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PubMed1999

Colony-stimulating factors in rapid eye movement sleep and non-rapid eye movement sleep regulation.

Although several cytokines are known to be somnogenic, no study has been conducted to examine whether colony-stimulating factors (CSF) affect sleep. Therefore, we studied the effects of granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) and macrophage CSF (M-CSF) on sleep in rats and their possible mechanism of action. At the dose of 10 pmol, GM-CSF or M-CSF significantly increased both non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or REM sleep only when infused intracerebroventricularly during the dark period. When injected locally in the hypothalamus, GM-CSF and M-CSF increased nitric oxide (NO) production. Thus, NOergic neural signals in the hypothalamus may take part in the somnogenic action of CSF.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Study on human eye movements induced by prolonged eye closure and lid opening--report 2. Closing and opening of eyelids].

The eye movement during prolonged eye closure and the following eye opening has not been studied precisely. In the present study we evaluated the eye movement during prolonged eye closure and the following eye opening using a magnetic search oil method. In a bright room, the exact moment of recognizing a visual target during eye opening could not be determined. Therefore, other conditions were used to elucidate the precise relationship between the presence and lack of visual input during eye opening. Eye movement during eye opening was accomplished in three phases. The first phase had rapid movements like visually guided saccades toward the imaged target. The second phase had slow movements and drift toward the imaged target, and the final eye position was reached within 3 degrees from the target from 5 different gaze directions. The third phase was final visually evoked corrective saccades and the subjects found the target. We discuss the origin of these eye movements.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Extra-retinal adaptation of cortical motion-processing areas during pursuit eye movements.

Repetitive eye movement produces a compelling motion aftereffect (MAE). One mechanism thought to contribute to the illusory movement is an extra-retinal motion signal generated after adaptation. However, extra-retinal signals are also generated during pursuit. They modulate activity within cortical motion-processing area MST, helping transform retinal motion into motion in the world during an eye movement. Given the evidence that MST plays a key role in generating MAE, it may also become indirectly adapted by prolonged pursuit. To differentiate between these two extra-retinal mechanisms we examined storage of the MAE across a period of darkness. In one condition observers were told to stare at a moving pattern, an instruction that induces a more reflexive type of eye movement. In another they were told to deliberately pursue it. We found equally long MAEs when testing immediately after adaptation but not when the test was delayed by 40 s. In the case of the reflexive eye movement the delay almost completely extinguished the MAE, whereas the illusory motion following pursuit remained intact. This suggests pursuit adapts cortical motion-processing areas whereas unintentional eye movement does not. A second experiment showed that cortical mechanisms cannot be the sole determinant of pursuit-induced MAE. Following oblique pursuit, we found MAE direction changes from oblique to vertical. Perceived MAE direction appears to be influenced by a subcortical mechanism as well, one based on the relative recovery rate of horizontal and vertical eye-movement processes recruited during oblique pursuit.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed1999

The sleep supine position has a major effect on optimal nasal continuous positive airway pressure : relationship with rapid eye movements and non-rapid eye movements sleep, body mass index, respiratory disturbance index, and age.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of sleep position on optimal nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP [op-nCPAP]) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients and to investigate how rapid eye movements (REM) and Non-REM (NREM) sleep, body mass index (BMI), respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and age are related to this effect. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Sleep Disorders Unit at Loewenstein Hospital Rehabilitation Center. PATIENTS: Eighty-three consecutive adult OSA patients who underwent a complete nCPAP titration. From this group, 60 patients who spent at least 30 min in both the supine (Sup) and lateral (Lat) positions and 46 patients who had data on both positions during REM and NREM sleep were included in the analysis. RESULTS: In most OSA patients (52; 86.7%), the recommended op-nCPAP was obtained when the patients slept in the Sup posture. The mean op-nCPAP was significantly higher in the Sup posture (10.00 +/- 2.20 cm H(2)O) than it was in the Lat posture (7.61 +/- 2.69 cm H(2)O). The op-nCPAP was significantly higher in the Sup position than it was in the Lat position in both REM and NREM sleep, as well as in the severe BMI group (BMI >/= 30) and in the less obese group (BMI < 30). Similarly, in the severe (RDI >/= 40) and less severe groups (RDI < 40), as well as in both age groups (< and > 60 years of age), the op-nCPAP was significantly higher in the Sup posture than it was in the Lat posture. Irrespective of the four parameters mentioned, the actual differences in op-nCPAP between the two body postures were almost identical, ranging between 2.31 and 2.66 cm H(2)O. CONCLUSIONS: For most OSA patients, the op-nCPAP level is significantly higher in the Sup position than it is in the Lat position. This is true for REM and NREM sleep, for obese and nonobese patients, for patients with different degrees of severity, and for young and old OSA patients. Since the op-nCPAP was highest in the Sup posture during REM sleep, no nCPAP titration should be considered complete without the patient having slept in the Sup posture during REM sleep.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The reliability of eye movement quantitative evaluation. II. Smooth pursuit eye movements.

