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PubMed2001

Iatrogenic ejaculation disorders and their prevention.

Ejaculation is mediated by sympathetic fibers originating from the D10-L2 medullar center. These nerves rise from the lumbar ganglia of the paravertebral sympathetic trunk and travel posteriorly to the vena cava and then to the interaortocaval space, on the right side, and laterally to the aorta, on the left side. They are the principal constituents of the superior hypogastric plexus. Many surgical operations can cause an ejaculation disorder, but the most important is retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy (RL) for testis cancer, because it involves young patients and it has been the subject of important researches in order to perform lymph node dissection without ejaculation loss (unilateral lymphadenectomy and nerve sparing lymphadenectomy). Our experience concerns 41 patients who underwent RL for testis cancer from 1983 to 1998. Survival rate was 95.2% (mean follow up 64 months). RL was performed bilaterally in 14 patients. Two of them died of metastases within 2 years after the operation. Ejaculation was maintained in only 4 of the 12 surviving patients (33%). All the 17 patients (100%) underwent right monolateral RL and 7 of the 10 (70%) underwent left monolateral RL preserved ejaculation. The anatomosurgical concepts of the RL sparing the ejaculation can be adopted in other retroperitoneal surgical operations that can produce ejaculation disorders, such as wide lymphadenectomy for renal cell carcinoma or tumors of the upper urinary tract, exeresis of pre- aortic tumors, exeresis or disjunction of horseshoe kidney and aorto-iliac revascularization. Surgical therapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (open surgery or transurethral prostatic resection) is associated with retrograde ejaculation in nearly 100% of cases. The mechanism of the dysfunction is clear, if following the procedure the bladder neck remains opened. Loss of ejaculation is reported in variable percentage after the newer endoscopic techniques for the treatment of BPH. Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA) seems to have the lower risk of retrograde ejaculation. Retrograde ejaculation can also be related to a traumatic injury of the posterior urethra, because of the trauma itself or the therapy. Finally, the ejaculation disorder can be produced by several drugs that block, as a main or secondary effect, the alpha-adrenoreceptors or act at the central level. This side effect has to be kept in mind when these drugs are used in young or sexually active patients.

Ejaculation↗
PubMed2006

How costly are ejaculates for Japanese macaques?

Much sexual selection theory is based on the idea that ejaculate is cheap. Since further details are unknown our aim was to determine the energy that primate males require for ejaculate production. We addressed this problem by measuring the energy content (in kJ) of ejaculates from Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) using standard bomb calorimetry. Then, we estimated the relative amount of energy that individuals require for ejaculate production by relating the net energy content of ejaculates to males' daily basal metabolic rate (BMR). Fresh macaque ejaculate contains 3.0 kJ ml(-1). Assuming a mean volume of 2.7 ml an average macaque ejaculate contains 8.1 kJ. Depending on the individuals' body mass (6-13 kg) and the number and volume of the ejaculates, macaque males are assumed to use between at least 0.8% and at most 6.0% of their BMR for ejaculate production per day during the breeding season. Even when regarding only the minimal energy investment of 0.8% of daily BMR for ejaculate production, clearly ejaculates come with some cost for primate males.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Proposal for a definition of lifelong premature ejaculation based on epidemiological stopwatch data.

