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PubMed2006

Benefit of "one-stage full-mouth disinfection" is explained by disinfection and root planing within 24 hours: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: The beneficial effects of the one-stage, full-mouth disinfection remain controversial in the scientific literature. This might be due to the fact that an entire mouth disinfection with the use of antiseptics has been confused with a full-mouth scaling and root planing. This parallel, single blind RCT study aimed to compare several full-mouth treatment strategies with each other. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-one patients with moderate periodontitis were randomly allocated to one of the following treatment strategies: scaling and root planing, quadrant by quadrant, at two-week intervals (negative control, NC), full-mouth scaling and root planing within 2 consecutive days (FRP), or three one-stage, full-mouth disinfection (FM) protocols within 2 consecutive days applying antiseptics to all intra-oral niches for periopathogens using as antiseptics: chlorhexidine (FMCHX) for 2 months, amine fluoride/stannous fluoride for 2 months (FMF), or chlorhexidine for 2 months followed by amine fluoride/stannous fluoride for another 6 months (FMCHX+F). At baseline and after 2, 4, and 8 a series of periodontal parameters were recorded. RESULTS: All treatment strategies resulted in significant (p<0.05) improvements of all clinical parameters over the entire duration of the study. Inter-treatment differences were often encountered. The NC group nearly always showed significant smaller improvements than the two CHX groups. The differences between the FRP or FM groups, and the two CHX groups only sporadically reached a statistical significance. CONCLUSION: These observations indicate that the benefits of the "OSFMD" protocol are partially due to the use of the antiseptics and partially to the completion of the therapy in a short time.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination of disinfectant solutions from central disinfectant dispensing devices in swimming pools].

The disinfectant solutions from central dosing operators in swimming-bathes were microbiologically tested. The disinfectant solutions in all but one of the tested swimming-bathes showed a microbial colonization. The number of colonies ranged to 3 X 10(5) Col/ml and in 11 of the 24 tested bathes Pseudomonas aeruginosa could be isolated from the disinfectant solutions. Especially the occurrence of P. aeruginosa is quite unfavourable. Due to the results special restorations seem to be necessary.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed1977

Factors influencing the assessment of the pseudomonacidal activity of disinfectants by a quantitative suspension test. II. The post-disinfection recovery of surviving organisms.

Bacteria which have been treated by a disinfectant may be partially damaged so that they will be able to survive and to multiply only if all environmental factors are kept as optimal as possible. Otherwise no growth at all is obtained and the disinfectant solution will be wrongly considered as active. Therefore the technique of the post-medication recovery of surviving microorganisms is a matter of great importance. Since our aim is to elaborate a quantitative test, the counting technique using pour or streak plates is investigated here. In contrast to the results of viable counts of normally cultivated P. aeruginosa (Tables 1 and 2), the colony counts of phenol-treated bacteria gain higher figures when the spread plate method is used instead of the pour plate technique (Table 3). - Out of nine solid media examined (Table 4), four culture media are considered to be superior to the others (Table 5). They are Davis Agar, the Nutrient Agar of the German pharmacopoeia, the Nutrient Agar proposed by the APHA, and Tryptone Soy bean peptone Agar. Further investigation on the influence of the recovery medium is needed since there is stated that significant differences are obtained when three preparations of the same formulation are compared (Table 6). Finally the author observed that the volume of the culture medium affects the survival rate (Table 8). The recovery of disinfectant-treated bacteria is found to be very complex; further research on this domain should be encouraged.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1999

Disinfecting action of a new multi-purpose disinfection solution for contact lenses.

The disinfection activity of a new multipurpose disinfection solution (OPTI-FREE Express with ALDOX) was compared to several other contact lens disinfecting solutions. The new solution is preserved with polyquaternium-1 and myristamidopropyl dimethylamine. The other solutions included 3% hydrogen peroxide systems and multipurpose solutions (MPS) preserved with polyhexamethylene biguanide. The products were tested for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Candida albicans, Fusarium solani, and Aspergillus fumigatus. OPTI-FREE Express provided a broader range of antimicrobial activity than the MPS. It provided activity similar to that demonstrated by 3% hydrogen peroxide systems, but unlike the hydrogen peroxide system tested, it also prevented re growth of the organisms during extended storage.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

[Experimental microbiological research on instrument and denture disinfection with a disinfectant spray for dental practice and the use of patients. 2. Virological studies; the evaluation summary].

