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PubMed1992

A comparison of the perceptions of the mother-daughter relationship of black pregnant and nonpregnant teenagers.

This study examined the relationship between mothers and their teenage daughters in order to determine if there was a significant difference in perceived relationships between pregnant and nonpregnant mother-daughter dyads in a predominantly black sample. Results indicated that the nonpregnant daughters and their mothers felt significantly more intimacy toward each other than did the pregnant daughters and their mothers. However, correlations of the mother and daughter scores revealed that the intimacy scores of the mothers of the pregnant daughters were positively correlated with their daughters' attachment scores, suggesting that the mothers and their pregnant daughters were more in agreement regarding their relationship than were the nonpregnant mother-daughter pairs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Feminist attitudes and mother-daughter relationships in adolescence.

In spite of the growing amount of research on women's issues, there are few empirical studies of mother-daughter relationships, and almost none on the effects of the major women's movement of our times on relationships between mothers and daughters. In this study of late adolescent daughters' perceptions of their relationships with their mothers, two alternative hypotheses are examined: (1) feminism, with its emphasis on bonding among women, strengthens relations between adolescent daughters and their mothers, or (2) feminism as a force of social change, both attitudinal and behavioral, weakens the adolescent daughter-mother relationship. Based on 102 questionnaires completed by university-age women in the winter of 1983, it was found that the majority of daughters who have a good relationship with their mothers see both themselves and their mothers as feminist. However, these daughters do not attribute their positive mother-daughter relationship explicitly to feminism. For the minority of daughters who claim to have a poor relationship with their mothers, they attribute the problems to feminism.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Enhanced deposition of radon daughter nuclei in the vicinity of power frequency electromagnetic fields.

We report the attraction of radon daughter nuclei in normal domestic room air to everyday sources of power frequency electromagnetic fields. TASTRAK plastic track detectors were used to measure alpha-emission from the radon (222Rn) daughters 218Po and 214Po close to 50-Hz mains frequency power cables and domestic appliance leads. We observed that wires carrying mains frequency potential attract radon daughter nuclei in a manner visually similar to the attraction of iron filings to a magnet. Increased deposition of up to a factor of 18 was observed. Further experiments designed to simulate the effect of overhead power lines at ground level showed large scale variations in local plateout and airborne concentration of radon daughters. The effects appear to be due to interactions of the electric component of the EM-field with both the ultrafine and attached fraction of radon daughter aerosols. Three mechanisms have been examined. First, aerosols instantaneously polarize in sympathy with the electric component of an applied mains frequency EM-field and as a result may migrate up strong E-field gradients. This effect is however quite weak and may only affect larger aerosols in strong field gradients. Second, charged aerosols oscillate in a 50-Hz field and in the case of the ultrafine fraction this may lead to significantly increased plateout. Third, there is the possibility that oscillation of charged aerosols induces fluctuations in the magnitude of the instantaneous charges carried and this results in a diffusive-like motion along the field lines. The effect on dose to body organs is considered. Enhanced plateout on the skin is likely, increasing the dose to the basal layer. The dose to internal organs is governed initially by inhalation and lung deposition of radon daughters. Therefore increased local concentration in room air could lead to increased dose by inhalation. E-fields are heavily attenuated by the human body and body values in tissue of no more than 10(-4) of the external field strength have been suggested. Nevertheless calculations suggest that under exposure to strong external fields this may still be sufficient to alter the deposition pattern of the charged component of the ultrafine fraction in the bronchial region. In contrast it is unlikely that internal electric fields could significantly affect the attached radon daughters. In this context the lack of measurements of residual E-fields in the cavities of the mouth, pharyngeal and bronchial regions is of considerable importance and should be addressed. We believe that the observations may have implications for the apparent enigma that there is no persuasive biological evidence to show that power frequency electromagnetic fields can influence any of the accepted stages in carcinogenesis. On the contrary, the observations show that EM-fields can concentrate in their vicinity a cocktail of radon daughter nuclei, a known carcinogen, and presumably other potentially harmful agents.

Aerosols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Importance of studying exposure of the population to radon and its daughters].

