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PubMed2006

Pretreatment of wastewater from triazine manufacturing by coagulation, electrolysis, and internal microelectrolysis.

We studied the pretreatment of concentrated wastewater from triazine manufacturing by coagulation, electrolysis, and internal microelectrolysis. Results show that coagulation by polyaluminum chloride at dosage of 0.5 g/L could remove up to 17.2% chemical oxygen demand (COD) from the wastewater. Electrolysis using iron electrode achieved 33.2% COD removal at current of 2A in 180 min, which was attributed to coagulation and oxidation of the organic contaminants in the wastewater by the radicals (OH and O) and oxidants (O2, O3, and H2O2) produced in electrochemical reactions. Internal microelectrolysis using iron chips and granular activated carbon (GAC) showed that up to 60.5% COD could be removed under the conditions of iron/GAC/wastewater volumetric ratio of 3:2:490, sparge ratio (ratio of air flow rate to volume of wastewater) of 2:490 min(-1), and reaction time of 132 h. COD reduction in internal microelectrolysis was attributed to a combination of chemical and physical processes, mainly oxidation by radicals and oxidants formed in electrochemical reactions, adsorption on, co-precipitation with, and enmeshment in ferrous and ferric hydroxides resulted from Fe2+ released during anode oxidation. The results suggest that internal microelectrolysis using iron chips and GAC is a promising, low-cost alternative for pretreating concentrated wastewater from pesticide manufacturing.

Aluminum Hydroxide↗
PubMed1998

Experimental study of electrolysis-induced hepatic necrosis.

BACKGROUND: One of the most promising but unexplored methods for treating patients with irresectable liver tumours is electrolysis. This study examined the effect of increasing 'current dose' on the volume of the lesion induced in normal rat liver. METHODS: A direct current generator, connected to platinum electrodes implanted in the rat liver, was used to examine the effect of (1) varying current doses from 1 to 5 coulombs and (2) electrode separation (2 or 20 mm), on the volume of liver necrosis. RESULTS: There was a significant correlation (P < 0.001) between the current dose and the volume of necrosis produced for each electrode separation. Placing the electrodes 2 mm apart resulted in smaller total volumes of necrosis than placing them 20 mm apart when anode lesions were significantly larger than cathode lesions (P< 0.05). Liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase) were significantly raised 1 day after treatment (P < 0.001) and predicted the total volume of hepatic necrosis (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Predictable and reproducible areas of liver necrosis are produced with electrolysis. If these results extrapolate to larger animal models, this technique has potential for patients with irresectable primary and secondary liver tumours.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Use of electrolysis as an adjunct to liver resection.

BACKGROUND: Patients with hepatic metastases are potentially curable if all the diseased tissue can be resected. Unfortunately, only 10-20 per cent of patients are suitable for curative resection. Electrolysis is a novel non-thermal method of tissue ablation. When used in conjunction with surgery it may increase the number of resectable liver tumours with curative treatment. METHODS: All patients had been deemed inoperable using currently accepted criteria. Nine patients with hepatic deposits from colorectal carcinoma underwent combined surgical resection and electrolytic ablation of metastases. RESULTS: The treatment was associated with minimal morbidity. Within the electrolytically treated area seven patients had no radiological evidence of recurrence at a median follow-up of 9 (range 6-43) months; local recurrence was detected in two patients. Six of the nine patients had metastases elsewhere in the liver with four having extrahepatic metastases. Three patients remain tumour free. Three patients died. The median survival was 17 (range 9-24) months from the time of treatment. DISCUSSION: Electrolysis with resection may confer a disease-free and overall survival benefit. The small size of this initial study precludes statistical analysis, but preliminary results are encouraging.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Electrolysis and other local ablative treatments for non-resectable colorectal liver metastases.

The present paper is a review of the current ablative treatment options for the treatment of colorectal liver metastases. Cryotherapy, microwave coagulation therapy, radiofrequency ablation and laser-induced thermotherapy are discussed. Electrolysis, a novel non-thermal ablative treatment, is described. Potential benefits of electrolysis include the apparent ability to safely and effectively treat lesions abutting major hepatic structures and the lack of a systemic inflammatory reaction following electrolytic ablation. Further studies in animals and humans are needed to confirm this potential and to further refine the methods of electrolytic treatment of colorectal liver metastases.

Colorectal Neoplasms↗
PubMed2006

Research on inhibitive behaviors of electrolysis on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa.

