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PubMed1989

The demographics of inequality.

"This paper presents a survey of recent literature on the effects of demographic variables on economic inequality. First, a number of conceptual and methodological questions are raised and discussed. They pertain to what is meant by inequality, what the range of demographic variables is, and how variable and endogenous are the demographic variables most widely used. The paper then turns to a review of empirical works on the distributive incidence of the following demographic variables: baby boomers entering the job market, aging population, variable fertility and mortality rates, internal and external migrations, divorce and widowhood, and finally donations and bequests. It appears that a lot of caution is needed when assessing the incidence of any demographic variable changing the size of the population because in this case standard inequality measures yield conflicting signals." The geographical focus is on developed countries.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1993

Estimation of population coverage in the 1990 United States census based on demographic analysis.

"This article presents estimates of net coverage of the national population in the 1990 [U.S.] census, based on the method of demographic analysis. The general techniques of demographic analysis as an analytic tool for coverage measurement are discussed, including use of the demographic accounting equation, data components, and strengths and limitations of the method. Patterns of coverage displayed by the 1990 estimates are described, along with similarities or differences from comparable demographic estimates for previous censuses....A final section presents the results of the first statistical assessment of the uncertainty in the demographic coverage estimates for 1990." Comments by Clifford C. Clogg and Christine L. Himes (pp. 1,072-4) and Jeffrey S. Passel (pp. 1,074-7) and a rejoinder by the authors (pp. 1,077-9) are included.

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The demographic impact of famines].

"Demographic research into famine has long been dominated by studies of its impact on mortality. Only recently some attempts have been made to relate famine to the other demographic processes of fertility, marriage and migration. Based on five case-studies, this article tries to identify the often complex interrelationships between famine and the major demographic processes. At the same time, attention is paid to the interactions between the demographic processes themselves. Furthermore, two conceptual frameworks examining these relationships are discussed. Finally, the importance of this subject both for the study of demographic behaviour and for famine relief programmes is stressed." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1983

Toward a social justice theory of demographic transition: lessons from India's Kerala State.

Recent research evidence, which suggests that observed demographic trends and patterns are largely consequences of broad structural changes in society, has raised serious doubts about the validity of traditional demographic theory and the framework for action it has generated. This theoretical essay 1st recasts classical demographic transition theory in general systems terms in order to make it consistent with the evidence and to place the processes of fertility and mortality in a larger social context. The demographic transition experience of Kerala State, India is then recounted to provide a concrete example of the demographic response in society to structural reforms based primarily on equity considerations.

Asia↗
PubMed1991

Spontaneous and induced demographic change.

When some scholars from abroad analyze the role of family planning policies in developing countries in changes in the fertility rate, they differentiate 2 categories of change: one is "developmental change in the fertility rate" and the other is "induced change in the fertility rate". Professor Tian Xinyuan, of American nationality, quotes this concept in his analysis of changes in China's fertility rate, and believes that changes in China's fertility rate belong to fairly successful "induced change in fertility behavior". The author agrees with this differentiation, and feels that there is a need to incorporate this kind of differentiation in all analysis of the characteristics and mechanism of demographic change in China. Due to the inclusion of a set of intervening social variables, in fact demographic change in all countries has already evolved the 2 fundamental types of demographic change, spontaneous and induced. However, until now, the authors have not seen a systematic discussion of the differences and the relationship between these 2 types of demographic change. This paper attempts to make some theoretical investigations into the above, and firmly believes that this has definite significance for enriching theories of demographic change and guiding China's family planning practices.

Asia↗
PubMed1995

Public pension reform, demographics, and inequality.

"Starting from a simple, descriptive model of individual income, an explicit link between the age composition of a population and the personal distribution of incomes is established. Demographic effects on income inequality are derived. Next, a pay-as-you-go financed state pension system is introduced. The resulting government budget constraint entails interrelations between fiscal and demographic variables, causing an additional, indirect demographic impact on the distribution. This is shown not only to change, but in some cases even to reverse the distributional incidence of an aging population. Several policy conflicts arise. The point is re-emphasized by an analysis of the German Pension Reform Act of 1992. The study reveals that the design of the pension formula decisively drives the relation between demographics and inequality."