INTRODUCTION: Radon and thoron are naturally-occurring radioactive gases, which are products of uranium and thorium decay series, respectively. Uranium and thorium occur widely in the environment, in rocks, soil, air, water, building materials, humans, etc. Radon daughters in the air are predominantly attached to aerosols. A minor part, normally less than 10%, occurs as unattached atoms or ions. The relative distribution of attached daughters in indoor air and equilibrium factor depend on many variables, such as the decay constant, the concentration and size distribution of aerosols and ventilation rates. Increased ventilation decreases the concentration of radon and daughters in the air. OCCURRENCE: Concentration of radon, thoron and their decay products in the air indoors, in mines or houses, is higher than outdoors. In houses, the level of radon daughters may be enhanced by radon from radium rich building materials, landfill, soil and bedrock under the house, radon rich water and by poor ventilation. CONCLUSION: In recent years, several evaluations of human health risks and estimations have been made in regard to the dose-response relationship and lung cancer risk attributable to inhaled radon daughters. Inhalation of radon and thoron daughters leads to deposition in the human respiratory tract and consequent irradiation. Deposition depends on various factors, such as the size distribution of aerosols to which the daughter products of radon are attached, and fraction of unattached daughters. On average, the dose to the basal cell layer in the lung is about 5 to 8 times higher than the dose in the pulmonary region.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1999

Conflict management of mothers and daughters belonging to individualistic and collectivistic cultural backgrounds: a comparative study.

Research on the mother-daughter relationship during adolescence is mostly conducted in Western and European cultures where individualism is stressed. To examine ethnic/cultural differences and similarities in this relationship, 80 dyads of British (white) and Pakistani mothers and their adolescent daughters were studied. On the basis of the theories of cultural variability dimension and conflict face negotiation, it was hypothesized that mothers and daughters from the two cultures would use different styles of handling disagreements/conflicts. That is, Pakistani mothers and daughters would use an avoiding style, whereas British mothers and daughters would use either a dominating or compromising style, to a greater degree. It was also argued that Pakistani daughters and mothers will express more intimacy and relational harmony, will exhibit greater connectedness and mutuality and demonstrate lesser individuality and self-assertion compared to their British counterparts. However, it appeared that both the groups used an avoiding style equally, although the British group used a dominating style more than Pakistani group. As hypothesized, Pakistani mothers and daughters expressed more intimacy, relational harmony, connectedness and mutuality and lesser individuality than British mothers and daughters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Regeneration and maturation of daughter cell walls in the autospore-forming green alga Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae).

Cell-wall synthesis in Chlorella vulgaris, an autospore-forming alga, was observed using the cell wall-specific fluorescent dye Fluostain I. The observation suggested two clearly distinguishable stages in cell-wall synthesis: moderate synthesis during the cell-growth process and rapid synthesis at the cell-division stage. We used electron microscopy to examine the structural changes that occurred with growth in the premature daughter cell wall during the cell-growth and cell-division phases. The cell began to synthesize a new daughter cell wall shortly after its release from the autosporangium. A very thin daughter cell wall, with a thickness of about 2 nm, was formed inside the mother cell wall and completely enveloped the outer surface of the plasma membrane of the cell. The daughter cell wall gradually increased in thickness from 2 to 3.8 nm. During the protoplast-division phase in the cell-division stage, the daughter cell wall expanded on the surface of the invaginating plasma membrane of the cleavage furrow, accompanied by active synthesis of the cell wall, which increased in thickness from 3.8 to 6.1 nm. The daughter cell matured into an autospore while completely enclosed by its own thickening (from 6.1 to 17 nm) wall. Finally, the released daughter cell was enclosed by its own cell wall after the mother cell wall burst. The daughter cell with mature wall thickness (17-21 nm) emerged as a small, but complete, autospore.

Cell Cycle↗
PubMed2004

Measurement of daughter cell accumulation during lymphocyte proliferation in vivo.

We describe a method to characterize the effects that immunological adjuvants have on in vivo lymphocyte proliferation at the level of daughter cell accumulation. We used standard 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeling techniques to follow T cells through multiple rounds of division in experimentally treated mice and measured both the fold-increase in cell number and average number of divisions undergone by each cell. These data were then incorporated into a calculation to determine the average number of daughter cells that accumulated from each round of mitosis, termed the daughter cell accumulation index. In vivo proliferation of T cells that had been stimulated by antigen in the absence of adjuvant was associated with an index value of 1.2, far below the theoretical maximum of 2.0. Low index values indicate poor daughter cell accumulation during proliferation, either because the newly produced cells died or persisted without dividing again. Inclusion of the natural adjuvant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) led to average accumulation of 1.75 daughter cells per cell cycle and an exponential increase in peak clonal expansion. Adjuvant-induced increases in average daughter cell accumulation appeared to account for more of the enhancement in clonal expansion than did adjuvant-induced increases in the number of cell divisions undergone by each cell. Therefore measurement of changes in daughter cell accumulation can be important to understanding how adjuvants influence the yield of proliferating lymphocytes. Measurement of average daughter cell accumulation is likely to be helpful in any cellular context in which it is useful to characterize strictly mitogenic versus accumulative effects.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2003

