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PubMed2001

Effect of dimethoate on the function and expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in primary skeletal muscle cell culture.

To investigate the molecular mechanism of intermediate myasthenia syndrome (IMS), we analyzed the toxic effects of the representative organophosphate dimethoate on the function and expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in primary skeletal muscle cell culture. The results showed that the expression of nAChR on the muscle cell membrane was significantly increased after cells were exposed to dimethoate (130 microM). AChR function measured by carbachol-induced (22)Na+ influx demonstrated that dimethoate may inhibit the nAChR function either by binding to a noncompetitive site and changing the conformational state of nAChR or by blocking the nAChR channel directly. This study also demonstrated that dimethoate could rapidly induce the expression of c-fos, with a maximal effect at about 40 min, and c-fos might act as a transcriptional factor in regulating the expression of nAChR in the primary skeletal muscle cell culture following organophosphate exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of REMEDi HS in the diagnosis of dimethoate poisoning.

The authors describe the evaluation of an automated rapid emergency drug profiling system (REMEDi HS), which is designed for clinical toxicology and therapeutic drug monitoring, in a severe case of dimethoate poisoning. Successful qualitative and quantitative determination of dimethoate in diluted serum samples was achieved. The authors found that dimethoate serum concentrations were properly measured with the REMEDi method and well correlated with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results provide evidence that besides screening and rapid estimation of drug concentrations in human fluids, this system is a suitable tool in cases of symptomatic dimethoate poisoning.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Influence of the insecticide dimethoate on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and growth in soybean plants.

Application to the soil of the insecticide dimethoate had no effect on the growth of soybean colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae and by the indigenous AM fungus. The application of the recommended concentration of dimethoate decreased the percentage of colonization of soybean by the indigenous AM population, but no significant effect was observed on the colonization of soybean inoculated with G. mosseae. The insecticide did not affect the germination of G. mosseae spores; however, 0.5 mg/l of dimethoate increased the germination of Gigaspora roseae and 5 mg/l of dimethoate decreased the germination of Scutellospora castaneae spores.

Dimethoate↗
PubMed2001

Behaviour of the adult seven spot ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in response to dimethoate residue on bean plants in the laboratory.

The sub-lethal effects of dimethoate residue on the distribution and locomotor activity of adults of Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus on Vicia faba plants were investigated in the laboratory. The presence of dimethoate residues on the upper half of the plant caused C. septempunctata to spend significantly less time on the plants overall. When given a choice of treated and untreated surfaces, C. septempunctata spent proportionately more time on the untreated areas of the plant. The locomotor activity of C. septempunctata was also altered following encounter with dimethoate residues resulting in a significant increase in the proportion of time spent walking and a reduction in the proportion of time spent resting. The proportion of time spent on plant parts was also affected, with a reduction in the time spent on the apex and an increase in the proportion of time spent on the stem, indicating a possible avoidance response. The proportion of time spent on the adaxial leaf surface was significantly increased following dimethoate treatment. The implications for integrated pest management are considered.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Teratogenicity test of dimethoate containing insecticide formulation and heavy elements (Cu, Cd) in chicken embryos after administration as single compounds or in combination.

The teratogenic effects of heavy elements (Cu-sulphate, Cd-sulphate) and a 38% dimethoate containing insecticide formulation (Bi 58 EC) were studied on chicken after administration as a single compounds or in combination. The test materials were injected directly into the airchamber with an injector on day 12 of incubation. Applied concentrations of heavy elements (Cu-sulphate, Cd-sulphate) were: 0.01-0.001% and the concentration of pesticide was 0.1%. Final volume was 0.1 ml/egg. Evaluation was done on day 19 of incubation. After the administration of heavy elements (Cu-sulphate, Cd-sulphate) on day 12 of incubation, the average body mass of embryos significantly decreased at all the treated dose groups as compared to the control. Embryonic mortality did not increase at all the two dose levels of Cu-sulphate and at 0.001% conc. of Cd-sulphate, while the highest concentration of Cd-sulphate killed 20% of embryos treated. The number of embryos with developmental anomalies did not differ markedly from the control. The simultaneous administration of heavy elements (Cu-sulphate, Cd-sulphate) and dimethoate containing insecticide a statistically significant reduction in embryonic body mass occurred at all the treated dose groups. The incidence of developmental anomalies was markedly higher after the simultaneous use of heavy elements (Cu-sulphate, Cd-sulphate) and dimethoate containing formulation than in tests based on the separate use of heavy elements. Embryonic mortality increased at all the treated dose groups and reached almost 20% rate. In summary, it can be established that the simultaneous administration of heavy elements (Cu-sulphate, Cd-sulphate) and the dimethoate containing insecticide caused higher toxicity with respect to test of individual toxicity of heavy elements.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2004