INTRODUCTION: Consensus on a definition of premature ejaculation has not yet been reached because of debates based on subjective authority opinions and nonstandardized assessment methods to measure ejaculation time and ejaculation control. AIM: To provide a definition for lifelong premature ejaculation that is based on epidemiological evidence including the neurobiological and psychological approach. METHODS: We used the 0.5 and 2.5 percentiles as accepted standards of disease definition in a skewed distribution. We applied these percentiles in a stopwatch-determined intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) distribution of 491 nonselected men from five different countries. The practical consequences of 0.5% and 2.5% cutoff points for disease definition were taken into consideration by reviewing current knowledge of feelings of control and satisfaction in relation to ejaculatory performance of the general male population. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Literature arguments to be used in a proposed consensus on a definition of premature ejaculation. RESULTS: The stopwatch-determined IELT distribution is positively skewed. The 0.5 percentile equates to an IELT of 0.9 minute and the 2.5 percentile an IELT of 1.3 minutes. However, there are no available data in the literature on feelings of control or satisfaction in relation to ejaculatory latency time in the general male population. Random male cohort studies are needed to end all speculation on this subject. Exact stopwatch time assessment of IELT in a multinational study led us to propose that all men with an IELT of less than 1 minute (belonging to the 0.5 percentile) have "definite" premature ejaculation, while men with IELTs between 1 and 1.5 minutes (between 0.5 and 2.5 percentile) have "probable" premature ejaculation. Severity of premature ejaculation (nonsymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe) should be defined in terms of associated psychological problems. CONCLUSION: We define lifelong premature ejaculation as a neurobiological dysfunction with an unacceptable increase of risk to develop sexual and psychological problems anywhere in a lifetime. By defining premature ejaculation from an authority-defined disorder into a dysfunction based on epidemiological evidence it is possible to establish consensus based on epidemiological evidence. Additional epidemiological stopwatch studies are needed for a final decision of IELT values at both percentile cutoff points.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Noninflammatory chronic pelvic pain syndrome: immunological study in blood, ejaculate and prostate tissue.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this prospective study was to observe immunophenotypic patterns in patients with noninflammatory chronic pelvic pain syndrome (Cat IIIB CPPS) for further description and as possible surrogate markers for diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: Eighty-eight patients with a referral diagnosis of chronic prostatitis underwent fractionated urinary cultures including expressed prostate secretion (EPS) and ejaculate analysis twice on two occasions. Monthly serum analyses included C3c, C4, IL-1alpha, sIL-2R, and IL-6. One hundred samples from healthy individuals were used as the control group for serum analysis. Monthly ejaculate testing was done for IgG, IgA, IgM, IL-1alpha, sIL-2R, and IL-6. The control group for ejaculate analysis was composed of 96 normal ejaculates (according to the WHO criteria). Immunohistochemical detection of CD3 cells (T lymphocytes) and CD20 cells (B lymphocytes) was performed in 71 biopsy cylinders of Cat IIIB CPPS patients and in 25 prostate biopsy cylinders of men without symptoms or obstruction. RESULTS: Complete sampling of urinary, serum and ejaculate specimens was achieved in 50/88 (57%) patients. Cat IIIB CPPS was observed in 44/50 (88%) patients. Intra-acinar T-lymphocytic infiltrates were dominated by T cytotoxic cells (p = 0.05). Immunohistochemical studies showed inflammatory expression in serum complement, serum interleukin, and ejaculate interleukin concentrations in relation to the presence of large numbers of T cells (all p values < or =0.01). No difference was found in the proportion of B lymphocytes in patients with Cat IIIB CPPS compared to the control group. Serum and ejaculate IL-6 and ejaculate IgA increased significantly and dropped again, correlating with a release of clinical symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Interleukin, complement and immunoglobulin determinations in serum and ejaculate reveal an inflammatory process even in Cat IIIB CPPS. The findings of intra-acinar T-cell-rich infiltrates and the associated inflammatory reaction may be a significant advance in defining Cat IIIB CPPS caused by a possible autoimmune component. Serum and ejaculate IL-6 and ejaculate IgA are possible surrogate markers for the diagnosis and treatment of Cat IIIB CPPS.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of premature ejaculation.

