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PubMedDate not supplied

Laser eye injuries.

Laser instruments are used in many spheres of human activity, including medicine, industry, laboratory research, entertainment, and, notably, the military. This widespread use of lasers has resulted in many accidental injuries. Injuries are almost always retinal, because of the concentration of visible and near-infrared radiation on the retina. The retina is therefore the body tissue most vulnerable to laser radiation. The nature and severity of this type of retinal injury is determined by multiple laser-related and eye-related factors, the most important being the duration and amount of energy delivered and the retinal location of the lesion. The clinical course of significant retinal laser injuries is characterized by sudden loss of vision, often followed by marked improvement over a few weeks, and occasionally severe late complications. Medical and surgical treatment is limited. Laser devices hazardous to the human eye are currently in widespread use by armed forces. Furthermore, lasers may be employed specifically for visual incapacitation on future battlefields. Adherence to safety practices effectively prevents accidental laser-induced ocular injuries. However, there is no practical way to prevent injuries that are maliciously inflicted, as expected from laser weapons.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2000

[Preventive measures against ocular trauma on squash courts].

AIM: Squash-ball induced trauma is an important cause of severe ocular injuries. Fortunately they can be prevented by wearing of protective goggles. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of these protective devices in Swiss Squash Clubs. METHODS: A detailed questionnaire was sent to all Squash Clubs in Switzerland (n = 82). The solicited information comprised: the possibility to buy protective goggles in the proshop, presence of posters in the club encouraging the members to wear protective goggles, assessment of the risk of ocular trauma by a squash ball (high or low), and the evaluation of ocular sequelae after squash ball injury. RESULTS: In the French-speaking part of Switzerland 35% of the clubs responded, whereas the percentage in the German-speaking part was 32% did. Of all the clubs who returned the questionnaire only one was found to sell protective goggles in the sports centre (4%). Two further clubs had posters encouraging the players to wear eye protection (7%). Three other clubs in the French-speaking area and two in the German-speaking area planned to introduce these measures (18%). 63% of the clubs considered the risk of an ocular injury to be low, 7% even as very low. Only 26% of the clubs who returned the questionnaire considered the risk to be much higher. CONCLUSION: The interest of squash clubs in protective eye wear is very low, as the risks for a serious ocular injury are underrated. It is therefore important to bring the danger of racket sports to the attention of patients.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2000

Ultraviolet light hazards from transilluminators.

Ultraviolet (UV) light boxes ("transilluminators") are commonly used in molecular biology laboratories for visualizing ethidium bromide-intercalated nucleic acids separated under electric current in electrophoretic gels. These devices typically have peak outputs at 254 or 312 nm, well within the UV-C and -B regions that are biologically active and capable of damaging skin. Field evaluations of laboratory transilluminators under actual conditions of use indicate that the UV light emitted from transilluminators is an identifiable and potentially significant occupational hazard for many laboratory workers, as is the high frequency of workstation surface contamination with ethidium bromide, a known mutagen. Fortunately, these hazards can be relatively easily controlled through worker training and the regular use of basic personal protective equipment.

Equipment Failure↗
PubMed1990

Factors affecting therapeutic concentration of topical aminocaproic acid in traumatic hyphema.

Epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) decreases rebleeding in traumatic hyphema through antifibrinolytic activity. Therapeutic levels were achieved in aqueous humor of rabbits after topical application. Aqueous humor EACA levels were significantly higher after pretreatment with 0.5% proparacaine. Use of EACA (60%) in a carboxypolymethylene (CPM) vehicle (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) was examined. Aqueous humors levels at 4 hours ranged from 6.18-20.42 micrograms/ml. The 2% and 3% formulas achieved the highest concentrations in aqueous. Use of EACA (15%, 30%, 40%, and 60%) in 4% CPM was also studied. At 2 and 4 hours after treatment, the 30% EACA solution most effectively achieved therapeutic levels. Velcro closure devices were attached to the rabbit's eyelids, and 200 microliters of 30% EACA in 2% CPM was administered. After 3 hours the patched eyes had a mean aqueous EACA level of 60.09 micrograms/ml compared with 8.97 micrograms/ml in unpatched eyes. When dose size was studied in patched eyes, 200-microliters doses achieved aqueous levels of 60.09 micrograms/ml, and 100-microliters doses resulted in levels of 10.40 micrograms/ml. Since epithelial toxicity was observed in eyes that had been patched, the optimum topical regimen appeared to be 200 microliters of 30% EACA in 2% CPM every 6 hours in unpatched eyes.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1990

Image evaluation of ophthalmic devices.

Methods used in the ophthalmic industry to evaluate the optical image quality of correcting lenses have remained the same over many years. This is especially true for single-vision ophthalmic lenses. With the development of new optical designs and materials for correcting refractive errors and presbyopia, new procedures for evaluating lens performance are being explored. One such method is the measurement of the modulation transfer function. Over the last 2 years, we have been measuring modulation transfer functions on a variety of single-vision and bifocal contact lenses, progressive addition spectacle lenses, holographic-diffractive lenses, and intraocular lenses. In this article, the modulation transfer function procedure and its application and results from one study on safety goggles will be presented and discussed.