Carrier experiments using Echo- and Influenza-viruses on denture basis resins and fragments of orthodontic appliances resulted in good and even very good virucidal effects of disinfectant sprays Desident and Fesia-sept. The application of the disinfectant as spray seem to be advantageous, but is not recommendable. The diverse causes of this conclusion are discussed and an alternative way is proposed.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1998

[Disinfection of medical and surgical equipment: efficacy of chemical disinfectants and water and soap].

In this experimental study we compared the previous descontamination efficacy of the medical surgical materials by the use of chemical disinfectants and the mechanical cleaning with water and soap, as well as verified the organic material interference in these procedures. To carry out this study, we used surgical pincers under contamination with: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-6538, Salmonella cholerae suis ATCC-10708, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC-15442 in presence and absence of organic matter (fetal bovine serum). The following treatments: glutaraldehyde 2%, sodium hypochlorite 1%, hydrogen peroxide 6%, alcohol 70% and the mechanical cleaning with water and soap were compared with eight repetitions in a total of 480 observations. In the described conditions, the disinfectants had a good efficacy in the previous descontamination of the medical surgical materials and a less inactivation by the organic material. The mechanical cleaning with water and soap showed a reduction of the microrganism to safe levels, considered adequate for previous descontamination.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed1994

Correlation between zeta-potential of a cell in a new cationic disinfectant solution and minimum inhibitory concentration of the disinfectant.

In the previous paper, we described the synthesis of new quaternary ammonium slats with antimicrobial activity: N-alkyl-N-2-hydroxyethyl-N,N-dimethylammonium butyl phosphate (4) and N-alkyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-phenoxy)-propyl-N,N-dimethylammonium butyl phosphate (5). In this study, we examined the relationship between the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of these new cationic disinfectants, 4 (six compounds) and 5 (three compounds), and the xi-potential against Escherichia coli in solutions of these compounds. The MIC values of these disinfectants against E. coli were highly correlated with the concentration that induced electric charge inversion (xi-potential=0) of E. coli from negative to positive.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed1990

The assessment of the bactericidal activity of surface disinfectants. III. Practical tests for surface disinfection.

The results of both previous articles on the comparison of practical tests for surface disinfection are summarized. They are the DGHM test of the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology, the AFNOR test NF-T 72-190 of the French Association for Standardization, the quantitative carrier test (QCT) of Van Klingeren, the Leuven test and the quantitative surface disinfection test (QSDT). The comparison of the techniques followed in these tests seems to indicate that the differences in the operating technique are likely to influence the test results. There is, however, a close correlation among the results of all but the AFNOR test, although there remains a statistically significant difference in the reduction factors: the Leuven test and the QCT are the more severe tests, whereas the AFNOR and DGHM tests are the less severe ones. The QSDT gives divergent results, which could be attributed to the influence on the resuscitation of the surviving bacteria.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed2004

Batch process solar disinfection is an efficient means of disinfecting drinking water contaminated with Shigella dysenteriae type I.

AIMS: The mortality and morbidity rate caused by Shigella dysenteriae type I infection is increasing in the developing world each year. In this paper, the possibility of using batch process solar disinfection (SODIS) as an effective means of disinfecting drinking water contaminated with Sh. dysenteriae type I is investigated. METHODS: Phosphate-buffered saline contaminated with Sh. dysenteriae type I was exposed to simulated solar conditions and the inactivation kinetics of this organism was compared with that of Sh. flexneri, Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhimurium. SIGNIFICANCE: Recovery of injured Sh. dysenteriae type I may be improved by plating on medium supplemented with catalase or pyruvate. Sh. dysenteriae type I is very sensitive to batch process SODIS and is easily inactivated even during overcast conditions. Batch process SODIS is an appropriate intervention for use in developing countries during Sh. dysenteriae type I epidemics.

Catalase↗
PubMed2002

Clinical double-blind trial on the dermal tolerance and user acceptability of six alcohol-based hand disinfectants for hygienic hand disinfection.

