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PubMed1996

Cascading toward divorce: the roles of marital and child factors.

This longitudinal study examined the role of marital and child factors in predicting divorce potential and actual divorce occurrence. Participants included 140 young adolescents (73 girls, 67 boys; mean age = 13 years 2 months) and their parents. Child-related (number of children in the family, the presence of a male child in the family, and the adolescent's level of anxiety-withdrawal and conduct disorder problems) and intramarital (marital satisfaction and, for some analyses, divorce potential) factors served as predictors. For both wife and husband data, lower levels of marital satisfaction predicted higher current levels of divorce potential, and, in turn, divorce potential predicted greater likelihood for divorce up to 7 years later. No child-related variables predicted divorce potential or divorce occurrence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The impact of divorce on teenagers.

Divorce is common in the contemporary way of life and deserves objective study. It may have redeeming features, but from the point of view of children, divorce is a stressful experience because of the disruption of the home and its financial, emotional, and social costs. The adverse impact, however, can be minimized by realistic and sensitive attention to its effects on children. Although divorce alters the living arrangements of affected families, it does not end family relationships. For this reason, marriage and divorce counseling should deal with the perspectives of both adults and children. Most teenagers and their parents adjust to divorce and later regard it as having been a constructive action; but one-third do not. In those instances the turbulence of the post-divorce phase plays a crucial role in influencing pathological reactions in affected teenagers. The physician is in a strategic position to act as diagnostician, a clarifier of values, an educator in the facts of family life and divorce, a counselor in working through feelings about and attitudes toward divorce, and a source of support for teenagers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Children of divorce.

Divorce is a stressful experience for children. The disruption of the home is associated with significant emotional, financial, and social costs. Children often react to divorce with emotional responses typically associated with death. Divorce may be perceived as the death of an established family unit. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance are often part of the emotional evolution of a child experiencing the divorce of the parents. The grieving process may last months or years and in some children may never end. The exact nature of the response is influenced by the age and the developmental level of the child. Most children are able to overcome the initial trauma of parental divorce and resume normal development and function. Some children, however, experience severe depression or anxiety and are left with an emotional scar for the rest of their lives. The adverse impact of a divorce can be minimised by a realistic and sensitive understanding of the effects on children. Parents can help at the time of divorce by preparing their children for what is about to happen. The preparation should be appropriate for the age and the developmental level of the child. Parents should demonstrate a strong commitment to their children. Children cope better with divorce if the parents co-operate with each other and adopt an attitude of 'together for our child while separate for us.'

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Rate of incidence of divorce in birth cohorts classified by age difference between married couples].

We examined the situation concerning divorce in Japan from the view-point of age difference between married couples using vital statistics from the year 1952 to 1985. Annual and cumulative divorce rates were introduced as rate of incidence of divorce. We studied these indices by age difference between couples in birth cohorts of husbands. Our conclusions were as follows: 1) The cumulative divorce rate was lower in early birth cohorts than in late birth cohorts. 2) The cumulative divorce rate for young adult couples (aged 20-30) was higher than that for middle-aged couples (aged more than 30) in every cohort. 3) The cumulative divorce rate was lowest when husbands were 1 to 4 years older than wives. This tendency was quite similar in different ages and cohorts. 4) The same conclusions were reached when the annual divorce rate was substituted for the cumulative divorce rate.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intra-ethnic and inter-ethnic marriage and divorce in Hawaii.

A comparison of intra- and inter-ethnic divorce rates in Hawaii showed that inter-ethnic marriages resulted in a higher proportion of divorces than did intra-ethnic marriages when the marriage data used had to do with all marriages occurring in Hawaii. However, a sizeable portion of marriages in Hawaii are of nonresidents who, if they divorce, probably divorce elsewhere. Nonresident marriages are chiefly intra-ethnic marriages of Caucasians. When examining the proportions of divorces to resident marriages, within-group marriages are more at risk than inter-ethnic marriages. As in prior research, persons who marry members of other racial/ethnic groups tend to marry persons from groups with income levels similar to their own. As in previous reports, some cross-ethnic combinations appeared more at risk for divorce than did others. Group income appeared to be a predictor of risk. When considering only resident marriages as related to divorces, those marriages in which the bride was from a higher income group than the groom were at a significantly greater risk for divorce than marriage in which the bride came from an income group lower than that of the groom.

