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PubMed1986

The effect of assisted ventilation on creatinine clearance and hormonal control of electrolyte balance in very low birth weight infants.

Because renal function and electrolyte balance are commonly altered in premature infants, particularly those requiring ventilatory support, we studied the influence of assisted ventilation on renal electrolyte and water excretion in infants with birth weights less than 1501 g during the 2 days after birth. Twenty-two infants receiving assisted ventilation, either as intermittent mandatory ventilation or nasal continuous positive airway pressure, were compared with 21 spontaneously ventilating infants of similar birthweight and gestational age. Mean (and SEM) creatinine clearance was lower (p less than 0.05) in the assisted ventilation group on day 1 (2.9 +/- 0.4 versus 4.1 +/- 0.4 ml/min/1.73 m2) and on day 2 (4.1 +/- 1.0 versus 6.8 +/- 0.8 ml/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.05), and there was a correlation between creatinine clearance and mean blood pressure in both groups. Mean urine vasopressin was higher in the assisted ventilation group on the first day (360 +/- 86 versus 123 +/- 30 pg/mg creatinine; p less than 0.02) and correlated with higher urine osmolality. There were no differences in urine volume, in osmolar or free water clearances, or in the intake and urine excretion of sodium, potassium, and chloride. Plasma renin activity, urine aldosterone, and urine prostaglandin E2 were similar in both groups on both days. Neither the mode of assisted ventilation nor the cause of respiratory failure appeared to affect these results.

Creatinine↗
PubMed1994

Diagnosis of colon cancer by lavage cytology with an orally administered balanced electrolyte solution.

OBJECTIVE: We wished to evaluate the feasibility of colon lavage cytology using an orally administered balanced electrolyte solution. METHODS: Thirty-three patients undergoing colonoscopy for suspected colorectal cancer were entered into the study. Fifteen of these patients eventually had pathological confirmation of colorectal cancer, and one patient had prostatic adenocarcinoma with invasion of the rectum. The other 17 patients had no colonoscopic evidence of neoplasm and therefore served as controls. Prior to colonoscopy, patients received 10 mg of bisacodyl by mouth and enough Colyte to produce a clear anal effluent for cytological examination. The colon lavage cytology was interpreted by a cytopathologist blinded to the clinical features of each case. RESULTS: In 14 of 15 (93%) cases of biopsy proven colorectal cancer, the lavage cytology was positive: 10 cases demonstrated adenocarcinoma cells and four cases showed dysplastic cells. In contrast, the cytology was negative for dysplastic or malignant cells in the control patients. CONCLUSIONS: Colon lavage cytology using an orally administered balanced electrolyte solution provides acceptable specimens for cytological evaluation and had a 93% sensitivity and 100% specificity in our population.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pulmonary function and electrolyte balance following spironolactone treatment in preterm infants with chronic lung disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of spironolactone on dietary electrolyte supplementation, pulmonary function, and electrolyte balance in premature infants with chronic lung disease. STUDY DESIGN: A double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial was designed to study two groups of low birth weight infants with chronic lung disease at Pennsylvania Hospital. The placebo group received chlorothiazide and a placebo, and the spironolactone group received chlorothiazide and spironolactone during the 2-week study period. A two-tailed t-test was used to determine equivalence between the two groups. RESULTS: Pulmonary compliance, resistance and tidal volume, serum sodium and potassium, and FIO2, were not statistically different between the two groups. The need for sodium and/or potassium chloride did not differ between the two groups, nor did the quantity of each salt. CONCLUSION: The addition of spironolactone did not reduce the requirement for supplemental electrolytes, nor did it improve pulmonary mechanics or electrolyte balance.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1976

Plasma renin and vascular complications in substrains of the spontaneously hypertensive rat, with a reference to water and electrolyte balance.

The stroke-prone and stroke-resistant substrains of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) were employed for an evaluation of possible role of reninangiotensin system and of water and electrolyte balances in inducing hypertensive vascular lesions. Serial study on plasma renin level and vascular changes did not support the hypothesis that plasma renin is a major risk factor in the development of cardiovascular complications. The high plasma renin level seen in advanced stages of hypertension appeared to be a result of severe vascular damages, indicating malignant transformation of hypertension. In this state, water turnover was enhanced without any abnormality in electrolyte balances. A possible mechanism involved in the malignant course of hypertension is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of aevite and riboflavin on the electrolyte balance in the wall of the hepatic blood vessels in experimental toxic hepatitis].