Electrochemical method using a novel Ti/RuO2 anode was employed to inhibit a typical cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) under different electrolytic conditions. It is demonstrated that Ti/RuO2 anode was more efficient than traditional graphite anode in M. aeruginosa inhibition. The experimental results showed that the higher current density or longer electrolytic time could effectively improve the inhibition of M. aeruginosa. In addition, sodium chloride was a more effective electrolyte than sodium sulfate to enhance inhibition. The maximum inhibiting rate dose to 100% could be obtained at a current density of 12 mA cm(-2) when sodium chloride was used as a supporting electrolyte. Furthermore, UV-Visible spectra demonstrated that the structures of phycocyanins and chlorophyll a (Chl a) in M. aeruginosa could be changed or destroyed during electrolysis. Moreover, EPR spectra showed the generation of the free radicals through electrolysis, which might be one of the reasons responsible for the inhibition of algal growth.

Chlorophyll↗
PubMed2001

Selective interaction of tirapazamine with DNA bases and DNA. A comparison of cyclic voltammetry and electrolysis techniques.

An electrochemical model has been used to study the reductive activation of the hypoxic cell cytotoxin tirapazamine (TPZ, 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide). Cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis have been used to generate and study the 1-electron reduction product, the assumed biologically active species. Cyclic voltammetry of tirapazamine in dimethylformamide shows a quasi-reversible 1-electron reduction with the product showing a tendency to participate in a following chemical reaction. Controlled potential electrolysis to generate the 1-electron reduction product was unsuccessful due to the formation of a new redox-active species at less negative reduction potentials. However, the cyclic voltammetry of tirapazamine in the presence of E. coli DNA shows a decrease in the lifetime of the radical anion, signifying direct interaction with the DNA. The radical lifetime also decreased in the presence of adenine, thymine and guanine, but increased upon addition of cytosine and ribose. The study shows that cyclic voltammetry is an extremely useful tool for investigating the interaction between bio-reductive drugs and biological target molecules.

Adenine↗
PubMed1996

Inhibitory effects of acid water prepared by an electrolysis apparatus on early plaque formation on specimens of dentine.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of acid water prepared by an electrolysis apparatus with placebo treatment on the ultrastructure of early plaque formed on dentine specimens attached to retainers in the oral cavity. Dentine specimens were taken from 12 healthy extracted human 3rd molars. 4 dentine specimens were placed in the both the right and left buccal flanges of retainers fabricated from self-setting acrylic resin. The retainers were placed on both maxillary buccal sites in 6 subjects. The test solution was acid water (AW) prepared by an electrolysis apparatus with a pH of 2.7 and an oxidation-reduction potential of more than 1100 mV. As a positive control, 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) solution was used and normal saline solution as a negative control. 4 specimens placed in the right and left retainers were randomly allocated to 4 treatments as follows: treatment A, washing with AW; treatment B, washing with CHX solution; treatment C, washing with normal saline; treatment D, no washing. Washing was carried out in a plastic beaker containing 30 ml of each solution for 30s 2X daily over a 7-day period. The specimens were then carefully removed from the retainers, the morphology and thickness of the plaque formed examined by SEM, and the developmental condition of the plaque analyzed statistically. The plaque on the specimens in treatments A and B consisted mainly of coccoid forms. Mature plaque formation with complex flora was seen on the specimens in treatments C and D. The mean thickness of the plaque deposits on the dentin specimens as measured on SEM photographs magnified 2000 times was 8.80 mm for treatment. A, while in treatment B it was 3.90 mm. Plaque thickness for treatment C was 24.97 mm, and for treatment D 25.67 mm. The thickness of plaque formed on the sectioned specimens was significantly less for treatments A and B than for treatments C and D. However, there was no statistically significant difference between treatments A and B, and between treatments C and D (p < 0.0001). The results of this short-term study indicate that AW washing has almost the same potential for inhibition of plaque formation as CHX washing, and is more effective for inhibiting plaque formation than washing with sterile saline. It is therefore concluded that AW may be useful as an anti-plaque agent.

Acids↗
PubMed1985

Electrolysis for recanalization of urinary collecting system obstructions: a percutaneous approach.

Nine recent endourologic cases are presented that evidence percutaneous electrolysis and electrocautery as new and safe techniques for incising the urothelium. Electrolysis with balloon dilation was employed to remove stones sequestered behind infundibular and/or diverticular neck stenoses, to correct uretero-pelvic junction (UPJ) stenoses and strictures, and to recanalize a totally obstructed fibrotic UPJ.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estimated prevalence of undiagnosed glucose intolerance from hyperandrogenic anovulation among women requesting electrolysis.

