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PubMed1997

Male mortality differentials by socio-economic group in Ireland.

There is very little information on differences in mortality by socio-economic group in Ireland. Only one major study has been done in this area. That study was based on data for 1981 and confined to aggregate deaths for males aged between 15 and 64. The objective of this paper is to extend the previous work along a number of important dimensions. Combined deaths data for males for the period 1986-1991 are used, thereby allowing differentials to be estimated with more precision. Mortality differentials for males by cause of death are also explored using this data. Methodological issues associated with trend analysis are highlighted in the paper. There is some discussion on both causal relationships and policy implications arising from analysis of the data. The results confirm international trends in this area: poorer people have higher mortality relative to people in more advantaged circumstances.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Differential mortality by sex in Catalonia].

The purpose of the study is to analyse the evolution of sex differentials in mortality rates in Catalonia (Spain), to assess which causes of death have the higher differentials and to compare the results with other countries. Standardized mortality rates (direct method), sex mortality ratios and differences were obtained. Mortality data refers to 1985 to allow for comparison. Men had higher mortality than women, for cancer, accidents and diseases of the digestive tract. Women had higher mortality rates for endocrine diseases, mental disorders, cardiovascular, skin and muscle-skeleton diseases and ill-defined causes. The evolution in recent years shows a relative stabilization after an increasing trend observed from 1960 to 1979. In general, men had a 60% higher than women age-adjusted mortality rates in the four countries to which Catalonia is compared. Suicide and accidents showed the highest sex mortality ratios. Diabetes showed a different ratio in Catalonia and Spain (higher female mortality rate) compared to other countries. The causes of death with higher male mortality were accidents, as well as causes associated with smoking (lung cancer and ischemic heart disease).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Differential mortality by sex. Causes and behavior of respiratory and gastroenteric infections in Mexico].

The differential in mortality by sex has not been broadly studied in Mexico. In this work mortality by sex in under one year old children and infants by federal entity for the main infectious diseases during 1980-1982 was analyzed. The results showed that the rate of mortality by sex (RMS) for under one year old children was higher than one, which means that there is a male over-mortality for that group of age. In the one to four year old children group, there were three entities that showed over-mortality among women. The analysis of the proportional mortality revealed that 40 to 50 percent of deaths in under one year old children were due to gastroenteral and respiratory infections. The probable causes of the male over-mortality observed and the need to determine the regional patterns of mortality are also discussed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1991

[Contributions to regional mortality differentials].

"In this article there have been applied some analytical methods of multidimensional analysis based on calculated abridged mortality tables for the districts of Czechoslovakia (1981-1985)." The techniques were used to assess average life span and probability of death. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1998

Socioeconomic differentials in mortality among men within Great Britain: time trends and contributory causes.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the size of mortality differentials in men by social class in Scotland as compared with England and Wales, and to analyse the time trends in these differentials. SUBJECTS: Men from England and Wales and Scotland around each census from 1951 to 1981. METHODS: Poisson regression analysis was used to calculate relative indices of inequality for disease specific and all cause mortality as a measure of mortality differentials between social classes. This measure is not dependent on the size of the social class groups, so it can be used to compare the magnitude of differentials over time periods during which the relative sizes of social class groups change. MAIN RESULTS: While overall death rates were higher in Scotland than in England and Wales around the 1951, 1961, and 1971 censuses the relative indices of inequality indicated smaller mortality differences between social classes in Scotland. Inequality, as indexed by the relative index of inequality, increased over time in both Scotland and England and Wales, but to a greater degree in Scotland, resulting in greater social class mortality differentials for Scotland in 1981 (the relative index of inequality increased from 1.40 to 2.43 for England and Wales, and from 1.22 to 2.57 for Scotland between 1951 and 1981). This greater increase in the magnitude of inequalities in all cause mortality in Scotland seemed to result from increasing social class differentials in cardiovascular disease, accidents and external causes, and "all other causes of death". Examining the trends in overall death rates, it seems that the greater increase in social class differences in Scotland occurred because of the greater decrease in death rates among the privileged social groups, in combination with a smaller decrease (or a greater increase) in the death rates in the lower social class groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that trends in mortality and in inequalities in mortality differ within Great Britain. Although death rates were higher in Scotland than in England and Wales, smaller mortality differentials by social class were found in Scotland over the period 1951 to 1971. By 1981, however, social class mortality differentials were greater in Scotland than in England and Wales. The greater increase in the social class differentials over time in Scotland, may have contributed to the worsening overall mortality profile in Scotland as compared with England and Wales that occurred between 1971 and 1981.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Hospital admission and mortality differentials of asthma between urban and rural populations in New South Wales.