We adopted the estimate of the intraclass coefficient of reliability, R, to evaluate the reliability of smooth pursuit eye movement quantitative analysis. At a one-week interval, we recorded twice smooth pursuit eye movements from fifteen healthy subjects by means of the binocular electrooculographic technique. R was computed for the constant and the slope of the target velocity/gain relationships. R values were rated good for the slope and excellent for the constant. Finally, we computed for each parameter the maximum variability value according to two differing methods; on the basis of the within-subjects mean square values, we defined the normal range of biological test-retest variability for the two parameters.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The updating of the representation of visual space in parietal cortex by intended eye movements.

Every eye movement produces a shift in the visual image on the retina. The receptive field, or retinal response area, of an individual visual neuron moves with the eyes so that after an eye movement it covers a new portion of visual space. For some parietal neurons, the location of the receptive field is shown to shift transiently before an eye movement. In addition, nearly all parietal neurons respond when an eye movement brings the site of a previously flashed stimulus into the receptive field. Parietal cortex both anticipates the retinal consequences of eye movements and updates the retinal coordinates of remembered stimuli to generate a continuously accurate representation of visual space.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Visual imagery and eye movements: effects of projective size of image on eye movements (author's transl)].

The effects of size of image on eye movements were explored. Eye movements of 18 subjects were recorded by the corneal reflection method. The subjects imagined various objects within an indicated circle of concentric circles presented externally. As the result, two types of the subjects were observed. They were as follows: (a) The majority moved their eyes within the projective angle under the 10 degrees condition and the 30 degrees condition whereas they scarcely showed eye movements under the 1 degrees condition. Asked whether a property of the stimulus belonged to the image, over 60% of the subjects, under the 30 degrees condition, showed a saccade to the proper projected part which might be considered as scanning. (b) Some subjects hardly moved their eyes under any of the conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Dynamic asymmetries in disparity convergence eye movements.

Vergence eye movements have traditionally been considered the product of a single neural control center and are usually studied by combining the movements of each eye into a single 'vergence' response. In the present experiment, disparity-driven eye movements were produced by symmetrical step stimuli, and the dynamic properties of each eye movement were analyzed separately. Although the final positions of the two eyes were symmetrical, large dynamic asymmetries often occurred. The timing between the two eyes showed fair synchrony as they attained maximum velocity at approximately the same time. Since the final static positions were symmetrical, asymmetries occurring during the initial dynamic component must necessarily be compensated by offsetting asymmetries in the latter portion of the response.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Fetal eye movement assessed with real-time ultrasonography: are there rapid and slow eye movements?

The goal of this study was to determine whether rapid eye movement and slow eye movement exist during the eye-movement period in the human fetus in utero. We studied 21 fetuses with real-time ultrasonography, 10 from 33 to 36 weeks and 11 from 37 to 41 weeks' gestation. We used the duration of eye-movement unit as a parameter and calculated the cumulative duration from the shortest to a given duration of eye movement per individual case. A scattergram of cumulative duration versus given duration obtained from all cases in each age group was analyzed with piecewise linear regression to search for a critical point(s). Critical given duration points were noted and reached statistical significance at 0.62 second and at 0.76 second during 33 to 36 and 37 to 40 weeks of gestation, respectively. These findings reveal two different types of eye movement: one with a duration of less than 0.6 to 0.8 second and the other with a duration of greater than 0.6 to 0.8 second. These findings are compatible with previous criteria on rapid and slow eye movements, respectively, at 33 weeks of gestation onward. The mean value of cumulative duration at the critical point increased from 29.0% between 33 and 36 weeks to 47.1% between 37 and 41 weeks of gestation, indicating an increase in the proportionate amount of time maintaining rapid eye movement as gestation advances.

Eye Movements↗
PubMed1988

Observations on pilot neurosensory control performance during saccadic eye movements.

Saccadic eye movement system performance was investigated to determine whether neurosensory and motor system function is improved by training. There were 2 populations studied--12 Air National Guard pilots, individuals with extensive visual training, and 12 nonpilots. Each subject executed 54 saccadic eye movements while tracking an LED target which moved at random from one location to another. The target display consisted of nine small LED's, each separated by 5 degrees. The ordering of the target movements, as well as the time interval between target movements, were randomized. Horizontal saccadic eye movements were recorded from infrared signals reflected from the anterior surface of the cornea. Signals for bilateral tracking were digitized using an analog-to-digital converter and stored in the hard disk of an IBM/XT. Results using advanced digital processing techniques indicate no significant differences in neurosensory and motor system function during saccadic eye movements between the two populations. A time-optimal central nervous system control mechanism is described which cannot be improved upon by training or exercise.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1979

Eye movements associated with eye closure. I. Normal subjects.