The effects of aevite and riboflavin on electrolyte balance in the vessel wall were studied in toxic hepatitis in the cat. Significant changes in the contents of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in the hepatic blood vessels were found in all periods of observation. The treatment of toxic hepatitis with aevite and riboflavin results in normalization of electrolyte balance of the vessel wall.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effects of dietary electrolyte balance on the chemistry of blood and urine in lactating sows and sow litter performance.

One hundred fifty-three sows (average parity of 2.2) were used to determine the effects of dietary electrolyte balance (calculated as mEq/kg of diet for Na + K - Cl) on sows and their litters during lactation. The sows were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets (1.0% lysine, 1.0% valine, 0.95% Ca, and 0.80% P; as-fed basis) starting on d 109 of gestation and throughout the 21-d lactation experiment. Dietary electrolyte balance (dEB) was 0, 100, 200, 350, and 500 mEq/kg (as-fed basis), well above and below the dEB of 185 mEq/kg found in a simple corn-soybean meal-based lactation diet. To achieve the desired dEB, diets had the following: 1) 1.8% HCl (6 N) and 1.06% CaCl2, 2) 1.0% CaCl2, 3) 0.04% NaHCO3, 4) 1.29% NaHCO3, and 5) 2.54% NaHCO3 (as-fed basis). Increasing dEB increased blood pH (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.001), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (linear effect, P < 0.001), HCO3- concentration (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.001), and blood base excess (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.001). However, increased dEB resulted in lower blood concentrations of K (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.04), Cl (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.001), and ionized Ca (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.001). Changing dEB did not affect ADFI; water usage, litter weight gain; sow weight change; sow backfat change; percentages of CP, lactose, and fat in the milk; percentage of sows returning to estrus; days to estrus; and number of pigs born alive in the subsequent litter (P = 0.06). However, piglet survivability to d 10 and overall was greatest with the lower dEB treatments (linear effect, P < 0.05). The pH (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.001) and colony forming units of total bacteria (linear effect, P < 0.03) in the urine increased as dEB of the diet was increased. In conclusion, dEB had pronounced effects on the physiological status of sows and decreasing dEB below that in a simple corn-soybean meal-based diet decreased bacterial counts in the urine and increased piglet survivability. However, milk composition, sow and litter weights at weaning, and subsequent rebreeding performance of the sows were not affected by dEB.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in the electrolyte balance and the transmural differential in the potentials of the blood vessel wall during the administration of spironolactone and its combination with euphylline].

It has been demonstrated in experiments on normotensive cats that during chronic administration of spironolactone alone or combined with euphylline there occur inconclusive variations in the transmural potential difference and electrolyte balance in the vascular wall. Spironolactone did not produce any marked changes in electrolyte balance and hypotensive effect. Combined administration of the drugs under study made the intima of the carotid artery electrically positive. By day 5 one can see a clear tendency to an increase in the biopotential towards electric negative, with the alterations in the sodium and potassium content in the vascular wall being the most pronounced.

Aminophylline↗
PubMed2003

The effects of irrigation fluid volume and irrigation time on fluid electrolyte balance and hemodynamics in percutaneous nephrolithotripsy.

OBJECTIVE: to determine fluid-electrolyte and hemodynamics changes and complications associated with irrigation fluid volume and time in percutaneous nephrolithotripsy in that 0.9% NaCl was used as irrigant. METHODS: Standard anaesthetic procedures were performed to 6 women and 16 men. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, central venous pressure, Na+, K+, osmolality, haemoglobin, haematocrit were recorded before, during and after irrigation every 10 minutes. Creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were determined before and after irrigation. Moreover, the operation and irrigation times, irrigation fluid volume, total fluid output versus input, blood transfusions and complications were recorded. RESULTS: Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, central venous pressure, Na+, K+, osmolality did not change significantly during and after irrigation and no relationship was observed between those with irrigation volume and time. Creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values during and after irrigation did not change significantly versus those before irrigation. Although no blood transfusion was needed for any case during the procedure, it was necessary for two cases after the procedure. One case with pneumothorax that developed during procedure was treated by inserting a thoracic tube. CONCLUSION: There were no significant changes in fluid-electrolyte balance and hemodynamics related to both irrigation fluid volume and irrigation time when 0.9% NaCl was used in PNL.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Role of gammaENaC subunit in lung liquid clearance and electrolyte balance in newborn mice. Insights into perinatal adaptation and pseudohypoaldosteronism.

