Population trends in the European Community, 1960-1986.
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Age Distribution↗
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Results for “Extramarital Relations”
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Country watch: Kenya.
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Human mate guarding.
Long-term committed mating is a fundamental strategy in the human repertoire. Successful enactment of this strategy requires solving two related adaptive problems--fending off potential mate poachers and preventing a mates from defecting. Mate guarding adaptations evolved to solve these persistent problems. Those who failed in mate guarding risked suffering substantial reproductive costs ranging from genetic cuckoldry to reputational damage to the entire loss of a mate. Because the precise nature of the adaptive problems confronted differed historically for the sexes, men and women evolved corresponding differences in the underlying psychology of mate guarding. Men's mate guarding, relative to that of women's, is strongly triggered as a consequence of being mated to young and physically attractive women, being confronted by interested rivals who have superior economic resources or prospects, and having a mate who displays signs of sexual involvement with a rival. Women's mate guarding, relative to that of men's, is triggered as a consequence of being mated to men high in income and status striving, rivals who are more physically attractive, and having a partner who shows signs of emotional involvement with another woman. Behavioral output of mate guarding adaptations range from vigilance to violence.
Behavior Control↗
STD and induced abortion.
In Gambella, southwestern Ethiopia, sexual intercourse following the birth of a baby is not allowed until the child is 2-3 years old. Whilst most mothers wait for the specified time, their husbands find it difficult and seek sex elsewhere. This cultural law therefore increases the risk of STD transmission. The "rule" is obviously hard for some young couples to keep. They have sexual intercourse without contraception, resulting in pregnancy. The wife, not wishing to be seen to have broken the law, seeks an abortion. Cultural modification requires a long period of time but health education about STDs and contraception is, meanwhile, indispensable.
Abortion, Induced↗
Family planning in rural Kwazulu: transition from traditional to contemporary practices.
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Africa↗
Reconsidering evolved sex differences in jealousy: comment on Harris (2003).
In a recent article, Harris (2003) concluded that the data do not support the existence of evolved sex differences in jealousy. Harris' review correctly identifies fatal flaws in three lines of evidence (spousal abuse, homicide, morbid jealousy), but her criticism of two other lines of evidence (self-report responses, psychophysiological measures) is based, in part, on a mischaracterization of the evolutionary psychological theory and a misunderstanding of the empirical implications of the theory. When interpreted according to the correct criterion (i.e., an interaction between sex and infidelity type), self-report studies (both forced-choice and non-forced choice) offer strong support for the existence of sex differences in jealousy. Psychophysiological data also offer some support, although these data are weakened by validity-related concerns. In addition, some refutational evidence cited by Harris (responses to real infidelity, responses under cognitive load) actually does not refute the theory. An integrative model that describes how jealousy might result from the interaction of sociocultural variables and evolved sex differences and suggestions for future research directions are discussed.
Arousal↗
Gonorrhoea and foreign immigrants at Rotterdam University Hospital.
It is estimated, contrary to public opinion and a quick glance at the waiting room of the sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic in Rotterdam, that the incidence of gonorrhoea among foreign immigrants is only a little greater than among the Dutch population. The analysis corroborates the common sense idea that the higher incidence of gonorrhoea among foreign immigrants stems largely from their difficulty in finding sexual partners. To solve this problem is a matter of national policy. It is within the scope of the STD clinics and related organizations to start small-scale experiments to improve the difficult medical situation of the foreign immigrants by lowering the linguistic and cultural barriers between the medical staff and their foreign patients. Research on the sexual habits of the patients is of limited value, and a redirection of our efforts seems necessary to tackle this problem.
Adult↗
The multidimensional and developmental nature of infidelity: practical applications.
When a partner has been unfaithful, an important therapeutic task is to assess factors that contributed to the affair and that may affect the individual's and couple's healing. This article provides a framework to assess multiple factors and their influence on an affair over time, as well as on responses to an affair. We address factors related to the person involved in an affair, his or her partner, their relationship, and the external context. These factors are considered across six phases of an affair: predisposition, approach, initial involvement, maintenance, disclosure or discovery, and response. A case study is presented to illustrate the usefulness of the framework in working with couples in which there has been an affair.