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1999

Impact of demographic distribution and population growth rate on haplotypic diversity linked to a disease gene and their consequences for the estimation of recombination rate: example of a French Canadian population.

A disease gene introduced into a rapidly growing population by a single individual remains in strong linkage disequilibrium with the surrounding molecular markers. Mapping strategies taking advantage of this phenomenon allow increased mapping resolution as compared to pedigree analysis. Demographic models underlying these strategies usually assume the population exponential growth approximated by Poisson distribution of the number of children per individual. Knowing the real demographic distribution in the studied French-Canadian population, we analyzed the validity of the Poisson approximation. We adapted the existing model of the Poisson branching process to the case of a rapidly growing population and to non-Poisson distributions. In consequence, we were able to apply maximum-likelihood methods to estimate the recombination rate under various demographic scenarios. Our analysis shows that the growth rate has a higher impact on the estimation of recombination rate than the shape of the demographic distribution. The choice of the demographic model (Poisson vs. non-Poisson) has little effect on the estimation of the recombination rate but affects the expected distribution of haplotype frequencies. This distribution, however, depends much more on the population growth rate. Finally, we also demonstrate the usefulness of the Luria-Delbrück method, which gives a correct estimation of the recombination rate in a growing population, provided the sampling error is taken into account in the confidence intervals.

Confidence Intervals↗
PubMed1996

Family demographics of clinically referred children: what we know and what we need to know.

Published empirical studies were reviewed to establish family demographics of clinically referred children and adolescents. Data on parental marital status were collected from studies of referred and nonreferred children and adolescents in six empirical journals. Data on family socioeconomic status (SES) and child race or ethnicity were also collected. Based on 86 studies that presented parental marital status, 56.4% of clinically referred children and adolescents live with both their biological mother and biological father. Family SES data were difficult to summarize because of the different methods of presenting this information. When considering race and ethnicity, 86% of the children and adolescents in the clinical samples were Caucasian American. Of the studies that were originally reviewed, 80.4% did not include parental marital status and 36.7% did not include SES, race, or ethnicity of the participants. There were no significant differences between journals in the rates of inclusion of family demographic data. In addition to revealing family demographic information about children and adolescents who participate in clinical research, these data highlight the lack of consistency in the presentation of family demographic data in published research. Suggestions are provided to help researchers collect and present meaningful family demographic data in clinical and nonclinical research with children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Drug use during early pregnancy. The impact of maternal illness, outcome of prior pregnancies and socio-demographic factors.

OBJECTIVE: Socio-demographic factors have been associated with drug use in pregnancy. However, information on maternal illness has rarely been included in previous studies. The aim of this study was therefore to estimate the impact of maternal illness and prior pregnancy outcome on the use of analgesics/antipyretics, anti-infectives and antihistamines in early pregnancy controlling for socio-demographic factors. METHODS: One thousand nine-hundred and forty-five parous pregnant women from Norway and Sweden were included in an interview study. Information on drug use, obstetric history, maternal illness and socio-demographic factors was collected by specially trained midwives at gestational week 17 and form the basis for the present analyses. RESULTS: After control for socio-demographic factors, reported illness was associated with the use of analgesics/antipyretics, anti-infectives and antihistamines during early pregnancy. The use of analgesic/antipyretic and anti-infective drugs differed between study sites. Sociodemographic factors such as age, parity, marital status, education, occupation and smoking habits did not influence drug use in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Maternal illness during pregnancy was associated with drug use in early pregnancy. When studying factors related to drug use during pregnancy, it is important to include information on maternal illness. Socio-demographic factors may be confounders and lead to erroneous conclusions about the factors related to drug use.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Purifying selection and demographic expansion affect sequence diversity of the ligand-binding domain of a glutamate-gated chloride channel gene of Haemonchus placei.