[Expression of M3 receptor gene in peripheral blood lymphocytes of workers exposed to dimethoate].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of muscarinic receptor M(3) gene in peripheral blood lymphocytes of workers exposed to organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) and to explore its role in the adverse effects of OPPs. METHODS: The lymphocytes of peripheral blood from 33 workers exposed to dimethoate and 15 control people were isolated and treated with saline and dimethoate respectively in vitro. RT-PCR technique was used to determine M(3) gene expression. Basal and inducible gene expression levels were measured. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in basal gene expression level between exposed group and control group, while the inducible gene expression level was significantly higher in exposure group (1.92 +/- 1.07) than in control group (1.22 +/- 0.19) and basal level (1.49 +/- 0.45, P < 0.05). No differences in basal and inducible gene expression level were found between male and female people in both exposed and control group. The level of inducible M(3) gene expression increased with the increase in length of exposure time [< 5 a: (1.69 +/- 0.95), 5 - 25 a: (1.91 +/- 1.03), > 25 a: (2.09 +/- 1.25), the latter was significantly different from that of < 5 a (P < 0.05)]. CONCLUSION: After long-term exposure to OPPs, the basal M(3) receptor gene expression level in the exposed workers did not show any difference from the control group, but the inducible gene expression level (treated with dimethoate in vitro) was increased and related to the extent of exposure to dimethoate.

Dimethoate↗
PubMed1992

Toxicity of dimethoate on urinary hydroxyproline in rats.

The effect of the administration of three different concentrations (2.25, 1.13 and 0.56 mg/100 g body weight) of dimethoate on the urinary excretion of total, non dialysable and free hydroxyproline were studied in female albino rats. Compared to controls, the urine contents were significantly lower in higher concentration (2.25 mg/100 g body weight) of dimethoate treated rats. The results clearly indicate that the urine contents were not much affected in lower concentration (0.56 mg/100 g body weight) of dimethoate treated rats compared to the other concentrations (1.13 and 0.56 mg/100 g body weight) of dimethoate treated rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Teratogenicity test of dimethoate containing insecticide formulation and Cd-sulphate in chicken embryos after administration as a single compound or in combination.

Cd-sulphate and a 38% dimethoate containing insecticide formulation (BI 58 EC) were used as test material in a teratogenicity test in chicken after administration as a single compounds or in combination. The incubated chicken eggs were directly exposed to the applied test materials with injection into the air-chamber in a volume of 0.1 ml/egg before the starting of incubation. Applied concentration of Cd-sulphate was 0.01% and the concentration of pesticide was 0.1%. Evaluation was done on day 19. In test of individual toxicity after injection on day 0 of incubation Cd-sulphate did not cause a significant reduction in body mass of embryos. The rate of embryonic mortality was 26%. After the administration of dimethoate containing insecticide formulation on day 0 of incubation no decrease occurred in embryonic body mass. The rate of embryonic mortality was 31%. The developmental anomalies observed in the different treatment groups occurred sporadically. The simultaneous administration of Cd-sulphate and the dimethoate containing insecticide formulation on day 0 of incubation resulted in expressed embryonic mortality. The rate of embryonic mortality was 93%. In summary, it can be established that the simultaneous administration of Cd-sulphate and the dimethoate containing insecticide formulation on day 0 in studies of chemical interaction exerted an adverse effect on embryonic mortality.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2006