OBJECTIVE: Hyperandrogenic anovulation is the principal risk factor for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in young women. Since many of these women undergo depilatory therapy, the purpose of this study was to estimate the probability of undiagnosed glucose intolerance associated with hyperandrogenic anovulation among premenopausal women requesting electrolysis. DESIGN: Case-series study. INTERVENTIONS: Women (N = 791) attending one of 27 electrology clinics in the United States, Canada and Germany received questionnaires requesting anthropometric data; personal information regarding age, surgery and medication use, and family histories of excess hair growth in female relatives and diabetes in parents or siblings. RESULTS: Of 652 respondents less than age 50 years, 643 (98.6%) women had hirsutism, of whom 465 had regular menstrual cycles. One hundred seventy-eight (27.3%) women less than 50 years of age had hirsutism with irregular menses, and one-half of these women also were obese. Regardless of adiposity, one-third of hirsute women with menstrual irregularity knew the cause of their androgen excess, while the remaining two-thirds were unaware of the reason for their excess hair growth. CONCLUSIONS: Assuming a 20% risk of glucose intolerance in obese hyperandrogenic anovulatory women by the fourth decade of life, the estimated prevalence of undiagnosed glucose intolerance from hyperandrogenic anovulation is 1.7% among women requesting electrolysis before age 50 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Vacuum electrolysis reactor technique for quantitation of 13-carbon isotope enrichment at the C1-position of formic acid and acetic acid.

A specialized vacuum electrolysis reactor was designed, constructed, and utilized for 13-carbon isotope analysis of formic acid-13C and acetic acid-13C, each highly enriched at the C1-position. This reusable reactor was equipped with two platinum wire electrodes, miniature stir bar, and sidearm reaction chamber. The associated technique developed for 13-carbon isotope analysis is based upon electrolytic generation of carbon dioxide into the preevacuated reactor followed by gas inlet mass spectrometry. It proved practical to degas and electrolyze 95% formic acid (without added electrolyte) due to adequate ionic conductivity. Formic acid-13C (nominally 99 at. % 13C) was measured by electrolytic CO2 generation to be 98.9 at. % 13C. To analyze various 13C-isotopic permutations of acetic acid, lithium and acid were separately added to reactor compartments, vacuum degassed, and stirred to produce an acidic solution. Thus, acetic acid-1-13C that was nominally 99 at. % 13C1 was determined by vacuum electrolysis to be 98.9 at. % 13C1. Further, acetic acid-2-13C that was isotope depleted at the C1-position (and known to be 99 at. % 13C at C2) gave 0.8 at. % 13C by mass spectrometry.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

A bulk electrolysis Raman spectroelectrochemical cell using a rotating electrode

A fast bulk electrolysis Raman spectroelectrochemical cell is described. The cell employs a large-area platinum gauze and disk assembly which can be rotated at speeds up to 5,000 rpm. The complete electrolysis of a 5-mL solution can be achieved in less than 6 min using a 2,000 rpm rotation rate. The resonance Raman spectrum of (TPP*+)Cu(II) was collected in situ in this cell.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Photoassisted electrolysis of water by irradiation of a titanium dioxide electrode.

Ultraviolet irradiation (351, 364 nm) of the n-type semiconductor TiO(2) as the single crystal electrode of an aqueous electrochemical cell evolves O(2) at the TiO(2) electrode and H(2) at the Pt electrode. The gases are typically evolved in a two: one (H(2):O(2)) volume ratio. The photoassisted reaction seems to require applied voltages, but values as low as 0.25 V do allow the photoassisted electrolysis to proceed. Prolonged irradiation in either acid or base evolves the gaseous products in amounts which clearly demonstrate that the reaction is catalytic with respect to the TiO(2). The wavelength response of the TiO(2) and the correlation of product yield and current are reported. The results support the claim that TiO(2) is a true photoassistance agent for the electrolysis of water. Minimum optical storage efficiencies of the order of 1% can be achieved by the production of H(2).

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Synergism between electrolysis and methylene blue photodynamic action in Escherichia coli.