OBJECTIVE: To review the use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of premature ejaculation. DATA SOURCES: Articles were retrieved through a MEDLINE search (1966-January 2004). Search terms used to identify articles included serotonin uptake inhibitors, premature ejaculation, rapid ejaculation, and sexual behavior, as well as the generic names of currently available SSRIs: fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram, and escitalopram. The literature search was limited to articles published in the English language containing human subjects. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Articles obtained through the literature search were evaluated, and randomized controlled trials were included in this review. Information from noncontrolled trials or case reports was considered for inclusion if it contributed to the completeness of this review and if it was the highest level of evidence available. DATA SYNTHESIS: Premature ejaculation is a commonly reported sexual difficulty. Delayed ejaculation is a widely reported sexual adverse effect of SSRIs. In some men exhibiting premature ejaculation, the ability of the SSRIs to delay ejaculation has been therapeutic. Trials evaluating the ejaculation-delaying ability of SSRIs demonstrated that paroxetine, fluoxetine, sertraline, and citalopram produce a statistically significant increase in the ejaculation latency time compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Taking advantage of the ejaculation-delaying effects of SSRIs increases the treatment options available to prescribers and patients. Convenience and minimal adverse effect profile make these agents an alternative to previously used behavior modalities and older pharmacologic agents. Although some questions still surround the details of their use, SSRIs have the potential to improve the quality of life for men with premature ejaculation and their partners.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Patterns of sperm allocation across successive ejaculates in four species of voles (Microtus).

This study was designed to determine testes masses, total number of spermatozoa ejaculated per copulatory episode, and the pattern of sperm numbers in successive ejaculates in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), montane voles (M. montanus), pine voles (M. pinetorum), and meadow voles (M. pennsylvanicus). Prairie voles displayed mean totals of 2.7 ejaculations and 30.5 X 10(6) spermatozoa before reaching a satiety criterion; montane voles 3.4 ejaculations and 19.0 X 10(6) spermatozoa, pine voles 2.4 ejaculations and 3.3 X 10(6) spermatozoa, and meadow voles 2.5 ejaculations and 25.5 X 10(6) spermatozoa. In all species the number of spermatozoa decreased in successive ejaculates. Significant species differences were noted for the total number of spermatozoa ejaculated and number of spermatozoa ejaculated in each of the first 3 ejaculates. Species differences also were noted for testes mass, with meadow voles having the largest testes and pine voles having the smallest. These data can be compared to similar data on laboratory rats and deer mice and related to recent theory regarding sperm numbers, testes sizes, and mating systems. In general, the species with large testes appear to ejaculate more spermatozoa. The significance of species differences in testes mass and total sperm numbers remains unclear, but may relate to the occurrence of multiple mating by females during a single receptive period.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Sex ratio variation between ejaculates within sire evaluated by polymerase chain reaction, calving, and farrowing records.

Ejaculates from sires were examined by polymerase chain reaction to determine percentage of sperm bearing the Y chromosome. Results were verified by examining the percentage of male calves per ejaculate used in artificial insemination (AI) and the percentage of male piglets per litter from a controlled mating program. Spermatozoal DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction with specific primers for the Y chromosome. Image analysis measured the fluorescent intensity of the 194-bp band. Ejaculates were compared with a pooled standard of spermatozoal DNA equated to a 50% Y-bearing sperm ejaculate. Calving data were obtained from information collected for the National Association of Animal Breeders for dystocia evaluation of cows bred to AI bulls. Breeding data were obtained from AI technician receipts. Calving and breeding data were merged on cow, sire, calving date, and breeding date. The percentage of males were calculated per sire, ejaculate, and herd combination. Farrowing data were evaluated for the percentage of male piglets per litter. Ejaculates within bulls contributed to variation (24 +/- 9.8% to 84 +/- 9.8%) in the percentage of sperm bearing the Y chromosome. Ejaculates from the same bull contributed to variation in the percentage of male calves (16.1 to 72.3%). Ejaculates from the same boar contributed to variation in the percentage of male piglets that ranged from 7.8 to 94.7%. These percentages and the results obtained by polymerase chain reaction analysis of ejaculates suggested that spermatozoa bearing X and Y chromosomes were unequally represented in ejaculates. The use of ejaculates screened by polymerase chain reaction could enhance production of the desired sex of calf.