Eating disturbances in girls with diabetes: the contribution of adolescent self-concept, maternal weight and shape concerns and mother-daughter relationships.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the relative contribution of adolescent self-concept, maternal weight and shape concerns (WSC), and mother-daughter relationships to eating disturbances among girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). METHOD: Eighty-eight adolescent girls (mean = 15.0 years, S.D. = 2.2) and their mothers completed self-report measures of disordered eating and weight control behaviours, with teens also reporting on disturbed eating and body attitudes. Based on reported symptoms, adolescents were classified as highly (N = 18), mildly (N = 30) and non-eating disturbed (N = 40). Self-concept was assessed by adolescent self-report. Mother-daughter relationships were assessed by adolescent self-report and by observed mother-daughter interactions that were rated using a macroanalytic coding system that assesses intimacy and autonomy in these relationships. RESULTS: Hierarchical regressions illustrated that adolescent self-concept deficits, maternal WSC, and impaired mother-daughter relationships significantly predicted eating disturbances in girls with DM, accounting for 57% of the variance. Mothers who engaged in dieting and binge-eating were more impaired in their ability to support their daughters' emerging autonomy. The quality of mother-daughter relationships partly mediated the influence of maternal WSC on adolescent eating disturbances. Moreover, the impact of maternal WSC and mother-daughter relationships on eating disturbances was mediated by adolescent self-concept. CONCLUSIONS: Findings illustrate two pathways through which mother-daughter relationships may impact upon risk of eating disturbances in girls with DM and highlight the need to evaluate family-based interventions specifically tailored for this high-risk population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Negotiating care: ties between aging mothers and their caregiving daughters.

OBJECTIVE: Using a feminist social constructionist perspective, we illuminate how aging mothers and their caregiving daughters negotiate issues of connection, autonomy, and conflict. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative analysis of videotaped interactions between 31 White mother-daughter pairs. RESULT: We found that the mothers and daughters mostly (a) were attentive and responsive, (b) preserved mothers' autonomy, and (c) minimized open conflict and tension. Subtle behavioral cues visible on the videotapes also exposed underlying emotional tension in these relationships. These cues alerted us to important variation in relationship quality among the pairs. Three patterns of relating emerged: (a) symmetrically connected, (b) asymmetrically connected, and (c) symmetrically constrained. DISCUSSION: Our exploratory study suggests that a balance between autonomy and connection is fundamental to the success of these mother-daughter caregiving relationships. Not only is it important for frail mothers to be responsive to their caregiving daughter's needs, but also it is important for daughters to support the autonomy and independence of their mothers. Our study also highlights the importance of attentiveness in these relationships. Even when mothers, because of illness and frailty, were less capable of attending to their daughters' lives, daughters in connected pairs interacted with their mothers in attentive ways. In constrained pairs, neither intergenerational partner was attentive.

Adult Children↗
PubMed2001

Maternal nutrition and reproduction of daughters in wild house mice (Mus musculus).

Food deprivation after weaning often has greater effects on the reproductive success of females than of males. However, if animals are deprived prenatally (that is, through food deprivation of the mother during gestation), the reproductive success of males may be more adversely affected than that of females because of a disruption in the organizational effects of testosterone in neonatal male mice. The hypotheses that daughters of female mice deprived of food during gestation would have lower reproductive success than control daughters, but that the impact of maternal food deprivation would be lower for daughters than it would be for sons, was tested. There was no difference in the proportion of daughters of food-deprived and control mothers that produced one or two litters. However, the mean number of pups weaned in the second litters by daughters of control females (5.9 +/- 0.57 SEM) was greater than the number of pups weaned by daughters of food-deprived females (4.5 +/- 0.65 SEM). There were no differences in the mean birth or weaning body weights of offspring. Therefore, maternal food deprivation in mice may have a small but significant effect on the reproductive success of daughters. However, studies of sons born to females that were subjected to the same food deprivation protocol indicate that maternal food deprivation may have a much greater effect on the reproduction of sons than on that of daughters.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Mothers and daughters from breast cancer families: a qualitative study of their perceptions of risks and benefits associated with minor's participation in genetic susceptibility research.