Genetic evidence supports a critical role for the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in both clearance of fetal lung liquid at birth and total body electrolyte homeostasis. Evidence from heterologous expression systems suggests that expression of the alphaENaC subunit is essential for channel function, whereas residual channel function can be measured in the absence of beta or gamma subunits. We generated mice without gammaENaC (gammaENaC -/-) to test the role of this subunit in neonatal lung liquid clearance and total body electrolyte balance. Relative to controls, gammaENaC (-/-) pups showed low urinary [K+] and high urinary [Na+] and died between 24 and 36 h, probably from hyperkalemia (gammaENaC -/- 18.3 mEq/l, control littermates 9.7 mEq/l). Newborn gammaENaC (-/-) mice cleared lung liquid more slowly than control littermates, but lung water at 12 h (wet/dry = 5.5) was nearly normal (wet/dry = 5.3). This study suggests that gammaENaC facilitates neonatal lung liquid clearance and is critical for renal Na+ and K+ transport, and that low level Na+ transport may be sufficient for perinatal lung liquid absorption but insufficient to maintain electrolyte balance by the distal nephron. The gammaENaC (-/-) newborn exhibits a phenotype that resembles the clinical manifestations of human neonatal PHA1.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1981

[Relationship between electrolyte balance and the function of the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system in fetuses and neonates (author's transl)].

In order to establish the relationship between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (R-A-ALDO), water and electrolyte balance in fetuses and neonates, a series of their plasma levels were evaluated concurrently and the following results were obtained. Neonates at delivery with birth weights in excess of 3.0 kg, consistently showed high umbilical plasma levels of ALDO, deoxycorticosterone (DOC), plasma renin activity (PRA) and angiotensin-II (A-II). Potassium (K+), sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) levels were roughly equivalent in both maternal and fetal compartments. In umbilical arteries (UA), ALDO showed a definite relationship with 18OH-B and ACTH, however, did not for DOC, A-II, Na+ or K+. A comparison between umbilical vein (UV) and UA, revealed a relationship between ALDO, 18OH-B and PRA. Neonatal DOC, PRA, A-II and ACTH decreased significantly during the 1st post partum day in the presence of a rapid increase of 18OH-B and ALDO to levels in excess of that found in UA, these conditions persist up to the 3rd post partum day. Neonates with birth weights of less than 2.5 kg showed high ALDO, PRA, A-II ad K+ levels in the umbilical plasma, especially the UA. Comparing these neonates with those exceeding 3.0 kg birth weight revealed that in the UA, ALDO and K+ were at high levels. Neonatal PRA, A-II, Na+ and K+ showed no demonstrable variations up to the 8th post partum day and DOC after day 1 increased in the presence of a decrease in ALDO levels during day 1 and 18OH-B during day 3. Comparison of findings between the R-A-ALDO, water and electrolyte balance in fetuses and neonates are discussed.

18-Hydroxycorticosterone↗
PubMed2001

Fluid and electrolyte balance in ultra-endurance sport.