[Effect of dimethoate on serum monoamines neurotransmitters in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of dimethoate on the monoamine Neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and its metabolite (3, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, DOPAC) in the serum of rats and furthermore to explore the non-cholinergic mechanism of organophosphate induced toxicity. METHODS: Groups of rats were treated with saline and 38.9, 83.7 and 180 mg/kg dimethoate respectively and were decapitated at the different time course from 0.5 to 24 hours after the administration. The monoamines neurotransmitters were determined by the reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with the electrochemical detection. RESULTS: The serum concentrations of DA (8.42% - 248.42% of the control), DOPAC (17.22% - 68.21% of the control) increased, according with the DM dosage and the exposure time, while the levels of NE (9.65% - 38.26% of the control) and E (11.00% - 32.62% of the control) contents decreased at the same time. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that dimethoate induced toxic effects can alter the monoamine levels at the different dosage and the time exposure in the serum of rats. It suggests that some non-cholinergic mechanisms may be involved in the dimethoate intoxication.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed1991

Influence of dimethoate on testicular and epididymal organs, testosterone plasma level and their tissue residues in rats.

The effect of dimethoate at two dosage levels (6.25 and 12.50 mg/kg b. wt.) on male reproduction tissues and their tissue residues in rats were studied. The tested doses were given orally to male rats for 65 consecutive days. Sex organs weight analysis, semen picture, testosterone levels and histopathology of the male genital organs were the criteria used to evaluate the reproductive efficiency of the treated rats. There was a dose-related decrease in the weights of most genital organs and sperm motility associated with an increase in the percentages of dead and morphologically abnormal spermatozoa of treated rats. A decrease in plasma testosterone levels was observed in the treated groups. Histological examination revealed that dimethoate caused testicular lesions characterized by moderate to severe degenerative changes of spermatogonial cells and by partial arrest of spermatogenesis. Sections from liver revealed that the central veins and hepatic sinusoids appeared dilated, with some areas of haemorrhage. The highest concentrations from dimethoate were found in liver and tests and the lowest in skeletal muscle. Dimethoate and its metabolite analog were still present in a detectable concentration 21 days after stopping its oral administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effect of dimethoate on hepatic cytochrome P-450 and glutathione S-transferase activity in pigeon and rat.

Effect of acute exposure (24 hr) to different oral doses of dimethoate on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 (Cyt. P-450) content and cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity were determined in pigeon and rat to ascertain difference in the metabolic response as a measure of species selective toxicity. Dimethoate at five different doses caused a statistically significant decrease in Cyt. P-450 content both in pigeon and rat. However, reduction in GST activity was significant at three doses in pigeon and at high dose in rat. Thus, a different quantum of hepatic Cyt. P-450 decrease and a differed response of GST activity against dimethoate exposure in pigeon and rat may be one of the possible causes for relatively higher toxicity of dimethoate in birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Quantitative conformation of dimethoate residues in wheat plants by single ion mass spectrometry.

A gas chromatographic-single ion mass spectrometric method was developed for determining dimethoate residues in wheat plants. The base peak (m/e 37) of dimethoate was chosen as the single ion peak, and methyl stearate was used as an internal standard for this analysis. The minimum detectable concentration of dimethoate by this method was about 0.1 ppm for a 20 g wheat plant sample. The recoveries of dimethoate were about 89% at 0.13 ppm and greater than 96% at 0.5-1 ppm.

Dimethoate↗
PubMed1996

Development effect of technical dimethoate in rats: maternal and fetal toxicity evaluation.

Technical dimethoate was administered orally to pregnant rats through day 6-20 of gestation at doses 3.75, 7.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg/day. Dose of 30 mg/kg/day produced high mortality rate in dams and was not considered for developmental toxicity evaluation. Dimethoate produced enzymatic changes in liver of dams associated with mild pathomorphological changes in liver and brain. Significant fetotoxic effects were not observed at the tested dose levels as evidenced by total number of implantations, percentage resorption, and live fetuses except reduction in fetal weight. Reduced acetylcholinesterase activity in fetal brain and placenta at higher dose levels indicated possible transmigration of dimethoate from dams to fetuses. The absence of anomalies in fetal gross, visceral morphology and skeleton suggests technical dimethoate as non teratogenic in rat at tested dose levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The effects of dieldrin, dimethoate and permethrin on Tetrahymena pyriformis.

