, discussions, and skills development and practice. OUTCOME MEASURES: To examine the efficacy of the first aid and home safety intervention, adolescents were assessed for changes in first aid confidence, knowledge of items in a first aid kit, knowledge of how to respond in an emergency situation, acquisition of a first aid kit, and behavioral skills testing in response to two emergency scenarios. RESULTS: Similar changes in confidence were observed in both groups after the intervention. Participants in the first aid and home safety program were better able to identify items to include in a first aid kit, how to respond in an emergency situation, and reported fewer erroneous victim-caring procedures than the tobacco and alcohol prevention group. CONCLUSIONS: Sembrando Salud was successful at achieving and maintaining change in confidence and knowledge of first aid and emergency response skills over a yearlong period.

Accidents, Home↗