It remains unclear whether there are any differentials in hospital admission and mortality rates of asthma between urban and rural populations. An observational study was conducted, based on patient hospital records, to examine the distribution of asthma admissions and mortality in New South Wales. Data on all reported cases of asthma were obtained from New South Wales hospitals between 1989 and 1994. Information on deaths of asthma was collected between 1983 and 1992. The hospital admission rates of asthma varied from 4.8 per 1000 in 1990 to 5.4 per 1000 in 1992 for rural population, and from 3.0 per 1000 in 1991 to 3.4 per 1000 in 1992 for urban population. The hospital admission rates were 51.2-69.1% higher for rural residents than urban dwellers. The mortality rates of asthma ranged from 4.8 per 100,000 in 1983 to 8.0 per 100,000 in 1985 for rural population, and from 3.8 per 100,000 in 1983 to 6.0 per 100,000 in 1989 for urban population. The mortality rates of asthma were 3.62-42.85% higher for rural residents than urban dwellers. These results indicate that the non-age-adjusted hospital admission and mortality rates of asthma were considerably higher in rural populations than in urban populations in New South Wales.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1987

Mortality differentials among persons born in Cuba, Mexico, and Puerto Rico residing in the United States, 1979-81.

This paper examines the mortality experience in 1979-81 of three first generation Hispanic subpopulations in the United States, as defined by area of birth (Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico). Numerators were derived from National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) mortality tapes, which included codes for selected places of birth appearing on the death certificate. Denominators were based on decennial census data for these migrant populations from the 1980 census. Generally, mortality is relatively high among Cuban-born, Mexican-born and Puerto Rican-born adolescents and young adults, particularly males, largely due to violent deaths. Aged migrants, despite their disadvantaged socioeconomic status, exhibit relatively low death rates from heart disease and cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Female's natural advantage? Or, the unhealthy environment of males? The status of sex mortality differentials.

Females live almost eight years longer than males, a difference which has increased during the 20th Century. Whether considered by age group or disease category, the mortality of males exceeds that of females. Environmental and behavioral factors, all potentially correctable, explain this differential more satisfactorily than genetic factors. It is nurture more than nature which must be understood if the sex mortality differential is to be decreased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Differential mortality in Turkana agriculturalists and pastoralists.

Nomadic pastoral populations appear to have much lower rates of growth than the otherwise very high growth rates now characteristic of populations in developing nations. Because dramatic declines in infant mortality have been a primary contributor to increased population growth rates in these countries, it has been assumed that nomadic pastoral populations are still characterized by high levels of mortality in the first few years of life. Few studies, however, have been undertaken to estimate demographic parameters for nomadic pastoral populations, and even fewer of a comparative nature have been undertaken to document the impact of subsistence strategy on demographic processes. This study compares indirect childhood mortality estimates for Turkana nomadic pastoralists with childhood mortality in a settled agricultural group within the same population and finds that pastoralists have substantially higher levels of mortality. Based on the childhood mortality estimates, model life tables are selected for pastoral and agricultural groups from which values for mean life expectancy and infant mortality are estimated and compared. Recent improvements in primary health care for the settled agricultural group are ruled out as being an important cause of their lower mortality levels, and some aspects of life-style associated with subsistence strategy are discussed as likely determinants of the mortality differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Mortality oscillations induced by periodic starvation alter sex-mortality differentials in Mediterranean fruit flies.

Sex-specific mortality rates of medflies were monitored in cages containing individuals of both sexes and with food (either sugar-only or full diet) removed every 2nd, 3rd, or 4th day (plus ad libitum controls). The general finding is that periodic starvation led to marked oscillations in raw mortality rates. The specific findings are as follows: (i) female medflies live longer than male medflies when they are subjected to periodic starvation; (ii) male medflies maintained on a full diet experience a catastrophic increase in mortality (40%) on the first day food is removed. This mortality surge was not observed for females on either diet or for males maintained on a sugar-only diet; (ii) life expectancy is inversely related to the amplitude of mortality oscillations caused by food deprivation; and (iv) the large perturbations in mortality at younger ages caused by periodic starvation has little effect on the amplitude of mortality at older ages. In general, our data shed new light on the complexity of the mortality response of medflies to both the type and availability of food and thus provide a complimentary perspective to findings from dietary restriction studies on both vertebrate and invertebrate systems.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1981

The effect of crises on differential mortality by sex in Bangladesh.

"Male mortality is known to be lower than female mortality in South Asia in...normal times. But it has also been observed that during the crisis periods, this ordering is reversed. The experience of the 1974 famine of Bangladesh, as analysed in this study, confirms this reversal of relative mortality rates. But the usual explanations offered for this reversal are not borne out by the data pertaining to Bangladesh. Several other alternative explanations are explored, but cannot be confirmed due to the lack of appropriate data."

Asia↗