OBJECTIVES: To determine: 1) the views of daughters at increased risk of developing breast cancer regarding the benefits and risks of participating in genetic susceptibility research; 2) mothers' views about enrolling their daughters in genetic susceptibility research; and 3) any important areas of agreement and disagreement between mothers and daughters in their assessment of risks and benefits. METHODS: We conducted separate interviews of mothers and daughters from 12 breast cancer families recruited primarily through the Breast Center at Johns Hopkins University. Daughters were between the ages of 10 and 17. Interviews were transcribed and coded and analyzed qualitatively. RESULTS: We observed that mothers and daughters had a range of reactions to the prospect of enrolling children and adolescents in genetic susceptibility research, that perceptions of benefits and risks were fairly concordant between mothers and daughters, and that daughters initially identified no risks of participating, but their perceptions of the risks and benefits of genetic susceptibility research evolved over the course of conversation. CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the view that informed consent ought to be a "process" rather than a single event, and that children's first reactions to the prospect of participating in genetic testing research should not be taken as evidence that they have adequately considered the risks and benefits of participation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Existential plight of adult daughters following their mother's breast cancer diagnosis.

Daughters caring for a mother with breast cancer represent a vulnerable population. They are confronted with having to integrate their emotional reactions to their mother's illness while simultaneously processing concerns about their own personal susceptibility. Through their caregiving, daughters obtain intimate knowledge of their mother's breast cancer experience. As part of a study of breast cancer survivorship and the family, in-depth interviews were conducted with a diverse sample of adult daughters caring for their mother with breast cancer. Analysis of the daughters' narratives documents that their mother's cancer diagnosis subjects them to a period of crisis fraught with severe emotional distress and life and death concerns that parallels the 'existential plight' that patients encounter following the cancer diagnosis and inception of treatment. Specifically, the daughters' accounts demonstrate that the diagnosis intensified their bond with their ill mother, while also presenting challenges in their relationship. It precipitated a re-definition of personal values and altered their perceived future. Their mother's illness prompted recognition of increased family risk and rendered daughters with a heightened sense of personal vulnerability. Clinicians need to appreciate the extent to which daughters can be impacted by their mother's cancer experience.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

[The feeling of responsibility as core motivation for care giving--why daughters care for their mothers].

The willingness of daughters to care for their mothers in Germany is still very high. Time and again daughters cite as reasons a certain self-evidence and a moral duty as core and relatively unspecific motives. A reconstructing case study which had as primary goal the analysis of the transition from daughter to caregiving daughter (Geister, 2004) offered the possibility to research the motives of these women more precisely. This paper, which focuses on only one aspect of the study, shows the correlation between the feeling of responsibility and the motivation to caregiving, utilizing the example of two women. The data was obtained by biographical narrative interviews with twelve caregiving daughters. Evaluation was done in accordance with the method of biographical case reconstruction by Gabriele Rosenthal (1987; 1995). The results of the two case reconstructions led to the conclusion that the motivation of these women to care for their mothers was embedded in their life history. These findings also apply to the other ten interviewed women. During the course of their lives a feeling of responsibility arose usually long before the necessity for caregiving occurred. The feeling of responsibility nurtured the development of a caring attitude towards the mother, which was expressed in caring and increasingly help providing activities by the daughter. Caregiving embodied the intensification of this responsibility motivated care. The awareness of personal responsibility for the mother implicits the acceptance of possible caregiving. Further concept developments about the support for caregiving daughters should more strongly consider their individual motives of responsibility.

Caregivers↗
PubMed1991

Mothers, daughters, and disordered eating.

We examined features of 77 mothers' attitudes and behavior that relate to disordered eating among their adolescent daughters. Mothers whose daughters reported a level of disordered eating comparable with clinical samples of bulimic patients were compared with mothers whose daughters reported a low level of eating disturbances. As hypothesized, mothers of daughters with disordered eating were more dissatisfied with the general functioning of the family system. Also, mothers whose daughters were eating disordered were themselves more eating disordered and differed in their dieting history compared with mothers of the girls who were not eating disordered. Furthermore, mothers of girls with disordered eating thought their daughters should lose more weight than mothers of girls who were not eating disordered. They also thought that their daughters were less attractive than the girls judged themselves.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Aging mothers' and their adult daughters' perceptions of conflict behaviors.