Divorce↗
PubMed1985

Divorce and the American teenager.

Divorce is woven into the fabric of today's American society, and parents and professionals alike are concerned about the effects of divorce on children of all ages. Research in this area is in its infancy, particularly research about how divorce effects teenagers, but research thus far has helped us to appreciate that divorce is difficult for children of all ages. This paper considers the effects of divorce on teenagers by drawing from existing research and clinical experiences with teenagers. The focus of this presentation is how teenagers feel when parents divorce and how they behave in response to divorce. The purpose of this focus is to provide those who interact with teenagers a greater understanding of how teenagers react to divorce.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[How long does suicide threaten divorced people?].

The interval between divorce and suicide in 66 divorced men and 42 divorced women was compared with the interval between divorce and death from other causes in a control group of 87 divorced men and 93 divorced women. The interval between divorce and death was shorter on average for the suicide group than for the control group. Among men, the risk for suicide was especially great in the first half year after divorce.

Death↗
PubMed1994

Life-span adjustment of children to their parents' divorce.

Children who experience parental divorce, compared with children in intact two-parent families, exhibit more conduct problems, more symptoms of psychological maladjustment, lower academic achievement, more social difficulties, and poorer self-concepts. Similarly, adults who experienced parental divorce as children, compared with adults raised in continuously intact two-parent families, score lower on a variety of indicators of psychological, interpersonal, and socioeconomic well-being. However, the overall group differences between offspring from divorced and intact families are small, with considerable diversity existing in children's reactions to divorce. Children's adjustment to divorce depends on several factors, including the amount and quality of contact with noncustodial parents, the custodial parents' psychological adjustment and parenting skills, the level of interparental conflict that precedes and follows divorce, the degree of economic hardship to which children are exposed, and the number of stressful life events that accompany and follow divorce. These factors can be used as guides to assess the probable impact of various legal and therapeutic interventions to improve the well-being of children of divorce.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Epidemiology of divorce.

The living arrangements of American children have been strongly affected by revolutionary social changes in the past 30 years. Large decreases in first-marriage rates and an increase in the likelihood of married couples to divorce have resulted in a wide diversity of living arrangements for children. In spite of increasing divorce rates, in 1990, the vast majority (71%) of the 64 million American children lived in two-parent households, and most (58%) lived with their biological parents. Since the 1970s, however, there has been a large increase in the proportion of children living with single or divorced mothers. Today, 7.3% (4.7 million) of children live with an unmarried parent, 9.1% (5.9 million) live with a divorced parent, and 7.4% (4.8 million) live with a separated or widowed parent. In each year since the 1970s, more than one million children were affected by divorce. The composition of single-parent households has also changed dramatically. The decreasing mortality rates in the past three decades among married individuals have resulted in fewer households headed by widowed parents. However, the decrease in widowed-parent households has been more than replaced by a corresponding increase in households headed by never-married women. Increasing divorce rates have resulted in more children living in stepfamilies and with divorced single mothers. Legal changes in the 1970s have resulted in an increase in the number of children living with divorced fathers. There are large differences in the living arrangements of children by ethnic group. In the past 25 years, there has been an exponential increase in the proportion of African-American children living with never-married mothers. The most common form of living arrangement for African-American children today is one-parent families.

Child↗
PubMed1996

The proportion of married couples who divorce: past patterns and current prospects.