It is well known that fluid and electrolyte balance are critical to optimal exercise performance and, moreover, health maintenance. Most research conducted on extreme sporting endeavour (>3 hours) is based on case studies and studies involving small numbers of individuals. Ultra-endurance sportsmen and women typically do not meet their fluid needs during exercise. However, successful athletes exercising over several consecutive days come close to meeting fluid needs. It is important to try to account for all factors influencing bodyweight changes, in addition to fluid loss, and all sources of water input. Increasing ambient temperature and humidity can increase the rate of sweating by up to approximately 1 L/h. Depending on individual variation, exercise type and particularly intensity, sweat rates can vary from extremely low values to more than 3 L/h. Over-hydration, although not frequently observed, can also present problems, as can inappropriate fluid composition. Over-hydrating or meeting fluid needs during very long-lasting exercise in the heat with low or negligible sodium intake can result in reduced performance and, not infrequently, hyponatraemia. Thus, with large rates of fluid ingestion, even measured just to meet fluid needs, sodium intake is vital and an increased beverage concentration [30 to 50 mmol/L (1.7 to 2.9 g NaCl/L) may be beneficial. If insufficient fluids are taken during exercise, sodium is necessary in the recovery period to reduce the urinary output and increase the rate of restoration of fluid balance. Carbohydrate inclusion in a beverage can affect the net rate of water assimilation and is also important to supplement endogenous reserves as a substrate for exercising muscles during ultra-endurance activity. To enhance water absorption, glucose and/or glucose-containing carbohydrates (e.g. sucrose, maltose) at concentrations of 3 to 5% weight/volume are recommended. Carbohydrate concentrations above this may be advantageous in terms of glucose oxidation and maintaining exercise intensity, but will be of no added advantage and, if hyperosmotic, will actually reduce the net rate of water absorption. The rate of fluid loss may exceed the capacity of the gastrointestinal tract to assimilate fluids. Gastric emptying, in particular, may be below the rate of fluid loss, and therefore, individual tolerance may dictate the maximum rate of fluid intake. There is large individual variation in gastric emptying rate and tolerance to larger volumes. Training to drink during exercise is recommended and may enhance tolerance.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1983

A physiological appraisal of polyethylene glycol and a balanced electrolyte solution as bowel preparation.

Seventy-seven patients undergoing bowel preparation with either sennosides and rectal washout (S + RWO; n = 26) or polyethylene glycol and a balanced electrolyte solution (PEG + E) given orally (n = 25) or by nasogastric infusion (n = 26) have been studied. PEG + E was not associated with significant physiological change in electrolytes or blood gases. Patients tolerated PEG + E well and it provided a moderate to good bowel preparation in over 80 per cent of cases. PEG + E was not associated with a change in colonic microflora and was not associated with explosive mixtures of colonic gas due to hydrogen. It is therefore a safe, quick and efficient bowel preparation and provides a safer alternative to mannitol. The solution (PEG + E) man be used orally or by nasogastric infusion and does not require an accompanying intravenous infusion.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Severe hyponatremia in a case of severe spinal injury: sequential examination of factors affecting water-electrolyte balance].

Although hyponatremia has been known to occur in patients with severe spinal cord injury with highly incidence, its mechanism has not been understood well. We examined a 64-year-old patient with severe hyponatremia after spinal cord injury by sequential measuring of the factors affecting water-electrolyte balance, such as antidiuretic hormone, renin, angiotensin II, atrial natriuretic peptide, and brain natriuretic peptide. The patient showed severe hypotension due to dysfunction of the sympathetic nerve. The hyponatremia gradually resolved with the improvement of sympathetic nerve function. According to those results, the sympathetic nerve dysfunction was thought to correlate with the hyponatremia, and it was suggested that the unknown sympathetic regulation of water-electrolyte balance existed.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1991

[Effects of fasting and infusion of acid-base balance, electrolyte and plasma glucose level in children during operation].

We studied the effects of fasting and infusion different fluid on acid-base balance, electrolyte and plasma glucose level in 50 children during operation. After whole night fasting, 26 of 44 children (59.1%) were found to have metabolic acidosis, and 5 of 42 children (11.9%) have hypokalemia. The serum K+ level of 30 of 42 children (71.4%) and the serum Na+ level of 6 of 48 children (12.5%) were lower than normal. The serum Cl- level of 21 of 48 children (43.8%) was higher than normal. The serum glucose level of 6 of 48 children was lower than normal. One of 48 children (2.1%) had hypoglycemia. The effects of infusing deferent fluids on acid-base balance, electrolytes and plasma glucose level were compared. The results showed that in patients infusing 10% dextrose with Ringer's solution or 5% Dextrose with normal saline, the plasma glucose level, electrolytes maintained at the normal level or acidosis corrected significantly. It is suggested that 10% dextrose with Ringer's solution and 5% dextrose with normal saline are infused during operation for children.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The correction of the water-electrolyte balance and the acid-base status in a severe course of leptospirosis].

The clinical course of grave forms of leptospirosis presents with disorders in the fluid and electrolyte balance and acid-base condition (ABC) which fact necessitates taking prompt action for the condition to be corrected. Correction of disorders in the fluid and electrolyte balance involves employment of glucose and salt solutions, dextrans, and in most severe cases albumin drugs under control of hematocrit values, plasma osmolarity, and 24-h diuresis monitoring. Correction of disorders in the ABC is primarily aimed at alleviating the metabolic acidosis through detoxication by applying specific therapy together with oral and parenteral administration of sodium hydrogen carbonate.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗
PubMed1995

Fluid-electrolyte balance associated with tennis match play in a hot environment.