Ninety-five genomic sequences of the ligand-binding domain of glutamate-gated chloride channel genes of three populations of the parasitic nematode H. placei were evaluated for patterns of diversity, demography, and selection. These genes code for subunits of ion channels, which are involved in the mode of action of the most commonly used antiparasitic drugs, the macrocyclic lactones. An extremely high frequency of unique segregating sites in exons and introns was observed, with significantly negative neutrality tests in each population for noncoding, synonymous, and nonsynonymous sites. Several tests indicated that support for balancing selection, positive selection, and hitchhiking was lacking. McDonald-Kreitman tests using H. contortus or C. elegans as an outgroup revealed an extreme excess of replacement polymorphism, consistent with weak purifying selection. Although these tests agree that negative selection may explain the excess of replacement changes, an alternative interpretation is required for the significantly negative Fu and Li's D statistics based on silent and noncoding sites. These include homogeneous forces such as background selection and demographic expansion. The lack of population subdivision and the negative values of Tajima's D for this outbreeding parasitic nematode render background selection less likely than demographic expansion. Comparison of D statistics based on different site types using neutral coalescent simulations supported this interpretation. Although this statistic was more negative for nonsynonymous sites than for synonymous sites, most comparisons of the D statistic were not significantly different between mutation classes. A few significant site comparisons were also consistent with demographic expansion, because the observed test statistic ( D(neutral) - D(selected)) were low relative to the neutral expectations. Finally, previous mitochondrial studies also identified a demographic expansion of this parasitic nematode species, which lends further support to a scenario involving both demographic and purifying forces in the ligand-binding domain of H. placei.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Effects of range position, inter-annual variation and density on demographic transition rates of Hornungia petraea populations.

The central-marginal model assumes unfavourable and more variable environmental conditions at the periphery of a species' distribution range to negatively affect demographic transition rates, finally resulting in reduced population sizes and densities. Previous studies on density-dependence as a crucial factor regulating plant population growth have mainly focussed on fecundity and survival. Our objective is to analyse density-dependence in combination with the effect of inter-annual variation and range position on all life stages of an annual plant species, Hornungia petraea, including germination and seed incorporation into the seed bank. As previous studies on H. petraea had revealed a pattern opposite to existing theory with lower population densities at the distribution centre in Italy than at the periphery in Germany, we hypothesised that (1) demographic transition rates are lower, (2) the inter-annual variation in demographic transition rates is higher and (3) the intensity of density-dependence is weaker in Italy than in Germany. To analyse demographic transition rates, we used an autoregressive covariance strategy for repeated measures including density and inter-annual variation. All the three hypotheses were confirmed, but the impact of range position, density-dependence and inter-annual variation differed among the transition steps. All transition rates except fecundity were higher in the German populations than in the Italian populations. Germination rate and incorporation rate into the seed bank were strongly density-dependent. Central populations showed a larger inter-annual variation in fecundity and winter survival rate. Winter survival rate was the only transition step with a stronger density-dependence in peripheral populations. In most cases, these differences between distribution centre and periphery would not have emerged without taking density-dependence and inter-annual variation into account. We conclude that including range position, inter-annual variation and density-dependence in one single statistical model is an important tool for the interpretation of demographic patterns regarding the central-marginal model.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Demographic influences on the behavior of chimpanzees.

Recent research has revealed substantial diversity in the behavior of wild chimpanzees. Understanding the sources of this variation has become a central focus of investigation. While genetic, ecological, and cultural factors are often invoked to explain behavioral variation in chimpanzees, the demographic context is sometimes overlooked as a contributing factor. Observations of chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda, reveal that the size and structure of the unit group or community can both facilitate and constrain the manifestation of behavior. With approximately 150 individuals, the Ngogo community is much larger than others that have been studied in the wild. We have taken advantage of the unusual demographic structure of this community to document new and intriguing patterns of chimpanzee behavior with respect to hunting, territoriality, and male social relationships. Chimpanzees at Ngogo hunt often and with a considerable degree of success. In addition, male chimpanzees there frequently patrol the boundary of their territory and engage in repeated bouts of lethal intergroup aggression. By forming two distinct subgroups, male chimpanzees at Ngogo also develop social bonds above the level of dyadic pairs. While the sheer number of chimpanzees contributes to differences in hunting, patrolling, mating, and subgrouping at Ngogo, the demographic situation may also constrain behavioral interactions. At Ngogo, male chimpanzees who are closely related genetically through the maternal line do not appear to affiliate or cooperate with each other. Demographic constraints may be responsible for this finding. In this paper, I use these examples to illustrate how the demographic context affects the possible range of behavioral options open to individuals and ultimately contributes to the explanation of behavioral diversity in chimpanzees.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Anesthesiologists in France. First results of the national survey conducted in 1999 by the French College of Anesthesiologist, The French National Society of Anesthesia and Intensive Care with the scientific support of the National Institute for Demographic Studies].

