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PubMed1975

[Investigations on the filariidae of the cervidae in Southern Germany. 3. The filariidae of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) (author's transl)].

Roe deer in southern Germany are frequently infected with W. rugosicauda. The adult worms are found subcutaneously in the connective tissues of the back of the host. The microfilariae concentrate in a considerable distance near the nose, in smaller numbers also in the ears and in the skin of the legs. The vector is probably Ixodes ricinus. In fallow deer C. wenki are found intradermally and subcutaneously. The microfilariae remain in the skin near the site of the adult worms. Skin inhabiting microfilariae of another filariid worm are found which cannot be associated with the described species of Cervidae. The host specificity of the filariid forms of roe deer, fallow deer and red deer is indicated, the development of the microfilarial distribution patterns is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The incidence of bacterial CNS infections in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) in Bavaria].

Brain samples of 849 wild ruminants (654 roe deer, 189 red deer and 6 chamois) from Bavaria were examined for the occurrence of encephalopathies caused by bacteria, using cultural, serological and genetic methods. In addition, 87 brain samples were investigated histologically for clarification of the pathogenetic relevance of specific microorganisms. Using conventional bacteriological methods, 464 different bacteria were isolated. 229 of them could be differentiated to the genus level and 235 to the species level. Totally, 35 different bacteria species were isolated, most frequently Micrococcus spp., Bacillus spp. and E. coli. Listeria spp. were detected in 43 brain samples (37 from roe deer, 5 from red deer and 1 from chamois). Sixteen strains were identified as L. innocua, 14 as L. monocytogenes, 9 as L. seeligeri and 4 as L. grayi. Serological investigations of L. monocytogenes showed that 9 strains belong to serotype 1/2a and five to 4b. Analysis of the geographical distribution of the Listeria findings indicate a statistically significant (p<0.011) regional aggregation in Unterfranken (prevalence for roe deer: 12.2%, versus 4.5% in Oberbayern-Schwaben, 6.1% in Niederbayern-Oberpfalz and 0% in Oberfranken-Mittelfranken). The histological investigation (HE staining) of 87 tissue samples contaminated with encephalitis relevant bacteria showed inflammation of different severity (mild meningitis and choroiditis (n = 26) to moderate (meningo)encephalitis (n = 13)) in 41 cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Normal haematological values of axis deer (Axis axis), Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) and barasingha (Cervus duvauceli).

Full blood counts and fibrinogen estimations were carried out on a number of clinically normal adult axis deer (Axis axis), Père David's deer (Elaphus davidianus) and barasingha (Cervus duvauceli). Apart from the finding of higher total red cell counts and a lower mean red cell volume in axis deer than in Père David's deer and barasingha, there was little interspecies variation. Some individual Père David's deer showed eosinophilia, thought to be associated with subclinical intestinal nematode infestation. The findings should provide a useful reference base for monitoring health in these species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Blood coagulation parameters in clinically normal intensively farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama).

Reference ranges for five parameters of blood coagulation were established in clinically normal farmed fallow deer (Dama dama) and red deer (Cervus elaphus). Storage of plasma at -15 degrees C resulted in small increases in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) for both species, and in the one stage prothrombin time (OSPT) of fallow deer, between days 1 and 30. These times were then stable between days 30 and 60. The fibrinogen levels of fallow deer plasma showed a small apparent increase over 60 days. These storage artefacts were not of sufficient magnitude to preclude the use of such plasma for diagnostic purposes although they could limit its use in research. Levels of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) were not affected by storage at -15 degrees C. Rabbit brain thromboplastin appeared adequate for OSPT determination in both species. The activated clotting time (ACT) is recommended as a field test for screening the intrinsic and common pathways of blood coagulation in deer.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Osteochondrosis associated with copper deficiency in young farmed red deer and wapiti x red deer hybrids.

Osteochondrosis is reported in association with copper deficiency in young red deer and wapiti X red deer hybrids on eight deer farms throughout New Zealand. On two farms, more than 30% of fawns were affected. Affected animals were lame, often had one or more swollen joints, and in some cases had an abnormal "bunny-hopping" gait or "cow-hocked" stance. Lesions were most common in the carpal, tarsal, stifle and hip joints, and were usually bilateral. Defects in articular cartilage ranged from loose flaps to complete separation with exposure of subchondral bone and the presence of cartilage fragments within the joint space. In advanced cases, the joints had features of degenerative arthropathy. Bilateral epiphyseolysis of the femoral head was observed in some severely lame deer. All deer with osteochondrosis had low serum and/or liver copper concentrations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Electron spin resonance assessment of susceptibility of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) to oilseed rape (Brassica napus) poisoning.