This article provides estimates of the proportions of marriages which ended in divorce for the different groups of couples who have married since the 1950s. Over one quarter of all couples who married in the late 1970s and early 1980s had divorced by the end of 1994. As well as giving the overall proportion of couples married in a given year who subsequently divorced, estimates are provided of the corresponding proportions for different subsets of those couples--according to each partner's marital status before marriage, and age at marriage. For some of the higher risk groups--bachelors and spinsters who married as teenagers and divorced men and women who remarried in their early twenties--the proportions who had divorced by 1994 had reached over 40 per cent, and in some cases just over 50 per cent, amongst those who had married between the mid-1960s and the mid-1970s. Finally, a life table analysis is carried out to estimate the proportion of marriages which would end in divorce were the duration--specific divorce rates to remain unchanged at their 1993/94 levels. On this basis, two in five marriages would ultimately end in divorce; just under one half of couples would celebrate their silver wedding, whilst the average length of marriage would be 26 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Partnerships and mechanisms of divorce in the great skua.

There are two main theories attempting to explain divorce in birds as an adaptive decision for at least one of the members of the pair. The 'incompatibility hypothesis' states that birds separate because they are unsuccessful breeders as a pair, although their individual characteristics are not negative per se. Divorce comes about as an initiative of both individuals to search for a more compatible mate. The 'better option hypothesis' suggests that divorce is usually initiated by one of the birds in search of a 'higher quality' partner (or territory). The ages of partners of great skuas, Catharacta skuabreeding on Foula (Shetland) were poorly correlated (r48=0.28), 22% of the partners differing in age by 10 years or more. Mate fidelity in this population was high, with an annual divorce rate of only 6.4% (N=20/311). Death was responsible for three times more interruptions of partnerships than divorces. Three types of divorce were detected. (1) In six cases, females deserted their partners, leaving them temporarily unpaired. (2) One female was recorded being forced to desert her partner by a usurper. (3) One female deserted her partner after they lost their breeding territory to another pair. Mate changes had a direct cost, because new pairs (of experienced birds) laid later in the season and reared fewer chicks. After mate loss, 26% (N=61) of the individuals did not breed, while faithful pairs always laid eggs (N=222). Males, but not females, had a higher probability of remaining unpaired after being divorced than after becoming widowers. There was no difference between the sexes in the probability of re-pairing after a mate died. The results suggest that divorces that are initiated by birds within the pair are better explained by the 'better option hypothesis' than the 'incompatibility hypothesis'.Copyright 1997 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Physical health vulnerability in adult children from divorced and intact families.

OBJECTIVES: The current study evaluated family process variables associated with markers of physical health vulnerability. METHODS: Retrospective reports of parental caring, conflict, and divorce-specific factors were examined in reference to hostility, somatic symptoms, and illness reports in young adults from divorced (n=253) and intact (n=552) families. RESULTS: Contrary to expectations, participants from divorced and intact families were equivalent on all health-related measures. Within the intact group, parental conflict and low parental caring were associated with hostility, somatic symptoms, and illness reports. Within the divorce group, negative feelings about the divorce were associated with higher hostility, somatic complaints, and illness reports. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that parental divorce in itself does not increase long-term vulnerability to physical illness; rather it is the negativity of the experience that is associated with vulnerability. Although overall health markers did not differ, the family process variables associated with physical health risk differed for individuals from divorced versus intact families.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Family breakdown in nineteenth-century Netherlands: divorcing couples in The Hague.

This is an analysis of divorce trends in the Netherlands in the second half of the nineteenth century. "Use was made of a case-control research design in which the social characteristics of all marriages which ended in divorce were compared with those of a random sample from the marriages which ended in widowhood. The author analyzed a group of 2,300 marriages contracted in The Hague from their inception until their dissolution by death or divorce. All migrants were followed to their new place of residence. Multivariate (proportional hazards) analysis showed that the highest probability of divorce was found among persons who had already gone through a divorce before. Other factors related to divorce were high mobility, low ages at marriage, and large age and religious differences between spouses. Higher social classes had relatively high divorce risks."

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Maternal acceptance and consistency of discipline as buffers of divorce stressors on children's psychological adjustment problems.