OBJECTIVES: Fears related to the future of anaesthesia manpower in France have led the French College of Anaesthesiologists (Cfar) and the French Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (Sfar), in scientific partnership with the National Institute for Demographic Studies (Ined), to set-up a national survey among French anaesthetists (MAR) practicing in France, to describe their demographic evolution and to analyse their professional activities. METHODS: The survey was based on a personal questionnaire, filled by each individual, approved by the National Commission on Informatics and Freedoms (CNIL). The survey was conducted in November 1998, in the 1484 hospitals, public (590) and private (894) where anaesthetics are performed, under the control of local and regional referents. RESULTS: The anaesthesiologists positions count gave a total of 9741 positions shared between 5694 in public practice (58%), 3569 in private practice (37%) and 478 in private hospitals taking part to the national health service-PSPH (5%). The evaluation of the number of anaesthesiologists from the number of positions has made necessary a methodology of rectification of the survey to take in account the lack of response and the multiple sites of activity. The survey allows an evaluation of around 8876 physicians practising anaesthesia and intensive care in France at the beginning of 1999, among them 216 overseas. This census is in concordance with the count made by the Medical Council--Ordre des médecins--which published a number of 8716 anaesthesiologists in France, and 234 overseas, at the 1st January 1999, corresponding to a total of 8950. The annual demographic growth has felt from 9% per year, before 1989, to reach the level zero, in 1999. The masculinisation of the speciality is growing with a proportion of 35.7% of females, as well as ageing, the overage of age increasing from 42.8 in 1989 to 45.9 years in 1999. The pyramid of ages does not correspond to a growing population but to ageing people due to a decrease of the youngest classes. The medical density of 14.75 anaesthesiologists for 100,000 inhabitants in 1999, compared to 12.9 in 1989, is slightly above the European average, but the geographic distribution is very unequal between north and south, the large cities, centre of a university hospital, and the smaller one even if a reduction of differences is observed. The study and the analysis of professional activities bring important data to take in account side of demographic evolution. CONCLUSION: The demographic evolution must integrate non-only the reduction of the entries in the speciality, of the retirements, but also the sociological evolutions linked to the working time reduction. The solutions face to the promised shortcut of manpower consist of a reorganisation of the structures, a new definition of tasks and managements, without the possibility to avoid and adjustment of the anaesthesiologists population.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The National Adult Reading Test as a measure of premorbid intelligence: a comparison with estimates derived from demographic variables.

Since its publication in 1982, the National Adult Reading Test (NART; Revised Version, NART-R) has become a widely accepted method for estimating premorbid levels of intelligence in neuropsychological research. However, the assumption that NART/NART-R performance is relatively independent of brain damage has been increasingly challenged in recent years. In a number of conditions, including Alzheimer dementia and Korsakoff's syndrome, studies have indicated a deterioration in reading ability, leading to an underestimated premorbid IQ. In a reaction to these studies, some researchers have advocated the use of demographic variables as a more suitable foundation for accurately predicting premorbid intelligence. We addressed this issue by calculating IQ estimates on the basis of NART/NART-R, demographic variables, and a combination of the two approaches and by comparing these with current WAIS/WAIS-R IQ in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, Alzheimer dementia, frontal or temporal lobe lesions, and in healthy controls. Estimated premorbid IQs did not differ across groups, whether derived from NART/NART-R or demographic variables. Those based on NART/NART-R demonstrated higher correlations with current WAIS/WAIS-R IQ in controls and patients than those derived from demographic variables. An equation combining NART scores with demographic variables did not significantly increase the amount of variance in IQ explained by NART only, either in patients or controls. The data offer reassurance regarding the continued use of NART as a valid estimate of premorbid intelligence in a number of conditions.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2005

A dynamic multilevel model of demographic diversity and misfit effects.