Acrosome↗
PubMed1979

Effect of successive ejaculation on stallion seminal characteristics.

Five ejaculates were collected at hourly intervals from 32 sexually rested stallions. Gel volume, total seminal volume, sperm concentration and spermatozoa per ejaculate declined (P less than 0.01) from the first to the second or third ejaculate. Gel-free seminal volume or percentage of motile spermatozoa did not vary (P less than 0.05) among ejaculates. Ejaculates from 2- to 3-year-old stallions contained less volume and fewer spermatozoa than those from 9- to 16-year-old stallions. Regardless of the stallion's age the first, first 2, first 3 and first 4 ejaculates represented 50, 74, 86 and 93% of the total numbers of spermatozoa contained in the 5 ejaculates. In addition, the number of spermatozoa that might be obtained in 5 ejaculates can be predicted by multiplying the total number of spermatozoa in two successive ejaculates by 1.35 +/- 0.03. Although some fifth ejaculates contained as few as 0.02 X 10(9) motile spermatozoa, the mean number of motile spermatozoa in fifth ejaculates from sexually rested stallions was 0.52 X 10(9) spermatozoa; presumably enough to impregnate a mare during natural service.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

[Disorders of ejaculation].

Ejaculatory disorders include premature ejaculation (p. e.), deficient ejaculation (d. e.) and retrograde ejaculation (r. e.). On the basis of the history and simple investigations, the various disorders are relatively easy to differentiate. History taking should include information about the ability to ejaculate, including nocturnal emission and the ability to experience orgasm. Investigations mainly include the demonstration of sperm in the postmasturbation urine, analysis of the ejaculate, determination of the secretion markers of the adnexa and ultrasonographic examination of the genital organs. The treatment of choice in premature ejaculation is sexual therapeutic behavioral training, where necessary in combination with medication to delay ejaculation, e. g. diazepam or chlorodizepoxid. In the absence of underlying organic disease deficient ejaculation is treated with behavioral therapy or vibrator stimulation of the glans. Postoperative or post-traumatic disorders, however, often require transrectal electrojaculatory stimulation or sperm aspiration from vas deferens. There are three principles of management of retrograde ejaculation: 1. conversion of retrograde into antegrade ejaculation by drug therapy, 2. harvesting of sperm from postorgasm urine and 3. surgical treatment. Our own observations have shown that drug treatment of ejaculatory dysfunction is ineffective in patients with anorgasm or when postmasturbation urine contained no spermatozoa. Currently male infertility due to ejaculatory problems can be effectively treated, where necessary in combination with the new methods of assisted fertilisation, for which purpose, however, accurate identification of the ejaculation disorder presenting is required.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2004

Constraints on evolution and postcopulatory sexual selection: trade-offs among ejaculate characteristics.

Ejaculates function as an integrated unit to ensure male fertility and paternity, can have a complex structure, and can experience multiple episodes of selection. Current studies on the evolution of ejaculates typically focus on phenotypic variation in sperm number, size, or related traits such as testes size as adaptations to postcopulatory male-male competition. However, the evolution of the integrated nature of ejaculate structure and function depends on genetic variation in and covariation between the component parts. Here we report a quantitative genetic study of the components of the ejaculate of the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea, including those we know to experience postcopulatory sexual selection, in the context of functional integration of ejaculate characters. We use the patterns of genetic variation and covariation to infer how the integration of the functions of the ejaculate constrain and shape its evolution. Ejaculate components were highly variable, showed significant additive genetic variance, and moderate to high evolvability. The level of genetic variation in these characters, despite strong directional or truncating selection, may reflect the integration of multiple episodes of selection that occur in N. cinerea. There were few significant phenotypic correlations, but all the genetic correlations among ejaculate characters were significantly different from zero. The patterns of genetic variation and covariation suggest that there are important trade-offs among individual traits of the ejaculate and that evolution of ejaculate characteristics will not proceed unconstrained. Fully describing the genetic relationships among traits that perform as an integrated unit helps us understand how functional relationships constrain or facilitate the evolution of the complex structure that is the ejaculate.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Ejaculation frequency and subsequent risk of prostate cancer.