Aging parents tend to perceive greater compatibility between themselves and offspring than do off-spring, but there is little research examining differences in perceptions of conflicts. Ninety-six older mothers (M age = 76) and their daughters (M age = 44) together selected a conflictual incident, then individually rated the degree to which they and the other person had engaged in destructive, constructive, or avoidant conflict behaviors. Mothers and daughters reported using constructive approaches more than other approaches. Mothers claimed to engage in constructive behaviors more than daughters recognized. Daughters reported engaging in destructive and avoidant behaviors more than mothers realized. Mothers also thought daughters felt better about the incident than daughters reported feeling about it. Findings suggest older mothers' underestimate daughters' negative behaviors and feelings in conflict situations.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Positive and negative emotional feelings and behaviors in mother-daughter ties in late life.

Behaviors and emotions during specific visits may reveal the interpersonal processes of mother-daughter ties, yet most research uses global assessments of these ties. Forty-eight mother-daughter pairs participated in audiotaped conversations and completed surveys. All mothers were over age 70 and in good health. Daughters tended to take a central role in structuring the conversations. Conversations were characterized by high levels of felt and expressed positive emotions and behaviors for mothers and daughters. Nevertheless, mothers reported more positive and fewer negative emotions, whereas daughters expressed more positive behaviors than did mothers. Mothers' positive feelings and behaviors were associated with daughters'. Finally, mothers' and daughters' emotions and behaviors were associated with their destructive responses to being upset with each other, providing support for the ambivalence perspective of parent-offspring relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The reproductive health of daughters of pregestational diabetic women: Medical Birth Registry of Norway.

Maternal diabetes may have an impact upon a daughter's reproductive health through genetic influences, an altered fetal metabolic environment or both. We examined the reproductive health of daughters of diabetic women using linked generation data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Among all female births between 1967 and 1982 (n = 459182), 739 had a mother with registered pregestational diabetes, a rate of 1.6 per 1000 deliveries. A total of 142904 daughters delivered at least one child by 1998. After taking into account differences in survival, we observed no differences in the percentage of childbearing and in the average number of children born by 1998 between daughters with and without a diabetic mother in age-stratified analyses. In analyses limited to singleton deliveries and stratified by mothers' and daughters' diabetic status, we found a threefold excess stillbirth delivery rate among women who had either a mother with pregestational diabetes (2.6%) or pregestational diabetes themselves (2.6%) compared with the stillbirth delivery rate observed in non-diabetic women with no maternal history of diabetes (0.8%). These findings were unaltered in multivariable analyses adjusting for daughters' maternal age and registered obstetric risk factors. Our results indicate that pregestational diabetes remains a health care challenge in Norway and that further evaluation of the reproductive health of daughters of diabetic pregnancies is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Volume growth of daughter and parent cells during the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae a/alpha as determined by image cytometry.

The pattern of volume growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae a/alpha was determined by image cytometry for daughter cells and consecutive cycles of parent cells. An image analysis program was specially developed to measure separately the volume of bud and mother cell parts and to quantify the number of bud scars on each parent cell. All volumetric data and cell attributes (budding state, number of scars) were stored in such a way that separate volume distributions of cells or cell parts with any combination of properties--for instance, buds present on mothers with two scars or cells without scars (i.e., daughter cells) and without buds--could be obtained. By a new method called intersection analysis, the average volumes of daughter and parent cells at birth and at division could be determined for a steady-state population. These volumes compared well with those directly measured from cells synchronized by centrifugal elutriation. During synchronous growth of daughter cells, the pattern of volume increase appeared to be largely exponential. However, after bud emergence, larger volumes than those predicted by a continuous exponential increase were obtained, which confirms the reported decrease in buoyant density. The cycle times calculated from the steady-state population by applying the age distribution equation deviated from those directly obtained from the synchronized culture, probably because of inadequate scoring of bud scars. Therefore, for the construction of a volume-time diagram, we used volume measurements obtained from the steady-state population and cycle times obtained from the synchronized population. The diagram shows that after bud emergence, mother cell parts continue to grow at a smaller rate, increasing about 10% in volume during the budding period. Second-generation daughter cells, ie., cells born from parents left with two scars, were significantly smaller than first-generation daughter cells. Second- and third-generation parent cells showed a decreased volume growth rate and a shorter budding period than that of daughter cells.

Cell Cycle↗