There is interest in the use of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of certain diseases, including cancer. However, weak penetration of visible light in tissues has restricted its use. In this study the possibility of enhancing photodynamic effects by the use of energies that penetrate more deeply in tissues was investigated. Weak electric currents (1.0 mA) applied to Escherichia coli cells for short periods, producing little or no lethal damage, was found to act synergistically with the photodynamic action of methylene blue, significantly enhancing the effects of this treatment. This synergism exists also between electrolysis and X-rays but not between electrolysis and UV-254 nm. It is suggested that this synergism might eventually be used to improve the results obtained in therapeutic practice based on the utilization of photodynamic action.

Electricity↗
PubMed2002

Liver electrolysis: pH can reliably monitor the extent of hepatic ablation in pigs.

Electrolysis is a method of tissue ablation that creates chemical species and a pH gradient in response to direct current. Initial studies of electrolysis in animal models and humans have shown that it is a safe, predictable and effective process for destroying normal and tumour-bearing liver in a linear, dose-dependent manner. Presently, the amount of current that is applied (in coulombs) has to be calculated using historical data, with inherent inaccuracy. The present study tested whether pH could be used as a real-time monitor in order to predict more accurately the extent of necrosis. A total of 70 electrolytic lesions were created in 14 pigs, with pH monitoring of the lesion edge. The normal range of pH values was 6.5-8.7. A pH of less than 6 (at the anode) or more than 9 (at the cathode) reflected total cellular necrosis. When a pH value was recorded between 6.0 and 6.5 at the anode or between 8.7 and 9.0 at the cathode, the presence of necrosis was variable. In conclusion, during electrolytic ablation, pH measurement can monitor the extent of the induced necrosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Ferric chloride leach-electrolysis process for production of lead.

The U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, under a cost-sharing, cooperative research agreement with lead producers, is studying a process to eliminate sulfur oxide generation and to minimize lead emission in the production of lead. The new process consists of leaching lead sulfide concentrate with a ferric chloride-sodium chloride solution to produce lead chloride, and fused-salt electrolysis of lead chloride to produce lead metal and chlorine. The chlorine is used to regenerate ferric chloride in the leach solution. The study is being conducted in a process investigation unit which treats 750 lb of concentrate a day. This paper discusses the results of operation of the process investigation unit, data on lead monitoring, and the precautions employed to control lead levels in the workplace atmosphere. The monitoring data for the initial phase of the investigation show lead levels well within OSHA permissible exposure limits. Continued development is necessary before the process can be considered for implementation.

Chlorides↗
PubMed1990

Steady state electrolysis and isoelectric focusing.

The properties of pH gradients formed by stationary electrolysis of weak mobile or fixed electrolytes are analyzed. The model uses the appropriate balance equations and those of chemical equilibria. It is shown how the equation of the current density has to be modified for considering that fraction of current that is associated with the diffusion of neutral buffer molecules within a pH gradient. Furthermore it is shown that the pH gradients themselves give rise to water production within the gradient and that essential properties of the steady state are related to chemical reactions between the electrolyte constituents. The differential equations describing the gradients of the concentration of a given component, the pH, conductivity and potential are explicitly formulated in relation to those reactions. The equations are solved numerically and the significance of the results for isoelectric focusing is discussed. The experimental conditions to reach shallow and smooth pH gradients exhibiting sufficient ionic strength are formulated.

Buffers↗
PubMed1998

Steady-state electrolysis of an ampholyte solution and possibility of violation of the "law of pH monotony".

The problem of stationary electrolysis of a single-component ampholyte solution is analyzed. The effect of nonconstant relative mobility is taken into account. It is demonstrated that an incorrect dissociation model (i.e., expressing the resulting ampholyte flux by the arithmetic sum of the fluxes for "cationic" and "anionic" species) may lead to the violation of the so-called "law of pH monotony".

Anions↗
PubMed2001

Minimizing analyte electrolysis in an electrospray emitter.

The electrospray (ES) ion source is a controlled-current electrolytic flow cell. Electrolytic reactions in the ES emitter capillary are continually ongoing to sustain the production of charged droplets and ultimately gas-phase ions from this device. Under certain circumstances, the analytes under study may be directly involved in these electrolytic processes. It is demonstrated that a simple means to minimize analyte electrolysis is to exchange the normal metal emitter capillary of commercial ES sources with one made of fused silica. This change is shown to provide an ES mass spectrometric system of similar performance in terms of gas-phase ion signal generated for non-electroactive analytes and also assures minimal oxidation of electroactive analytes even at low (2.0 microl x min(-1)) solution flow-rates and high (millimolar) solution electrolyte concentrations.

Electrolysis↗