Ex vivo studies have been carried out on roe and red deer erythrocytes using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Free radical formation in cells challenged with the brassica-derived haemolysin, dimethyldisulphide, was measured using spin trapping techniques. Significantly greater amounts of radical were trapped in the roe deer cells which may relate to differences in the antioxidant profile of the two genotypes. Results suggest that roe deer have a greater risk of developing oilseed rape poisoning than red deer.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of two automated immunohistochemical procedures for the diagnosis of scrapie in domestic sheep and chronic wasting disease in North American white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus).

Two commercially available automated immunohistochemistry platforms, Ventana NexES and DakoCytomation Autostainer Universal Staining System, were compared for diagnosing sheep scrapie and cervid chronic wasting disease. Both automated platforms used the same antiprion protein monoclonal primary antibodies, but different platform-specific linker and amplification reagents and procedures. Duplicate sections of brainstem (at the level of the obex) and lymphoid tissue (retropharyngeal lymph node or tonsil) from the same tissue block were immunostained for the comparison. Examination of 1,020 tissues from 796 sheep revealed 100% concordance of results between the Ventana NexES and DakoCytomation platforms for diagnosing sheep scrapie from lymphoid tissue (103/103 positive; 405/405 negative) and brainstem (120/120 positive; 392/392 negative). Similarly, examination of 1,008 tissues from 504 white-tailed deer revealed 100% concordance between the Ventana NexES and DakoCytomation platforms for diagnosing chronic wasting disease from lymphoid tissue (104/104 positive; 400/400 negative) and brainstem (104/104 positive; 400/400 negative). Examination of 1,152 tissues from 482 mule deer revealed a concordance of 98.6% in lymphoid tissue and 99.9% in brainstem between the Ventana NexES and DakoCytomation platforms for diagnosing chronic wasting disease. The results indicate equivalence or near equivalence between the DakoCytomation and Ventana NexES autostainer platforms for identification of the disease-associated prion protein (PrPd)-positive and PrPd-negative brain and lymphoid tissues in sheep, white-tailed deer, and mule deer.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting anthrax antibody in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus): evaluation of anthrax vaccination and sera from free-ranging deer.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for anthrax antibody in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was developed and used to evaluate a vaccination study and compare sera from hunter-killed deer in anthrax endemic and non-endemic areas. Deer subcutaneously vaccinated with anthrax avirulent spore vaccine developed specific antibody to protective antigen (PA) which was significantly higher than the non-vaccinated controls at 30, 60, 90, and 240 days post-vaccination. There was no difference between the levels of antibody to PA between deer in anthrax endemic and non-endemic areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Spongiform encephalopathy in free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) in northcentral Colorado.

Between March 1981 and June 1995, a neurological disease characterized histologically by spongiform encephalopathy was diagnosed in 49 free-ranging cervids from northcentral Colorado (USA). Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) were the primary species affected and accounted for 41 (84%) of the 49 cases, but six Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and two white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were also affected. Clinical signs included emaciation, excessive salivation, behavioral changes, ataxia, and weakness. Emaciation with total loss of subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissue and serous atrophy of remaining fat depots were the only consistent gross findings. Spongiform encephalopathy characterized by microcavitation of gray matter, intraneuronal vacuolation and neuronal degeneration was observed microscopically in all cases. Scrapie-associated prion protein or an antigenically indistinguishable protein was demonstrated in brains from 26 affected animals, 10 using an immunohistochemical staining procedure, nine using electron microscopy, and seven using Western blot. Clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions and ancillary test findings in affected deer and elk were indistinguishable from those reported in chronic wasting disease of captive cervids. Prevalence estimates, transmissibility, host range, distribution, origins, and management implications of spongiform encephalopathy in free-ranging deer and elk remain undetermined.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Comparative cardiopulmonary effects of carfentanil-xylazine and medetomidine-ketamine used for immobilization of mule deer and mule deer/white-tailed deer hybrids.

