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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

The course of schizophrenia: some remarks on a yet unsolved problem of retrospective data collection.

The retrospective assessment of symptoms and syndromes is a basic measure in research of the longitudinal course of schizophrenia. In spite of its importance there have been few studies evaluating the standard of quality of instruments for retrospective data collection. Combining retrospectively and cross-sectionally collected data on schizophrenic symptomatology in a cohort study over a period of 5 years revealed a significant underestimation of symptoms when assessed in retrospect. The need for studies on the validity of instruments for the retrospective assessment of symptoms is stressed.

Delusions↗
PubMed1988

New high-resolution 2-deoxyglucose method featuring double labeling and automated data collection.

A new approach to high-resolution 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) emulsion-autoradiography which combines improved retention of 2DG labeling, staining with immunohistochemical and other specific markers, and automated data collection and analysis of local silver grain and stain densities is described. The Durham et al. (J. Neurosci. 1:519-526, '81) procedure for fixation of 2DG with periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP, McLean and Nakane: J. Histochem. Cytochem. 22:1077-1083, '74) was adapted to increase retained label roughly tenfold. Phenobarbital anesthesia is induced 45 minutes after 2DG injection. Barbiturate anesthesia increases brain glycogen (Nelson et al.: J. Neurochem. 15:1271-1279, '68) and presumably increases the incorporation of intracellular 2DG from 2DG-6P into brain glycogen and other molecules (Nelson et al.: J. Neurochem. 43:949-956, '84; Pentreath et al.: Neuroscience 7:759-767, '82). Iodoacetate is added to cold fixative to prevent glycogen breakdown (Cammermeyer and Fenton: Histochemistry 76:339-356, '82). This high-resolution 2DG protocol is directly compatible with many other neuroanatomical techniques. We demonstrate 2DG emulsion autoradiography combined with cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry, markers for axonal pathway tracing, plastic embedding for semithin sections, and immunohistochemical staining for glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). The method should be compatible with antibodies for other antigens and with other neuroanatomical stains. To collect the data directly from microscope slides, a computer-controlled microscope was integrated with image-processing software to eliminate the need for manual counting and scoring of autoradiograms. Regions of interest are scanned automatically at high resolution to map regional labeling and/or stain density. There is excellent correspondence between computer-enhanced two-dimensional maps of the data and the original autoradiograms. Automated counts for five specimens were compared to counts of labeled cells by trained observer. The correlation between the two sets of measurements is high (r = .93). Automated data collection has been generalized to measure regional stain densities on the autoradiographed sections for direct comparison with silver grain density. The method is extremely flexible, especially since new image-processing strategies can be developed in software to extract the desired information from materials labeled by other methods (e.g., HRP).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The LEDTOX Necropsy System: an interactive protocol driven gross postmortem examination data collection system.

The LEDTOX Necropsy System consists of a series of programs which provide for the real time collection of gross postmortem data while interacting with the LEDTOX Protocol, Animal Weighing/Clinical Observation, Palpable Mass, Clinical Pathology, Histopathology and Animal Colony Management Systems. Special procedures and lists of tissues specified in the protocol for various necropsy activities drive to data collection routines. Key system features include: system generated gross findings menu to facilitate data entry; designation of key phrases to be used for data summarization; online confirmation of palpable masses identified during life; online review of clinical observation and clinical pathology data. Outputs include: incidence summary of gross postmortem findings; tissue examination/sampling summary; correlation of antemortem and postmortem mass/neoplasm data; organ weight statistical summary. With completion of this module, 90-100% of the routine tables for postmortem reports are immediately available to pathologists for data interpretation.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Breast cancer data collection for surgical audit.