CONTEXT: Sexual activity has been hypothesized to play a role in the development of prostate cancer, but epidemiological data are virtually limited to case-control studies, which may be prone to bias because recall among individuals with prostate cancer could be distorted as a consequence of prostate malignancy or ongoing therapy. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between ejaculation frequency, which includes sexual intercourse, nocturnal emission, and masturbation and risk of prostate cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective study using follow-up data from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (February 1, 1992, through January 31, 2000) of 29 342 US men aged 46 to 81 years, who provided information on history of ejaculation frequency on a self-administered questionnaire in 1992 and responded to follow-up questionnaires every 2 years to 2000. Ejaculation frequency was assessed by asking participants to report the average number of ejaculations they had per month during the ages of 20 to 29 years, 40 to 49 years, and during the past year (1991). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence of total prostate cancer. RESULTS: During 222 426 person-years of follow-up, there were 1449 new cases of total prostate cancer, 953 organ-confined cases, and 147 advanced cases of prostate cancer. Most categories of ejaculation frequency were unrelated to risk of prostate cancer. However, high ejaculation frequency was related to decreased risk of total prostate cancer. The multivariate relative risks for men reporting 21 or more ejaculations per month compared with men reporting 4 to 7 ejaculations per month at ages 20 to 29 years were 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-1.10); ages 40 to 49 years, 0.68 (95% CI, 0.53-0.86); previous year, 0.49 (95% CI, 0.27-0.88); and averaged across a lifetime, 0.67 (95% CI, 0.51-0.89). Similar associations were observed for organ-confined prostate cancer. Ejaculation frequency was not statistically significantly associated with risk of advanced prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that ejaculation frequency is not related to increased risk of prostate cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Retrograde ejaculation after anterior interbody lumbar fusion.

Retrograde ejaculation as a complication of anterior interbody lumbar fusion was investigated. The diagnosis of retrograde ejaculation was made on the basis of interviews. Patients were informed of the risk of retrograde ejaculation preoperatively. At the follow-up study the patients were asked if they had noticed retrograde ejaculation after their operation. In one case (anejaculation) testis biopsy and vasography was performed. On average, the incidence of retrograde ejaculation as a complication of anterior interbody lumbar fusion has been very low, ranging from only a few cases up to 5.9% of cases involving male patients. We studied 40 male patients with severe low back pain retrospectively after they had undergone anterior interbody lumbar fusion. The mean age at operation was 31.9 years and the mean follow-up time 5.0 years. Retrograde ejaculation occurred after anterior interbody fusion in nine patients. Permanent retrograde ejaculation developed in seven of these patients (17.5%). These patients were all operated on using a transabdominal approach. Major bleeding during the operation (over 2500 ml) was observed in two patients. Seven patients with retrograde ejaculation had undergone a two-level operation (L4-SI), and eight patients had undergone between one and three previous spine operations. Retrograde ejaculation has been underestimated as a complication of anterior interbody fusion in multioperated low back patients. The possibility of this complication should be kept in mind when planning a transabdominal approach for interbody lumbar fusion in male patients. We do not recommend the transabdominal approach in male patients because of the risk of retrograde ejaculation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Retarded ejaculation in men: an overview of psychological and neurobiological insights.