Three mule deer and 4 mule deer/white-tailed deer hybrids were immobilized in a crossover study with carfentanil (10 microg/kg) + xylazine (0.3 mg/kg) (CX), and medetomidine (100 microg/kg) + ketamine (2.5 mg/kg) (MK). The deer were maintained in left lateral recumbency for 1 h with each combination. Deer were immobilized with MK in 230+/-68 s (mean +/- SD) and with CX in 282+/-83 seconds. Systolic, mean and diastolic arterial pressure were significantly higher with MK. Heart rate, PaO2, PaCO2, pH, and base excess were not significantly different between treatments. Base excess and pH increased significantly over time with both treatments. Both treatments produced hypoventilation (PaCO2 > 50 mm Hg) and hypoxemia (PaO2 < 60 mm Hg). PaO2 increased significantly over time with CX. Body temperature was significantly (P<0.05) higher with CX compared to MK. Ventricular premature contractions, atrial premature contractions, and a junctional escape rhythm were noted during CX immobilization. No arrhythmias were noted during MK immobilization. Quality of immobilization was superior with MK, with no observed movement present for the 60 min of immobilization. Movement of the head and limbs occurred in 4 animals immobilized with CX. The major complication observed with both of these treatments was hypoxemia, and supplemental inspired oxygen is recommended during immobilization. Hyperthermia can further complicate immobilization with CX, reinforcing the need for supplemental oxygen.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The occurrence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) in Bavaria].

Brain samples of 849 free-ranging ruminants (654 roe deer, 189 red deer and 6 chamois) from Bavaria were examined for TSE. In this respect, detections of PrPres were carried out by ELISA technique (BioRad) and immunohistochemistry using the monoclonal antibody (mAb) L42. Validation experiments of the ELISA technique for the detection of prionprotein from free-ranging ruminants showed that the examination of brains of wild ruminants lead to lower extinctions than that of bovine brain samples. Due to the fact that brain samples of 2 known CWD positive wapitis showed definite positive results, all samples were analysed by this test. There were no indications on the occurrence of TSE in any of the sample. In addition, immunohistochemical investigations of 10% of all samples did not show PrPres. Due to the large number of samples, the prevalence of TSE in Bavaria can be quoted under 0.5% for roe deer and under 1.5% for red deer with a certainty of 95%.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Attempt of deworming of red and fallow deer in deer farm with rintal premix].

Rintal 2.4% premix (Bayer) in single dose 7.5 mg of active substance on kg body weight was given to the calves of red and fallow deer. Effectiveness of deworming against nematodes from family Trichostrongylidae was 85.2% in red and 97.8% in fallow deer. Against namatodes from genus Trichocephalus the effectiveness was higher extending in red deer 98.1%, and in fallow deer 99.5%. Anthelmintic was not effective against nematodes Varestrongylus sagittatus and Elaphostrongylus cervi.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Fatty acid content of the lipid fraction of the meat from deer and roe deer].

Investigations were carried out on musculus longissimus dorsi as sampled from 8 deer, weighing 90 to 120 kg, and from 10 fallow deer, weighing 25 to 35 kg, hunted in the autumn-winter season of 1983-1984. Fatty acid determination was performed via gas chromatograph Pye Unicam, model 104, supplied with a flame-ionization detector. It was found that the average content of fatty acids in the lipid fraction of m. longissimus dorsi from deer in percent to the total amount of fatty acids was 1.82% for myristic acid, 0.21% for tetradecenic acid, 30.17% for palmitic acid, 1.88% for palmitoleic acid, 19.42% for stearic acid, 43.18% for oleic acid, 3.32% for linoleic acid, while the ratio between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids had a numerical value of 1.06. With fallow deer the average amount of fatty acids in the lipid fraction of m. longissimus dorsi in percent to the total amount of fatty acids these figures were 3.46, 0.59, 30.48, 2.44, 20.15, 40.41, 2.47%, and 1.18, respectively. With both species of animals traces were also found of linolenic and arachidonic acids.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Comparative anatomical and topographic studies of the salivary glands of red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Cervus dama), and mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon)--ruminantia: cervidae, bovidae.