Data are available about the mortality, the incidence, the stage, the survival, and the treatment of breast cancer. In this country mortality data are published by the OPCS and HIPE and evidence exists to show that there is a considerable shortfall in both these sources. The incidence of breast cancer is recorded by the Regional Cancer Registries and published by OPCS. The registries supply OPCS with a minimum data set which does not include the stage of the disease, which is important, and does include the quadrant, which is not. Audit shows marked regional variations in completeness of registration. International comparisons with Scandinavia are unfavourable and show what can be achieved. Patients who develop breast cancer but do not die from it may be cured. The discrepancy between incidence and mortality, which varies both geographically and historically, should therefore provide a valuable insight into changing survival, but does not do so because the data are unreliable. Wide variations in survival figures in the medical literature are probably due to variations in staging conventions rather than different treatments. It is clear that cancer stages carry a more favourable prognosis, but it still cannot be proved that earlier diagnosis in a particular individual prolongs the life of that individual. This unproven hypothesis is the rationale for mammographic screening. Data on treatment in hospitals do not link diagnosis to operation, so that it is impossible to separate operations for benign breast disease from those for cancer. The OPCS classification of operations is complex with many open-ended choices. Doctors do not participate in the coding process and clerks cannot make up for this. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy data are not collected nationally and the four regional registries who do collect it also rely on their clerks' interpretation of medical notes. Data on the use of tamoxifen are consistent and of high quality.An extensive data gathering mechanism is in place for breast cancer. A huge body of information exists about the disease which should form a valuable database. The poor quality of this information reduces its usefulness. It is the responsibility of doctors to agree on a data set and to ensure its collection. They do it in Scandinavia.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1985

Improvements in data collection through physician use of a computer-based chemotherapy treatment consultant.

The impact of a computer-based data management system on the completeness of clinical trial data was studied before and after the system's introduction in an oncology clinic. Physicians use the system, termed ONCOCIN, to record data during patient visits and to receive advice about treatment and tests required by experimental cancer protocols. Although ONCOCIN does not force the user to enter all data expected by the protocol, after its introduction there was improvement in the recording frequency of such data. The percentage of expected physical findings recorded increased from 74% to 91% (P less than .05), toxicity history from less than 1% to 45% (P less than .01), general chemistry results from 36% to 82% (P less than .01), x-ray results from 44% to 73% (P less than .01), and physicians' assessments of overall disease activity and Karnofsky performance status from 73% to 91% (P less than .05). Analysis of the steps in data collection and their contribution to loss of data suggests that observations or test ordering which are dependent on the physician are most improved by the system. Furthermore, analysis of post-ONCOCIN visits when the system was unavailable suggests that the recording of physician-dependent data (physical findings and assessments of disease activity and performance status) is likely to revert to pre-ONCOCIN levels if the system is not used routinely. The results show that ONCOCIN can greatly enhance recovery of those data expected for chemotherapy protocol patients. The program's interaction with the physician is central to its effectiveness in data collection, especially for data that arise directly from the patient-physician encounter.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Simulation of CT reconstruction artifacts associated with multiple-rotation fan-beam data collection.

Artifacts in reconstructed image caused by the errors in projection data depend on the source of the error itself, on the data collection mode and on the reconstruction algorithm. The effect of the multiple-rotation fan-beam data collection modes and corresponding reordered parallel convolution-backprojection algorithms on reconstruction artifacts of this type is analysed.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

Epidemiological monitoring: methods for analysing routinely-collected data.

Morbidity and mortality statistics are routinely collected in many countries. These data may be arranged in a number of ways, for example, classified by area of residence, or occupation of the person concerned, or by the time-period during which the relevant event occurred. Judicious use of such data enables disease to be monitored and may draw attention to the adverse effects of harmful agents in the environment. This paper describes the different methods of analysing data for such purposes, giving examples of their application and discussing their relative merits. Particular reference is made to the data-collecting systems in England and Wales and to the statistical aspects of monitoring disease.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed1987

Experimental study of two methods of data collection by questionnaire.

The aim of the present study was to compare the results obtained using two different methods of data collection about caries preventive services provided in general dental practice. A questionnaire was mailed to a random national sample of 479 dentists resident in Norway in January 1985. The sample was divided into two groups by random allocation. All dentists, irrespective of group, were requested to give background information. One group, comprising 287 dentists (GR), was asked to complete a separate form for every adult patient (greater than or equal to 20 yr) treated in the course of 1 day. The demographic characteristics and dental visiting habits of the patients, as well as the number of teeth present, caries lesions and preventive services rendered were recorded. The other group, 192 dentists (GE), was requested to make general estimates of the time spent on caries prevention and the proportion of patients receiving various types of caries preventive services. The dentists were unaware of the methodologic aspect of the survey and everyone received one reminder in order to guarantee anonymity. The estimation method (GE) did not give the expected advantage over the registration method (GR) in response rate (51.7% vs 46.2%, P greater than 0.40), and gave a gross overestimation of the frequency with which adult patients received different types of caries preventive procedures (P less than 0.005). Thus, even though the estimates of the proportion of total treatment time spent on caries prevention were comparable for the two methods, and the estimation approach is labor-saving, it cannot be recommended for the collection of data on caries prevention in the dental office.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

There is more than one way to collect data for linkage analysis. What a study of epilepsy can tell us about linkage strategy for psychiatric disease.