Disorders of orgasm and ejaculation are erroneously mixed up in the DSM-IV classification system. Male Orgasmic Disorder to denote "delayed ejaculation" is inadequate as orgasm and ejaculation represent clinical expressions of different neurobiological phenomena. Unfortunately, the DSM-IV criteria for delayed ejaculation were accepted regardless of any research with appropriate methodology and design. The psychological approach and associated psychotherapy to solve this problem is rather disappointing. The neurobiological approach, which started with animal studies, has demonstrated various neurotransmitters with the potency to inhibit ejaculation. Indeed, several experimental drugs have been tested in rats, showing the successful acceleration of ejaculation. We propose that human research should start with the development of an operational definition of delayed ejaculation. To achieve this goal, we propose unselected epidemiological stopwatch studies which also provide information on the prevalence and incidence of delayed ejaculation in men. Currently, no effective and safe drugs are available to accelerate ejaculation time in men. The best way to treat lifelong delayed ejaculation is, thus far, to inform the patients about biological and psychological inhibiting factors which they need to avoid, and to remain critical about unrealistic expectations from psychotherapy. Psychotherapy may be useful in subgroups, particularly in the absence of effective and safe drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Spinal cord control of ejaculation.

Ejaculation is a reflex mediated by a spinal control center, referred to as a spinal ejaculation generator. During intercourse, the spinal ejaculation generator integrates the sensory inputs that are necessary to trigger ejaculation. At the time of ejaculation, it coordinates the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic outflow to induce the two phases of ejaculation, i.e. emission and expulsion. It also provides the brain with signals related to the occurrence of ejaculation. Experimental and clinical data evidenced that these functions were devoted to neurons located in the lumbosacral cord. We recently characterized a population of spinothalamic neurons in the lumbar spinal cord of male rats (LSt cells) that constitutes an integral part of the spinal ejaculation generator. LSt cells send projections to the autonomic nuclei and motoneurons involved in the emission and expulsion phase, and they receive sensory projections from the pelvis. LSt cells are activated with ejaculation, but not following other components of sexual behavior, and lesions of LSt cells completely ablate ejaculatory function. These data support a pivotal role for the LSt cells in the control of ejaculation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effects of sildenafil citrate on ejaculation latency, detumescence time, and refractory period: placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover laboratory setting study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether sildenafil citrate (SC) prolongs ejaculation latency and detumescence time and shortens the refractory period in a laboratory setting. METHODS: Two successive double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover laboratory studies were performed with 30 different healthy volunteers in each study (total of 60). In the first study, the subject ingested placebo or SC. Real-time penile tumescence and rigidity monitoring and audiovisual sexual stimulation was performed. When the subject had his best erection, he applied vibratory stimulation until he ejaculated, and then audiovisual sexual stimulation was stopped. Monitoring was continued until he lost rigidity. The test was repeated with the second medication in 7 to 15 days. In the second study, another group of 30 volunteers were tested, as in the first study, and audiovisual sexual stimulation was continued for an additional hour after ejaculation. RESULTS: In the first study, the time to ejaculation with vibratory stimulation was 2.23 and 3.89 minutes (P = 0.01) and the time to minimal tip rigidity after ejaculation was 1.93 and 3.1 minutes (P <0,001) in the placebo and SC groups, respectively. In the second study, the time to ejaculation with vibratory stimulation was 2.23 and 4.91 minutes (P = 0.006), the time to best tip rigidity after ejaculation was 19.10 and 15.66 minutes (P = 0.242), and the area under the curve of tip rigidity in 3 minutes after ejaculation was 73.61 and 144.05 (P <0.001) in the placebo and SC groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this laboratory setting, SC seemed to prolong the ejaculation latency time. The detumescence time was also longer, with better quality. However, we did not show that SC shortens the refractory period after ejaculation.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1995