Eye Protective Devices↗
PubMed1983

The protective influence of logger's safety equipment.

The effects of loggers' personal protectors and the safety equipment of chain saws were investigated with a postal questionnaire. The sample included 1,200 loggers. The main purpose of the inquiry was to collect data on accidents and near-accidents; special attention was paid to the role and behavior of protective devices in both accident and near-accident situations. Twenty-seven percent of power saw operators reported incidents (near-accidents) which had occurred within the last year and in which some personal protector or piece of safety equipment had prevented harmful mechanical contact. The workers estimated that the average absence from work due to these reported near-accidents would have been 15 workdays if the injury had not been prevented. Sixty percent of the near-accidents occurred during limbing operations, and 30% during falling. The protective equipment which most often prevented injuries was safety boots, which were followed by the safety helmet and leg protectors. The chain of the saw was stopped by the safety padding of the protective equipment in every other near-accident involving chain saws. The chain was blocked by padding material in every sixth situation . In 10% of the near-accidents, the chain perforated the protective equipment.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1991

Intraocular pressure and eye enlargement in chicks.

In chicks, the application of optical devices that blur vision results in eye enlargement and ametropia. The research presented here investigated changes in intraocular pressure (IOP), specifically intravitreal pressure, that occur with eye enlargement induced by this means. Plastic goggles (domes) were glued over one eye in 25 domestic chicks. Plastic rings were glued around one eye in 25 control chicks to control for the mechanical effects of the treatment but which left their vision undisturbed. Following two weeks of treatment, domes and rings were removed and IOP was measured. Mean IOP of the domed eyes was 1.14 mm Hg lower than that of control eyes, a difference that was not statistically significant. The eyes of an additional group of 20 chicks that experienced similar treatments were refracted; these refractions revealed that the dome-treated eyes had a mean refractive state that was 7.98 D myopic relative to the ring controls, which was statistically significant. The results indicate that IOP does not change significantly in chicks with experimental eye enlargement induced by retinal-image degradation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Sunlight, skin sensitivity, and senile cataract.

This study explores the association between sunlight exposure and senile cataract, taking into account such individual differences as skin sensitivity to sunlight and the use of sun-shielding devices, i.e., sunglasses and hats. A case-control study was conducted among 160 matched pairs of subjects between October 1, 1984 and June 1, 1985 at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics in Iowa City, Iowa. Cases were selected from among all patients admitted for inpatient or outpatient cataract surgery who were at least 40 years old. Controls were selected from among those waiting for a friend or relative who was attending one of the ophthalmology clinics. Controls were matched to the cases on a 1:1 basis on sex and age (+/- one year). No association was observed between history of sunlight exposure and senile cataract. However, independent of sunlight exposure, the cases with nuclear cataracts reported a more severe acute skin response upon exposure to sunlight for the first time in the summer (a severe burn with blistering) than did their age- and sex-matched controls (McNemar odds ratio (OR) = 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-2.91). In addition, independent of sunlight exposure, the male controls reported a greater average lifetime use of head coverings in summer which shaded their eyes from the sun than did their age- and sex-matched cases (McNemar OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.25-0.94).

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Optical radiation hazards of laser welding processes. Part 1: Neodymium-YAG laser.

High power laser devices are being used for numerous metalworking processes such as welding, cutting and heat treating. Such laser devices are totally enclosed either by the manufacturer or the end-user. When this is done, the total laser system is usually certified by the manufacturer following the federal requirements of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1040.10 and 10.40.11 as a Class I laser system. Similarly, the end-user may also reclassify an enclosed high-power laser into the Class I category following the requirements of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z-136.1 (1980) standard. There are, however, numerous industrial laser applications where Class IV systems are required to be used in an unenclosed manner. In such applications, there is concern for both ocular and skin hazards caused by direct and scattered laser radiation, as well as potential hazards caused by the optical radiation created by the laser beam's interaction with the metal (i.e. the plume radiation). Radiant energy measurements are reported for both the scattered laser radiation and the resultant plume radiations which were produced during typical unenclosed Class IV Neodymium-YAG laser welding processes. Evaluation of the plume radiation was done with both radiometric and spectroradiometric measurement equipment. The data obtained were compared to applicable safety standards.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1985

Conjunctivitis.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Conjunctivitis↗
PubMed2003