The salivary glands of red deer, fallow deer, and mouflon were investigated macroscopically as to their topographic situation and relationship, as to their specific structure including their ducts and to their relative weight. These findings were compared with those from domestic ruminants and were related to the morphophysiological specialisation of other portions of the ruminant digestive system and to their function. The relative size of all salivary glands decreases from red deer via fallow deer to mouflon in spite of principal topographic and shape similarities and it reflects the position of these species within the system of ruminant feeding types.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Possibilities of contagion of gastrointestinal and lung nematode infections of fallow deer for cattle, sheep and goats raised in the same fenced area as fallow deer].

Cattle as well as sheep and goats may be infected with parasitic nematodes of fallow deer under natural conditions, but heavy infections do not occur. Most nematode species were recorded in goats, cattle harboured the fewest number of species. The specific abomasal parasites of fallow deer (Spiculopteragia asymmetrica, Apteragia quadrispiculata, Skrjabinagia ryjikovi, Ostertagia drozdzi) were only seen in goats in greater number while both cattle and sheep were only poor susceptible. Capillaria bovis was observed in goats and sheep, cattle and sheep harboured Cooperia pectinata and Nematodirus roscidus. Oesophagostomum venulosum was recorded in cattle, sheep and goats. Oesophagostomum sikae was recovered only from fallow deer. Dictyocaulus eckerti was seen in fallow deer and in one cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Clinical examination of the blood of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) and fallow deer (Dama dama L.) naturally invaded by parasites].

Roe-deer (Capreolus capreolus L. -- five animals) and fallow deer (Dama dama L. -- eleven animals) of both sexes and at different age were subject to blood examination. The deer were killed in several preserves in Bohemia during autumn and winter shootings in two years. The following blood values were determined: erythrocyte count, leucocyte count, hemoglobin content, hematocrit values, MCV, MCH, MCHC, white blood picture, total protein, its fractions (albumin, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globulin) SGOT, SGPT, and alkaline phosphatase activities, and calcium, phoshporus, and magnesium levels. Examinations were performed in the blood collected from heart soon after the killing of the animals and the results were evaluated in relation to natural polyvalent invasions by parasites of the following species: Bicaulus sagittatus, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Paramphistomum sp., Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta, O. ostertagi, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Nematodirus filicollis, Chabertia ovina, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Trichocephalus ovis, Eimeria auburnensis, E. faurei, and E. ninaekohlyakimovae, occurring in different intensities and species composition in individual animals of the deer tested.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1977

[Tuberculosis among Japanese deer in a deer-park in Goes (author's transl)].

Severe infection with tubercle bacilli of the avian type was detected among Japanese deer in Goes. All animals were disposed of and post-mortem studies were done, which showed that only two specimens were culturally negative. After thorough cleaning and decontamination of fecings and cages and burning of the mown grass during the period from August 1971 to April 1972, the park was repopulated with deer free from tuberculosis. The herd was continued to be free from tuberculosis ever since. Well over one hundred children who occasionally visted the deer-park as well as the attendants of the deer were examined twice (at a four-month interval) using avian tuberculin, the results of the tests being negative.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Histological studies of bone formation during pedicle restoration and early antler regeneration in roe deer and fallow deer.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the process of bone formation in the regenerating cranial appendages of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) during the early postcasting period. After the antlers are cast, osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities lead to a smoothing of the pedicle's separation surface, a strengthening of the pedicle bone, and a partial restoration of the distal pedicle portion that was lost along with the cast antler. Initially, bone formation occurs by intramembranous ossification, but early during the regeneration process cartilage is formed at the tips of the cranial appendages, and is subsequently replaced by bone in a process of endochodral ossification. Shortly after the antlers are cast, the cambium layer of the periosteum in the distal pedicle is markedly enlarged, which suggests that the periosteum serves as a cell source for the bone-forming tissue covering the exposed pedicle bone. The histological findings of our study are consistent with the view that the bony component of the regenerating cranial appendages of deer is largely derived from the pedicle periosteum. Based on findings in other bone systems, we speculate that stem cells that can undergo both osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation are present in the pedicle periosteum. The early onset of chondrogenesis in the regeneration process is regarded as an adaptation to the necessity of producing a huge volume of bone within a short period. This parallels the situation in other cases of chondrogenesis in membrane bones.

Animals↗