Eye movements associated with eye closure were studied in 36 normal adults, and they were recorded by DC amplifiers of ENG. (1) Eyes moved 64 +/- 17 degrees upward and were adducted 15 +/- 7 degrees when eyes were closed. (2) The vertical eye position was held upwards in 33 persons and slightly turned down in 3 persons. (3) The superior rectus and inferior oblique muscles worked together during eye closure.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Abnormal eye movements].

Abnormal eye movements constitute a pathological entily characterized by the inability to maintain an immobile gaze, gazing being unwillingly disturbed by displacement of the eyes. The semiology of abnormal eye movements is very accurate. It is based on clinical analysis and on eye movements recording. It is important to study abnormal eye movements, since many of them have localizing or pathological value.

Eye Movements↗
PubMed1991

Analysis of vertebrate eye movements following intravitreal drug injections. IV. Drug-induced eye movements are unyoked in the turtle.

1. Eye movements of awake turtles were measured from both eyes simultaneously using two search-coil contact lenses. Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was evoked by full field patterns moving horizontally at different stimulus velocities. Intravitreal injections of either bicuculline or 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB) were then made into one eye, after which eye movements were again recorded under similar stimulus conditions. Several days later, eye movements were again recorded and recovery was observed. 2. The effects of these two synaptic drugs on the optokinetic responses of the injected eye were similar to those previously reported in turtles, rabbits, and decorticate cats. APB, which blocks the retinal ON pathways, completely blocked visually evoked responses to any stimulus direction or velocity presented to the injected eye. On the other hand, the uninjected eye was still responsive to optokinetic stimuli. This difference between the eyes is consistent with the nonconjugate nature of OKN in the turtle. 3. After bicuclline application, the injected eye displayed a spontaneous nystagmus with its slow phase in the temporal-to-nasal direction. The movements of the injected eye were independent of stimulus direction or a range of stimulus velocities. During that effect, the eye contralateral to the injection still responded to visual stimuli in a direction- and velocity-dependent manner. For example, if the uninjected eye was exposed to optokinetic stimuli moving temporal-to-nasal, both eyes would then move in their respective temporal-to-nasal directions. This nonconjugate ocular behavior is similar to that seen when each eye of a normal turtle was exposed to its temporal-to-nasal stimulus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aminobutyrates↗
PubMed1972

Respiratory movements and rapid eye movement sleep in the foetal lamb.

1. In foetal lambs from 40 days gestation (0.27 of term) onwards delivered into a warm saline bath, apparently spontaneous breathing movements were present intermittently. They became deeper and more rapid with increasing age.2. In foetal lambs (from 0.66 of term) in which observations were made for many days after chronic implantation of tracheal, carotid and amniotic catheters, rapid irregular respiratory movements were present up to 40% of the time, and brief gasps also were seen.3. The presence of these movements was unrelated to the foetal carotid blood gas values over a wide range of spontaneous variation.4. These foetal breathing movements were accompanied by comparatively small alterations of pulmonary volume recorded from a tracheal flowmeter, insufficient to clear the tracheal dead space. Occasionally a more prolonged expiration led to the outward flow of fluid.5. A description is given of sleep and wakefulness in foetal lambs from 0.78 of term.6. Rapid irregular breathing was associated with rapid eye movement sleep as seen in a warm saline bath or, in utero, as inferred from records of eye movements and electrocortical activity.7. Respiratory movements were often associated with relatively large variations in foetal heart rate, blood pressure and descending aortic blood flow.8. Rapid irregular foetal breathing was unaffected by section or blockade of the cervical vagi, but was abolished by general anaesthesia.9. It is concluded that respiratory movements are normally but intermittently present in the foetal lamb over the greater part of gestation.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed2004

Perceiving depth order during pursuit eye movement.

Pursuit eye movements alter retinal motion cues to depth. For instance, the sinusoidal retinal velocity profile produced by a translating, corrugated surface resembles a sinusoidal shear during pursuit. One way to recover the correct spatial phase of the corrugation's profile (i.e. which part is near and which part is far) is to combine estimates of shear with extra-retinal estimates of translation. In support of this hypothesis, we found the corrugation's spatial phase appeared ambiguous when retinal shear was viewed without translation, but unambiguous when translated and viewed with or without a pursuit eye movement. The eyes lagged the sinusoidal translation by a small but persistent amount, raising the possibility that retinal slip could serve as the disambiguating cue in the eye-moving condition. A yoked control was therefore performed in which measured horizontal slip was fed back into a fixated shearing stimulus on a trial-by-trial basis. The results showed that the corrugation's phase was only seen unambiguously during the real eye movement. This supports the idea that extra-retinal estimates of eye velocity can help disambiguate ordinal depth structure within moving retinal images.

Cues↗