The effects of three insecticides, dieldrin, dimethoate and permethrin, on the growth of a holotrichous ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis, were studied for 5 days. The ciliate was very sensitive to dieldrin and dimethoate. Both these insecticides produced approximately 81% and 84% inhibition of growth within two days. Dieldrin caused rounding of cells, while dimethoate induced cell lysis. Dimethoate also triggered a general mucocyst discharge. Of the three insecticides, permethrin was the least toxic and induced no morphological alterations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

[Renal excretion of dimethylphosphate and its thio-derivatives following application of dimethoate, bromophos, naled or trichlorfon to rats].

Dimethoate, bromophos, naled or trichlorophon were applied i.p. or p.o. to rats in 3 doses each differing by the factor 10. In the urine of 24 h gas chromatographic determination of dimethylphosphate (DM), O.O-dimethylthiophosphate (TP), and/or O.O-dimethyldithiophosphate (DT) were carried out. After i.p. application of dimethoate the excretion rate of DT calculated from the dates found with the lowest dosage differed significantly from those found with the two other doses (t-test; p = 0.01). The excretion rates of DM and TP, in the same way, or those of DM, TP, and DT after oral intake of dimethoate did not show any significant differences. The excretion rates of TP after bromophos and of DM after naled or trichlorophon did not differ significantly after the same way of application. The findings make evident that under the given test conditions the excretion rate of DM, TP, or DT is practically independent on the dose.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Pesticides and honey bees: nectar and pollen contamination in alfalfa treated with dimethoate.

Medicago sativa L. (Leguminosae) sprayed with O,O-dimethyl S-(N-methylcarbamoylmethyl) phosphorodithioate (dimethoate) had only 0.5 ppm of dimethoate in pollen one day later, but 3 ppm in nectar one week later, and 1 ppm in nectar two weeks later. As little as 1 ppm added to syrup fed to caged workers of Apis mellifera L. (Apidae) inhibited cholinesterase and reduced survival. Bees given a choice between treated and untreated syrups showed no preference; this suggests that the levels of dimethoate found in nectar are toxic and not repellent.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of skin and respiratory doses and urinary excretion of alkylphosphates in workers exposed to dimethoate during treatment of olive trees.

This article describes a study of exposure to dimethoate during spraying of olive trees in Viterbo province in central Italy. Airborne concentrations of dimethoate were in the range 1.5 to 56.7 nmol/m(3). Total skin contamination was in the range 228.4 to 3200.7 nmol/d and averaged 96.0% +/- 3.6% of the total potential dose. Cotton garments afforded less skin protection than waterproof ones, which were in turn associated with higher skin contamination than disposable Tyvek overalls. Total potential doses and estimated absorbed doses, including their maxima, were below the acceptable daily intake of dimethoate, which is 43.6 nmol/kg body weight (b.w.). Urinary excretion of alkylphosphates was significantly higher than in the general population, increasing with exposure and usually showing a peak in the urine sample collected after treatment. Metabolite concentrations were influenced by the type of individual protection used: minimum levels were associated with the closed cabin and maximum levels with absence of any respiratory or hand protection. Urinary alkylphosphates showed a good correlation with estimated absorbed doses and are confirmed as sensitive biologic indicators of exposure to phosphoric esters.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Effect of ascorbic acid in the detoxification of the insecticide dimethoate in the bone marrow erythrocytes of mice.

The antimutagenic potential of ascorbic acid in the detoxification of the organophosphorus insecticide dimethoate was evaluated in female Swiss albino mice using the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test. Groups of three mice were treated with distilled water (control), 1% dimethyl sulphoxide (solvent control), or 86, 129.5 or 259 mg ascorbic acid/kg body weight, with or without the concurrent administration of 150 mg dimethoate/kg. There was a statistically significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei in dimethoate-treated mice. However, in mice that were given dimethoate and ascorbic acid simultaneously, the numbers of micronuclei did not differ significantly from control values, thus indicating the protective role of ascorbic acid.

Animals↗