This study examines whether two aspects of mothering--acceptance and consistency of discipline--buffer the effect of divorce stressors on adjustment problems in 678 children, ages 8 to 15, whose families had divorced within the past 2 years. Children reported on divorce stressors; both mothers and children reported on mothering and internalizing and externalizing problems. Multiple regressions indicate that for maternal report of mothering, acceptance interacted with divorce stressors in predicting both dimensions of adjustment problems, with the pattern of findings supporting a stress-buffering effect. For child report of mothering, acceptance, consistency of discipline, and divorce stressors interacted in predicting adjustment problems. The relation between divorce stressors and internalizing and externalizing problems is stronger for children who report low acceptance and low consistency of discipline than for children who report either low acceptance and high consistency of discipline or high acceptance and low consistency of discipline. Children reporting high acceptance and high consistency of discipline have the lowest levels of adjustment problems. Implications of these results for understanding variability in children's postdivorce adjustment and interventions for divorced families are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Is adolescent adjustment following parental divorce a function of predivorce adjustment?

This study examined whether adolescent adjustment problems which previously have been attributed to parental divorce exist prior to the divorce. Three groups (to-be-divorced, remain intact, and already divorced) were examined across four domains of adolescent functioning reported by multiple informants. The results indicated that adolescents from the to-be-divorced group functioned similarly to those who would remain in intact families but better than those in the already divorced group, suggesting that differences can be attributed to parental divorce and its accompanying disruption of family processes. Two of these processes, interparental conflict and parenting, were examined and failed to receive support.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Parental divorce: effects on individual behavior and longevity.

Using an archival prospective design, the authors studied associations among parental divorce occurring during participants' childhood, adult psychosocial mediators, and mortality over the life span of a subgroup of participants (N = 1,261) in the Terman Life Cycle Study (1921-1991). Children from divorced families grew up to show a higher risk of premature mortality across the life span. The higher mortality risk for men was explained, in part, when 3 mediating factors were controlled: Men who had experienced parental divorce were more likely to have their own marriages end in divorce, obtained less education, and engaged in fewer service activities. Women who had experienced parental divorce smoked more and were more likely themselves to divorce, both of which predicted higher mortality risk. The findings extend previous work on the negative sequelae of parental divorce to long-term effects on personality and longevity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Childhood antecedents of interpersonal problems in young adult children of divorce.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the long-term effects of parental divorce on interpersonal problems and to identify specific childhood pre- and postdivorce experiences that might be associated with these problems. METHOD: Scores on the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems in a university student population were compared for 125 subjects from divorced families, subgrouped by specific divorce experiences, and 467 subjects from intact families. RESULTS: Young adult children of divorce reported more problems with submission and overcontrol. When specific divorce experiences were examined, problems with intimacy emerged in the children of divorce. Mother never remarrying, multiple maternal remarriage, and high levels of pre- and postseparation parental discord were associated with more interpersonal problems. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the hypothesis that parental divorce is associated with interpersonal problems in young adulthood. The findings also provide evidence that specific childhood pre- and postdivorce experiences are associated with later young adult interpersonal problems, including problems with intimacy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Behavioral and emotional problems in Chinese children of divorced parents.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the behavioral problems in Chinese children of divorced parents. METHOD: A total of 58 children of divorce and 116 gender-, age-, and school class-matched controls were ascertained from a general population sample of children aged 6 through 15 years. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and teachers completed the Teacher's Report Form (TRF) and Conners Hyperkinesis Index. RESULTS: Parent-reported problem scores on the CBCL total scale and each subscale, and prevalence of all CBCL syndromes except for Somatic Complaints, were significantly higher in children of divorce than in controls. Teacher-reported problem scores on the TRF total scale and Social and Attention Problems and prevalence of Attention Problems were significantly different for the 2 groups of children. Social competence was rated significantly lower in children of divorce than in controls. Discriminant function analysis showed that behavioral problems in children of divorce were characterized by aggressive behavior, withdrawal, and social problems. CONCLUSIONS: The findings emanating from China provide the first evidence of the link between parental divorce and children's psychopathology and clarify the psychopathological dimensions in Chinese children of divorced parents.

Adolescent↗