Adult↗
Male honor and female fidelity: implicit cultural scripts that perpetuate domestic violence.
Two studies explored how domestic violence may be implicitly or explicitly sanctioned and reinforced in cultures where honor is a salient organizing theme. Three general predictions were supported: (a) female infidelity damages a man's reputation, particularly in honor cultures; (b) this reputation can be partially restored through the use of violence; and (c) women in honor cultures are expected to remain loyal in the face of jealousy-related violence. Study 1 involved participants from Brazil (an honor culture) and the United States responding to written vignettes involving infidelity and violence in response to infidelity. Study 2 involved southern Anglo, Latino, and northern Anglo participants witnessing a "live" incident of aggression against a woman (actually a confederate) and subsequently interacting with her.
Adult↗
Urban to rural routes of HIV infection spread in Ethiopia.
A descriptive survey to identify routes of spread of HIV infection from urban to rural populations was carried out in a rural south-central Ethiopian district. High risk practices for HIV infection and transmission were first documented among rural residing former soldiers, merchants and students. Extramarital intercourse during the previous 3 months was reported by 45-50% of these subgroups. In 25-37%, intercourse with an urban commercial sex worker (CSW) was reported and condom use varied from 10 to 30% among subgroups. The perceived risk for AIDS was low and changes in risk behaviours were minimal. Next, 502 rural males farmers were surveyed. An extramarital sexual contact in the past 3 months was reported by 13.5%, with 7% reporting their most recent contact with an urban CSW. Only 6% of farmers reported using condoms. Awareness of AIDS was reported by 59% and, of these, only 28% perceived they were vulnerable. In this study increased knowledge was associated with more frequent high risk sexual practices. It is concluded that the spread of AIDS into rural communities is occurring as a result of the high frequency of high risk sexual behaviours in specific rural residing subgroups which frequently travel into urban communities in combination with a low background prevalence of high risk practices among the general male farmer population.
Adolescent↗
A factor-analytic examination of sexual behaviors and attitudes and marihuana usage.
A questionnaire that pertains to sexual attitudes and behaviors, family relationships, and marihuana usage was administered to 358 undergraduates at Wichita State University. A factor analysis performed upon the results yielded 12 factors related to sexual behavior: (1) Liberal vs. Conservative Attitudes; (2) Age-Experience; (3) Symbolic Sexual Preoccupation; (4) Romantic Love vs. Cynicism; (5) Experience-linked Drug Effects; (6) Affectual Dependence; (7) Mature Satisfaction; (8) Conservative vs. Liberal Sexual Practices; (9) High vs. Low Sexual Activity; (10) Sexual Revolution; (11) Sex; (12) Traditional vs. Cynical Love Roles.
Adult↗
Treating infidelity: clinical and ethical directions.
This article addresses clinical and ethical directions in treating clients coping with infidelity. Developing competence in this domain requires familiarity with empirical research regarding infidelity, individual and cultural differences involving non-monogamy, and assessment and intervention skills related to treating infidelity. Practical directions will entail distinguishing among responsibilities to individual partners versus their relationship and managing related potential conflicts of interest with other involved parties. Confidentiality assumes increased complexity when confronting undisclosed infidelity in couple therapy and when a client engaging in high-risk behaviors for contracting STDs or testing seropositive for HIV has not informed his or her partner(s). Finally, we discuss therapists' need to concretely articulate their values that influence treatment of infidelity.
Confidentiality↗
Partnership problems as causes of endogenous and neurotic depressions.
Content analysis of biographic interviews with endogenous and neurotic depressives shows that problems in a partnership carry particular weight as triggers of depression. In this respect, however, separations and the death of a partner play a comparatively less important role. Neurotic depressives become significantly more often depressive because of partnership-related events than endogenous depressives. Also in qualitative respects the causes for depression differ between the two groups: in endogenous depressives a threat of real loss often triggers depression, whereas neurotic depressives fall ill more frequently as a result of disappointments and injuries caused by the partner. Accompanying differences in the course of the partnership, the choice of partner and the premorbid personality are discussed.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
The prevalence and perceived aetiology of male sexual problems in a non-clinical sample.
