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Results for “Environmental Policy”

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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Health and environmental policy issues in Canada: the role of watershed management in sustaining clean drinking water quality at surface sources.

Sustaining clean and safe drinking water sources is increasingly becoming a priority because of global pollution. The means of attaining and maintaining clean drinking water sources requires effective policies that identify, document, and reduce watershed risks. These risks are defined by their potential impact to human health. Health and risk are, therefore, indelibly linked because they are in part defined by each other. Understanding pathogen ecology and identifying watershed sources remains a priority because of the associated acute risks. Surface water quality changes resulting from inputs of human waste, nutrients and chemicals are associated with higher drinking water risks. Nutrient input can increase primary production and the resulting increase of organic matter results in greater disinfection by-product formation or requires greater treatment intensity. Many drinking water disease outbreaks have resulted from breaches in treatment facilities, therefore, even with greater treatment intensity poor source water quality intrinsically has greater associated health risks. Government and international agencies play a critical role in developing policy. The goal of maintaining water supplies whose availability is maximized and risks are minimized (i.e. sustainable) should be a vital part of such policy. Health risks are discussed in the context of a multi-barrier perspective and it is concluded that both passive (protection) and active (prescriptive management) management is necessary for sustainability. Canadian aboriginal water systems, British Columbian water policy and US EPA policies are given as examples. The basis for developing effective policies includes a strong reliance on sound science and effective instrumentation with careful consideration of stakeholders' interests. Only with such directed policies can the future availability of clean drinking water sources be ensured.

Canada↗
PubMed2002

European medicines and feed additives regulation are not in compliance with environmental legislation and policy.

Environmental legislations for water and soil aim at the protection of quality of these compartments. This legislation has major consequences for product registration, amongst others the setting of environmental quality standards. A thorough risk assessment at registration of all products is crucial for the proper operationalisation of the environmental policy. A regulatory problem arises when the registration procedure is harmonised at a European level by the communautarian authority, while the authorities at the national level are responsible for maintaining the desired environmental quality. This problem can be tackled in two ways: firstly, the environmental risk assessment (ERA) should be based on common principles based on EU regulations and policy that steer the national authorities; secondly, the ERA should be developed under the supervision of competent authorities. Both options are not reflected in the forging of the ERA for medicines and feed additives. The formalisation of the contents and the procedure is not transparent nor open to input by scientists and other interested parties; the formalisation has no legal status, and European legislation cannot provide common protection goals in a global setting. The VICH Phase I and the EMEA Phase II guidance do not contain all communautarian environmental quality criteria, nor clear acceptability standards, nor harmonised methodology. Assessments are not made for all products, and the decision-making principles and practical procedures are not operational. It is therefore unlikely that any result of an ERA can be taken into consideration at registration, which undermines the legitimacy of the process. Both applicants and assessors are uncertain how to perform the risk assessment. The current developments may ultimately not only compromise product availability but also fail to protect the environment.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Environmental policy: regional commitment to reducing emissions.

The non-participation of the United States in the recently ratified Kyoto Protocol is a matter for global concern because it is estimated that the country produces 24% of all greenhouse-gas emissions worldwide. Here we analyse the commitment of individual states and municipalities to addressing this problem and find that, despite the federal policy, between 24 and 35% of the US population are currently (or soon will be) engaged in policies directed towards significantly reducing anthropogenic climate change. The importance of this sub-national effort, which we estimate corresponds to 27-49% of the gross domestic product, will depend--like the targets adopted in Kyoto--on the real reductions achieved in greenhouse-gas emissions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Environmental policy. Counting the cost of deforestation.

To halt the dramatic alteration in our climate, there must be a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases. As Bonnie and colleagues discuss in their Perspective, conservation of forests will increase carbon sequestration and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. In this issue, a cost-benefit analysis by Kremen et al. demonstrates the benefits of forest conservation on a local and global scale.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Environmental, policy, and cultural factors related to physical activity in African American women.

Six focus groups were conducted in South Carolina with African American women (n = 42) aged 19-51 years to identify factors that influence physical activity. Transcripts were analyzed using NUD*IST. Cultural influences were seen as more important in determining the type of physical activity than its level. Barriers to and enablers of physical activity were identified in the social and physical environments, as were policy issues affecting physical activity in the community and at the work site. Potential community and work site interventions were suggested. Child care and monetary costs were frequently cited as barriers to physical activity.

Adult↗