The most popular strategy for finding genes in psychiatric diseases has been to focus on large pedigrees with many affected members. While this strategy has sound advantages, it also has drawbacks that have seldom been addressed. The strategy of using smaller families also has its place in a linkage analysis. To illustrate the point, I discuss herein the successful search for a gene for another common complex disease, namely, idiopathic primary generalized epilepsy. There, investigators in the Los Angeles (Calif) Epilepsy Program used mostly nuclear families who were chosen through a proband with highly specific characteristics. An independent study, using a different strategy but one still focused on small families, then confirmed the linkage. However, investigators of both epilepsy projects put much care into determining which clinical characteristics would be used to define the index cases. The implications for the study of psychiatric disease are as follows: (1) careful attention must be paid to clinical presentation, and (2) there is room for both large-pedigree and small-family strategies in designing linkage studies.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1988

Computer-aided personal interviewing. A new technique for data collection in epidemiologic surveys.

Most epidemiologic studies involve the collection of data directly from selected respondents. Traditionally, interviewers are provided with the interview in booklet form on paper and answers are recorded therein. On receipt at the study office, the interview results are coded, transcribed, and keypunched for analysis. The author's team has developed a method of personal interviewing which uses a structured interview stored on a lap-sized computer. Responses are entered into the computer and are subject to immediate error-checking and correction. All skip-patterns are automatic. Data entry to the final data-base involves no manual data transcription. A pilot evaluation with a preliminary version of the system using tape-recorded interviews in a test/re-test methodology revealed a slightly higher error rate, probably related to weaknesses in the pilot system and the training process. Computer interviews tended to be longer but other features of the interview process were not affected by computer. The author's team has now completed 2,505 interviews using this system in a community-based blood pressure survey. It has been well accepted by both interviewers and respondents. Failure to complete an interview on the computer was uncommon (5 per cent) and well-handled by paper back-up questionnaires. The results show that computer-aided personal interviewing in the home is feasible but that further evaluation is needed to establish the impact of this methodology on overall data quality.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Collecting data on pregnancy loss: a review of evidence from the World Fertility Survey.

Estimates of levels and differentials of pregnancy loss are presented for 40 developing countries participating in the World Fertility Survey (WFS) program. Judged against agreed-upon levels of spontaneous loss in human populations, WFS surveys measured from 50 to 80 percent of recognizable losses. The coverage of induced abortions appears to be much worse. Consistent with data from other sources and settings, the probability of loss is strongly correlated with maternal demographic characteristics: age, pregnancy order, pregnancy spacing, and pregnancy loss history. Despite incomplete coverage, the WFS data on pregnancy loss provide considerable, and largely unexploited, insight on the dynamics of the reproductive career.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1992

Improving dental epidemiologic data collection with computers.

A computerized dental data recording system (DDRS) was developed for the New England Elder Dental Study to improve data quality and increase field staff efficiency. The DDRS displays video screens similar to traditional paper forms to record data on coronal and root caries, dentate and denture status, subacute bacterial endocarditis screening, gingival bleeding, calculus, and periodontal attachment level. DDRS provides facilities for date and exam-component time tracking, on-line contextual comments, random record retrieval, editing, data backup, and data output in various data formats. This study compared the DDRS with a paper-form system for data entry accuracy. Dental caries and periodontal disease measurement data from 38 subjects were recorded on paper forms and independently entered using DDRS. The DDRS identified 150 illogical data errors, 39 inconsistent data errors, 7 invalid data and 34 miscellaneous data errors. Four technicians with field experience using both paper forms and DDRS reported time savings using DDRS in the field. DDRS has the potential for additional time savings by minimizing the time for data coding, cleaning, and management. Results demonstrate that DDRS could improve the quality of oral epidemiologic data by mandating strict adherence to protocols, preventing errors, and increasing field efficiency.

Computers↗
PubMed1991

A model for multidisciplinary data collection for cervical metastasis.

A system for multidisciplinary data collection for metastatic neck disease is discussed. Information from 87 neck dissections and 3218 lymph nodes is reported to illustrate the strength of the model. Clinical (endoscopic) assessment under general anesthesia, surgical assessment during the neck dissection, and radiographic (computed tomographic scan) assessment were compared with the pathological evaluation. All disciplines stratified the necks by region and node size. This model provides an effective stratagem for multi-institutional studies.

Data Collection↗