One hundred and nine men (38 per cent single, 48 per cent married) participated in a survey of the prevalence of erectile and ejaculatory difficulty in a non-clinical sample. Perceived aetiology of erectile difficulty was also investigated. Twenty-three per cent of the sample were currently experiencing sexual problems, with ejaculatory difficulty approximately three times as prevalent as erectile difficulty. Nearly one-quarter had experienced erection difficulties at some time and, of these, 68 per cent had remitted without formal treatment. Most frequently cited 'causes' of erectile difficulty were 'psychological' rather than 'physical', 'practical' or specifically 'sexual,' with relationship factors including communication between partners being perceived as particularly important. The presence of erectile and/or ejaculatory difficulty was related to sexual dissatisfaction but not to ratings of relationship happiness. Men having sexual relationships outside their permanent relationship found their partner less sexually attractive and rated themselves as less happy than those men not having affairs but the two groups did not differ in terms of presence of sexual difficulty or sexual dissatisfaction. The limitations of a sample biased towards younger, more educated men, are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Case-control study of the husbands of women with dysplasia or carcinoma of the cervix uteri.
The husbands of married women with cervical dysplasia, carcinoma-in-situ, or invasive carcinoma of the cervix who, in an earlier study, had claimed to have had no sexual partner other than their husband, were interviewed to determine whether the risk of cervical epithelial abnormalities in the women could be related to their husband's sexual background. Of 322 women previously studied, 57 were eligible for this study and the husbands of 31 of them were interviewed together with the husbands of a control group, matched for age and age at first intercourse. The number of sexual partners reported by the husband was found to be a significant risk factor, with a relative risk of 7.8 for 15 or more partners outside marriage. The relative risk for women who smoked was 7.0, and this was independent of any of the sexual risk factors. The findings for subgroups of women with invasive carcinoma and with dysplasia or carcinoma-in-situ were similar. The data strongly support the view that an infectious agent is involved in the aetiology of cancer of the cervix and suggest that smoking may have an independent carcinogenic action.
Adult↗
The breastmilk controversy.
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Advertising↗
Pre- and extra-marital heterosexual behaviour of an urban community in Rajasthan, India.
A study conducted among the teachers of senior secondary schools of a city in Rajasthan state to know the magnitude of pre- and extra-marital heterosexual practices and some related characteristics revealed that one third of unmarried and one fifth of married males had experienced pre-marital sex. The same for unmarried and married females was 11.8 per cent and 1.5 per cent, respectively. The prevalence of extra-marital heterosexual act among married males was 15.5 per cent. One out of ten married males reported to have had both pre- and extra-marital sex. A male having pre-marital sex was 15 times more likely to have extra-marital sex. Friends, acquaintances and relatives were the important sexual partners while role of commercial sex workers was negligible. The study reports that heterosexual act with person other than the legal spouse is very much prevalent among this group of middle class professionals. This situation is conducive for the spread of HIV infection among general population and may adversely influence the sexual attitudes of students. The study, therefore, suggests that, besides intensifying the health education on HIV/AIDS, serious considerations about the sexual behaviours of school teachers are needed.
Adult↗
A study of sexual behavior change in rural Senegal.
This study describes recent sociodemographic and behavioral changes in a rural community in Senegal and investigates how these changes may have modified the risk of HIV/STD transmission. The authors combine findings from two surveys: (a) a marriage survey among all adults of a rural community of approximately 7,000 inhabitants; and (b) a sexual practices survey conducted among a sample of the same population (165 men and 165 women) between 1989 and 1994. During the last 30 years--between 1955-64 and 1985-92--age at first marriage increased in the study area from 25 to 32 years for men and from 21 to 24 years for women. At the same time, age at first sexual intercourse decreased by approximately 10 years on average for men. As expected, this has led to an increase in premarital sexual activity, and we have documented both an increase in the percentage of individuals declaring sexual relations before marriage and, for men, an increase in the number of sexual partners before marriage. Multipartnership is more frequent among men than women (OR=4.4), among those who had their first intercourse at an early age (OR=3.3), among rural migrants (OR=2.7), and among those who had a good knowledge of AIDS. These findings show how recent changes in marriage, sexual behaviors, and seasonal migration have combined to increase the risk of HIV/STD infection within the community. Male rural migrants and their partners are particularly exposed.
Adult↗