Soccer-related ocular injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To outline the severity and long-term sequelae of eye injuries in soccer. DESIGN: Prospective observational study of 163 patients who sustained soccer-related ocular injuries between April 1, 1992, and March 31, 2000 (8 years). METHODS: Patients were observed at a sports ophthalmology unit located in the largest university hospital of the northern region of the country and central to all major soccer fields in town. The data were recorded using the United States Eye Injury Registry report forms for initial and follow-up observation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Self-reported history surrounding the ocular trauma, initial visual acuity, diagnosis, and operations and (2) final visual acuity, late diagnosis, and additional operations. RESULTS: Injuries occurred predominantly in young men (mean +/- SD age, 23.2 +/- 8.8 years) practicing indoor soccer (50.9%) or outdoor soccer (47.2%), and most resulted from a kicked ball (79.1%) near the goal post (60.1%). Angle recession and peripheral vitreoretinal lesions were more likely to occur in the superotemporal quadrant (54.7%; 95% confidence interval, 44.2%-65.0%; and 57.6%; 95% confidence interval, 48.4%-66.4%; respectively). Vitreoretinal lesions were present in 42.2% (95% confidence interval, 33.1%-51.8%) of patients with "normal" visual acuity (> or =20/40) and in 50.0% (95% confidence interval, 38.1%-61.8%) of patients without hyphema. No significant association was found between severity of injury and age, sex, type of soccer, level of athletic expertise, or player position. CONCLUSIONS: Severe ocular lesions can occur in soccer players without symptoms and at all skill levels. The development of laboratory models will be essential to explain the tendency for lesions to be in the superotemporal quadrant. The data support the need for protective eyewear designed specifically for soccer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The ability of periorbitally applied antiglare products to improve contrast sensitivity in conditions of sunlight exposure.

BACKGROUND: Sun glare decreases athletes' contrast sensitivity and impairs their ability to distinguish objects from background. Many commercial products claim to reduce glare but have not been proven effective in clinical studies. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether glare-reducing products such as eye black grease and antiglare stickers reduce glare and improve contrast sensitivity during sunlight exposure. DESIGN AND METHODS: We tested 46 subjects for contrast sensitivity using a Pelli-Robson contrast chart. Each subject served as an internal control and then was randomized to either application of eye black grease, antiglare stickers, or petroleum jelly at the infraorbital rim. All testing was performed in conditions of unobstructed sunlight. RESULTS: Analysis of variance revealed a significant difference between eye black grease (mean +/- SD, Pelli-Robson value, 1.87 +/- 0.09 logMAR units) and antiglare stickers (1.75 +/- 0.14 logMAR units) in binocular testing (P =.02). No statistical difference was found between the groups in right eyes, left eyes, or in combined data from the right and left eyes. Paired t tests demonstrated a significant difference between control (mean +/- SD, 1.77 +/- 0.14 logMAR units) and eye black grease (1.87 +/- 0.09 logMAR units) in binocular testing (P =.04). There was also a significant difference between control (mean +/- SD, 1.65 +/- 0.05 logMAR units) and eye black grease (1.67 +/- 0.06 logMAR units) in combined data from the right and left eyes (P =.02). CONCLUSION: Eye black grease reduces glare and improves contrast sensitivity in conditions of sunlight exposure compared with the control and antiglare stickers in binocular testing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Sunlight and the 10-year incidence of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of sunlight exposure and indicators of sun sensitivity with the 10-year incidence of age-related maculopathy (ARM). DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: We included persons aged 43 to 86 years at the baseline examination from 1988 to 1990, living in Beaver Dam, Wis, of whom 3684 persons underwent 5-year follow-up and 2764 underwent 10-year follow-up. METHODS: Data on sun exposure and indicators of sun sensitivity were obtained from a standardized questionnaire administered at baseline and/or follow-up. We determined ARM status by grading stereoscopic color fundus photographs using the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence and progression of ARM. RESULTS: While controlling for age and sex, we found that participants exposed to the summer sun for more than 5 hours a day during their teens, in their 30s, and at the baseline examination were at a higher risk of developing increased retinal pigment (risk ratio [RR], 2.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-7.60; P =.02) and early ARM (RR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.02-4.73; P =.04) [corrected] by 10 years than those exposed less than 2 hours per day during the same periods. In participants reporting the highest summer sun exposure levels in their teens and 30s, the use of hats and sunglasses at least half the time during the same periods was associated with a decreased risk of developing soft indistinct drusen (RR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.33-0.90; P =.02) and retinal pigment epithelial depigmentation (RR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.29-0.91; P =.02). Participants who experienced more than 10 severe sunburns during their youth were more likely than those who experienced 1 or no burn to develop drusen with a 250-microm diameter or larger (RR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.29-4.94 [corrected] P =.01) by the 10-year examination. No relationships were found between UV-B exposure, winter leisure time spent outdoors, skin sun sensitivity, or number of bad sunburns experienced by the time of the baseline examination and the 10-year incidence and progression of ARM or its associated lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Few significant relationships between environmental exposure to light and the 10-year incidence and progression of ARM were found in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Consistent with results from the baseline and 5-year follow-up examinations, significant associations were found between extended exposure to the summer sun and the 10-year incidence of early ARM and increased retinal pigment. A protective effect of hat and sunglasses use by participants while in their teens and 30s against the 10-year incidence of soft indistinct drusen and retinal pigment epithelial depigmentation was also found, but only in those who reported the highest amount of sun exposure during the same periods.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Swimmer's goggles for keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

Swim goggles with a moist chamber effect have been used successfully in seven patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca unresponsive to the conventional means of therapy including artificial tears, mucolytics, and occlusion of the puncta. The longest follow-up is three years, the shortest six months. There have been no complications, and in all cases the patients have been subjectively and objectively improved.

Aged↗