In this study, the authors proposed and evaluated the linkages of a dynamic multilevel model of demographic diversity and misfit effects in a large sample of quick-service restaurants. Using a cross-level approach, the authors studied an employee's demographic misfit in relation to coworkers' demographics as a predictor of turnover risk over time. At the business-unit level, they studied changes in restaurant demographic diversity in relation to changes in profitability over time and unit turnover rates in relation to profitability. The authors also studied the impact of the match between the racial compositions of the restaurants and their communities on profitability. The results supported linkages between demographic misfit and turnover and partially supported a negative association between racial diversity and changes in profitability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Geographic and demographic variation in the prevalence of overweight Canadian children.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the geographic and demographic variation in the prevalence of overweight Canadian children. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Using BMI data from the 1981 Canada Fitness Survey and the 1996 National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, this study assessed: 1). the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Canadian boys and girls ages 7 to 13 years; 2). secular trends in the prevalence of overweight from 1981 to 1996, by province and adjusted for age and sex; and 3). provincial variation in the prevalence of overweight, before and after adjusting for socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. RESULTS: The prevalence of boys and girls classified as overweight in 1996 was 33% and 26%, respectively. The corresponding figures for obesity were 10% for boys and 9% for girls. Provincial variation was observed with a trend of increasing risk of being overweight from west to east. Socioeconomic status was inversely related to the prevalence of overweight regardless of geographic region. The risk of being overweight was more related to geography (province) than demographic variables (income and family background); however, the effect of secular trends (1981 to 1996) exceeded the effect of geographic or demographic variables. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity is increasing in all areas of Canada and can be explained only partially by geographic or demographic characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Admission as a dental student to the former UMDS and its relationship to socio-demographic characteristics.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the socio-demographic characteristics of successful and unsuccessful applicants to one UK dental school over a period of five years. To compare the characteristics of successful and unsuccessful candidates. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of admissions data for the former United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas' (UMDS) dental school provided by Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) for a five year period (1994-1998). PARTICIPANTS: Applicants to the former UMDS dental school between 1994 and 1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Success of candidates at four stages of the application process: initial application; offer made by the dental school; offer accepted or declined by the candidate; candidate accepted by the school (post A level results). Comparisons were made of the success rates among candidates grouped according to socio-demographic characteristics at each transition between these stages. A level performance was not included in the analysis, which must limit the findings, and may explain some of the variation found in the study. RESULTS: The effect of socio-demographic characteristics on the admissions process was small though significant. Approximately 9% of initial applicants reached the final stage and were accepted into the dental school. The most marked effect was a bias towards female entrants (11.5% of women applicants were accepted, compared with 7% of men). Only 5% of applicants from all the Black minority groups were successful. In comparison 17% of applicants of Chinese origin were successful. The proportion of accepted applicants from London and the South East (12%) was greater than from other areas (9%). CONCLUSIONS: Any conclusions must be tempered by the limitations of the study: the retrospective nature of the study together with the lack of information on A level results. Given these caveats, this study has demonstrated that the success of applicants to one former dental school was related to their socio-demographic characteristics. A prospective study including a number of dental schools in the UK which records both predicted and achieved A level grades would provide more definitive information on the impact of socio-demographic factors on admission to dental school.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Hearing loss, control, and demographic factors influencing hearing aid use among older adults.

Preference for non-use of hearing aids among older adults who are candidates for amplification remains to be explained. Clinical studies have examined the contribution of consumer attitudes, behaviors, and life circumstances to this phenomenon. The present study extends the interests of earlier investigators in that it examines psychological control tendencies in combination with hearing loss and demographic variables among older adults who elected to accept (adherents) or ignore (nonadherents) advice from hearing professionals to acquire and use hearing aids. One hundred thirty-one individuals participated by completing measures of hearing, hearing handicap, psychological control, depression, and ego strength. Participants were asked to provide demographic information and personal opinions regarding hearing aid use. Adherence group and gender differences were noted on measures of hearing sensitivity, psychological control, and demographic factors. Female adherents demonstrated greater hearing loss and poorer word recognition ability but less hearing handicap, higher internal locus of control, higher ego strength, and fewer depressive tendencies than female nonadherents. They reported demographic advantages. Female adherents assumed responsibility for effective communication. Although male adherents and nonadherents did not differ significantly demographically, male adherents were more accepting of their hearing loss, took responsibility for communication problems, and found hearing aids less stigmatizing. Implications for clinical practice and future clinical investigations are identified and discussed. Results are expected to be of interest to clinicians, clinical investigators, and health care policymakers.

Aged↗