Comparison of sperm parameters, in vitro fertilization results, and subsequent pregnancy rates using sequential ejaculates, collected two hours apart, from oligoasthenozoospermic men.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of second consecutive ejaculate collected 2 hours after the first one from infertile men on sperm quality and fertilization and pregnancy rates (PRs) in IVF. DESIGN: A prospective case-control study. SETTING: In vitro fertilization unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Thirty-nine consecutive infertile patients with oligoasthenozoospermia scheduled for IVF-ET. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Two consecutive ejaculates were obtained 2 hours apart and were assessed for volume, sperm count, motility, morphology, and quality of swim-up fraction. The subsequent fertilization, cleavage, and PRs (as defined by the appearance of intrauterine gestational sac) were compared between the two ejaculates. RESULTS: In 28.2% of the individuals the semen analysis of the first ejaculate precluded proceeding with IVF. A statistically significant improvement was shown in sperm cell motility (31.9% +/- 20.7% versus 15.6% +/- 15.3%) and in motile count after swim-up (4.9 +/- 4.5 versus 2.6 +/- 3.1 x 10(6) sperm). No improvement could be demonstrated in sperm density or morphology. The volume of the second ejaculate was decreased significantly as compared with the first one. The fertilization rate, the cleavage rate, and PR were all increased when oocytes were exposed to sperm from the second ejaculate compared with oocytes exposed to sperm from the first ejaculate. The overall PR in our series was 25.6%. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that in the group of infertile men with oligoasthenozoospermia, whose partners are scheduled for IVF-ET, if on the day of retrieved oocytes insemination, the ejaculate is of unacceptable quality, a second ejaculate collected 2 hours after collection of the initial ejaculate may produce a sample that exhibits improvements in both semen parameters and reproductive potential.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Sperm quality assessed by flow cytometry and accessory sex gland function in spinal cord injured men after repeated vibration-induced ejaculation.

Semen was obtained by vibration-induced ejaculation from 5 spinal injured men once a week for 5 consecutive weeks under standardised conditions. The site of the spinal lesions varied from C5 to Th10. Although in all subjects except one, the total sperm count in the first ejaculate was within normal limits, conventional criteria indicated a high degree of asthenoteratozoospermia in all cases. In subsequent ejaculates there was no major general improvement in motility, vitality or morphology. However, 2 individuals exhibited a marked increase in the proportion of motile sperm in the ejaculate over the next 3 weeks. Flow cytometry of the same sperm samples indicated a high degree of abnormal chromatin condensation and reduced binding of a fluorescent acrosomal marker in the first ejaculates. No improvement in these parameters could be detected with time. Assessment of accessory sex gland function using specific secretory markers indicated that compared to the normal population, the vesicular contribution was markedly reduced in 3 subjects and prostatic contribution in the 2 remaining subjects in the first and subsequent ejaculations. Ejaculate volumes were consistently low in all subjects during the observation period. In contrast, total epididymal secretion was comparable to normal ejaculates. Prostatic contributions to the ejaculate increased significantly over the first 4 weeks. In conclusion, regular vibration-induced ejaculation at weekly intervals could not improve sperm quality in paraplegic men to an acceptable degree for assisted fertilisation to be recommended. Although certain aspects of sperm quality, as judged by conventional criteria, were improved in some cases, flow cytometry revealed persistent chromatin and acrosomal abnormalities.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Concordance of mammalian ejaculate features.

Different measures of ejaculate characteristics, such as ejaculate volume, proportion of normal sperm, proportion of motile sperm, and total number of sperm per ejaculate, are directly related to the probability of fertilization both when females copulate with a single male and particularly with multiple males. Selection will therefore favour the evolution of ejaculate characteristics which enhance the probability of fertilization, and I predict positive relations between ejaculate parameters. I used a literature survey of mammalian ejaculate parameters to test this prediction. The data set was corrected for similarity between taxa which resulted from common ancestry, and was reduced to statistically independent standardized linear contrasts. The number of sperm per ejaculate and ejaculate volume were positively related to body mass, but when the confounding effect of body mass was controlled for, all four ejaculate characteristics showed positive relations, and five out of six were statistically significant. This suggests that the different measures of ejaculate quality in mammals have been improved simultaneously, apparently by a common selective force.

Analysis of Variance↗