Twenty (12 male and 8 female) tennis players from two Division I university tennis teams performed three days of round-robin tournament play (i.e., two singles tennis matches followed by one doubles match per day) in a hot environment (32.2 +/- 1.5 degrees C and 53.9 +/- 2.4% rh at 1200 hr), so that fluid-electrolyte balance could be evaluated. During singles play, body weight percentage changes were minimal and were similar for males and females (males -1.3 +/- 0.8%, females -0.7 +/- 0.8%). Estimated daily losses (mmol.day-1) of sweat sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) (males, Na+ 158.7, K+ 31.3; females, Na+ 86.5, K+ 18.9) were met by the players' daily dietary intakes (mmol.day-1) of these electrolytes (males, Na+ 279.1 +/- 109.4, K+ 173.5 +/- 57.7; females, Na+ 178.9 +/- 68.9, K+ 116.1 +/- 37.5). Daily plasma volume and electrolyte (Na+, K+) levels were generally conserved, although, plasma [Na+] was lower (p < .05) on the morning of Day 4. This study indicated that these athletes generally maintained overall fluid-electrolyte balance, in response to playing multiple tennis matches on 3 successive days in a hot environment, without the occurrence of heat illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The influence of gestational age and onset of labour on determinants of fetal-maternal fluid and electrolyte balance in sheep.

Our aim was to compare the effects of gestational age and the timing of the onset of labour on factors influencing fetal fluid and electrolyte balance and urine production in fetal sheep. We measured the volume and composition of fetal urine and amniotic and allantoic fluids, as well as fetal and maternal plasma composition and micturition episodes in sheep during late gestation until the onset of labour. We found that daily fetal urine production and urethral urine flow per micturition episode increased significantly in relation to the onset of labour but not to gestational age (P < 0.05). In the 2 days preceding the onset of labour fetal urine and amniotic fluid K+ concentrations and urine osmolality increased significantly and the Na+/K+ ratio in allantoic fluid decreased significantly (P < 0.05). There was also a significant fall in fetal arterial SaO2 (P < 0.05) but no significant changes occurred in fetal plasma electrolyte composition, osmolality or AVP concentrations. Fetal plasma cortisol and prolactin concentrations and amniotic and allantoic fluid prolactin concentrations increased significantly and progressively in association with both advancing gestation and the onset of labour whereas maternal plasma prolactin concentrations increased significantly only in the 2 days before the onset of labour (P < 0.05). We conclude that some developmental aspects of fetal fluid and electrolyte balance, including renal function, are more closely related to the timing of parturition than to gestational age per se.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1990

Effect of dietary electrolyte balance on nutrient digestibility determined at the end of the small intestine and over the total digestive tract in growing pigs.

A replicated 4 x 4 Latin square digestion trial was conducted to determine the effect of electrolyte balance (EB = Na + K - Cl meq/kg of the diet) on apparent nutrient digestibilities in pigs fitted with ileal T-cannulas. Experimental diets were composed of corn and soybean meal with dietary EB altered by the substitution of CaCl2 for CaCO3, or NaHCO3 for corn and soybean meal. Electrolyte balance levels examined were -50, 100, 250 or 400 meq/kg of the diet. Increasing dietary EB concentration linearly increased (P less than .05 to P less than .02) apparent ileal digestibility of N, energy, DM and all amino acids, except alanine and methionine. However, nutrient and amino acid digestibilities measured over the total digestive tract were similar (P greater than .16) among EB levels. Increasing dietary EB resulted in a linear and quadratic (P less than .03) effect on daily urinary N excretion, resulting in a linear (P less than .05) improvement in N retention expressed both as a percentage of N intake and of absorbed N. Blood pH, total CO2, HCO3 and base excess concentrations increased linearly (P less than .02 to P less than .001) with increasing dietary EB. Dietary EB concentrations influenced nutrient and amino acid absorption measured near the end of the small intestine. Additionally, the N balance data per unit of N intake or N absorbed are indicative of an improved N utilization in pigs fed increasing dietary EB concentrations from -50 to 400 meq/kg.

Amino Acids↗