Six commercially available alcohol-based hand rubs [AHD 2000, Desderman, Mucasept A, Manorapid (Poly-Alkohol, Spitacid, and Sterillium] were investigated in a clinical double-blind trial involving 10 participants who had no previous experience of using hand rubs (Group 1), and seven who had substantial professional experience of using hand rubs (Group 2; virology laboratory staff). Group 1 was studied for one week with 20 applications on day 1 and then five applications per day for six days. Transepidermal water loss, dermal water content and superficial sebum content of the skin were measured before and after the seven-day application of the products, as well as user acceptability (self-assessment of smell, speed of drying, emolliant effect, skin dryness). Group 2 used each preparation twice for two weeks in a random sequence, and carried out self assessment at the end of each fortnight. Transepidermal water loss (mean baseline: 18.7 g/m(2)h), dermal water content (mean baseline dorsum: 75.6) and superficial sebum content (mean baseline dorsum: 4.8 microg/cm(2)) did not change significantly. In both groups assessments of the smell and the speed of drying did not reveal any significant differences between the six products. Sterillium had the best emollient effect of all products (P<0.05; Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney-U test) and was significantly better than Desderman, AHD 2000, and Mucasept A, causing less skin dryness after seven days use in Group 1 (P<0.05; Mann-Whitney-U test). Manorapid caused significantly less dryness than Spitacid, AHD 2000, and Mucasept A in Group 2 after the first use, but no significant difference was observed after the second use. Thus alcohol-based hand rubs that contain emolliants, irrespective of the type of alcohol (n-propanol, iso-propanol or ethanol), are well tolerated and do not dry out or irritate the skin. Personal assessments showed significant differences for the emolliant effect and the extent of dryness. Both factors are very important, as user acceptability has an impact on compliance. Sterillium is the only hand disinfectant containing mecetronium etilsulphate which has been shown to have an emolliant effect. Future research should focus on user acceptability in order to improve compliance.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Experimental microbiological research on instrument and denture disinfection with a disinfectant spray for dental practice and the use of patients. 1. The formulation of the problem and bacteriological studies].

Three disinfectant sprays (Arugeen, Desident and Fesia-sept) proved to be very efficient against pure cultures of aero bacteria species, Cand. albicans, saliva flora and entero- and influenza viruses. The methods included carrier experiments using denture basis resins, fragments of orthodontic appliances and screws (instead of instruments).

Aerosols↗
PubMed2005

Abbreviated duration of superheat-and-flush and disinfection of taps for Legionella disinfection: lessons learned from failure.

One medical center in southern Taiwan faced an outbreak of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease; a total of 81 suspected cases were detected during an 8-month period. Baseline environmental surveillance showed that 80% of the distal sites in intensive care units (ICUs) were positive for Legionella pneumophila. Superheat-and-flush was selected for hospital water supply disinfection because it required no special equipment, and it can be initiated expeditiously. We conducted 2 episodes of superheat-and-flush based on the published recommendations from the Department of Health, Taiwan; US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Both flushes failed to control colonization of Legionella in the hospital water supply. The rate of distal sites positive for Legionella in wards and ICUs was 14% and 66%, respectively, 10 days after the second flush. The effect of replacement of faucets and showerheads in ICUs appeared to be insignificant in colonization of Legionella. The application of superheat-and-flush for flush duration of 5 minutes was ineffective. Superheat-and-flush may not be economic for a large medical center because it could be costly and labor intensive.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2003

Tribromopyrrole, brominated acids, and other disinfection byproducts produced by disinfection of drinking water rich in bromide.

Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), we investigated the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from high bromide waters (2 mg/L) treated with chlorine or chlorine dioxide used in combination with chlorine and chloramines. This study represents the first comprehensive investigation of DBPs formed by chlorine dioxide under high bromide conditions. Drinking water from full-scale treatment plants in Israel was studied, along with source water (Sea of Galilee) treated under carefully controlled laboratory conditions. Select DBPs (trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, aldehydes, chlorite, chlorate, and bromate) were quantified. Many of the DBPs identified have not been previously reported, and several of the identifications were confirmed through the analysis of authentic standards. Elevated bromide levels in the source water caused a significant shift in speciation to bromine-containing DBPs; bromoform and dibromoacetic acid were the dominant DBPs observed, with very few chlorine-containing compounds found. Iodo-trihalomethanes were also identified, as well as a number of new brominated carboxylic acids and 2,3,5-tribromopyrrole, which represents the first time a halogenated pyrrole has been reported as a DBP. Most of the bromine-containing DBPs were formed during pre-chlorination at the initial reservoir, and were not formed by chlorine dioxide itself. An exception wasthe iodo-THMs, which appeared to be formed by a combination of chlorine dioxide with chloramines or chlorine (either added deliberately or as an impurity in the chlorine dioxide). A separate laboratory study was also conducted to quantitatively determine the contribution of fulvic acids and humic acids (from isolated natural organic matter in the Sea of Galilee) as precursor material to several of the DBPs identified. Results showed that fulvic acid plays a greater role in the formation of THMs, haloacetic acids, and aldehydes, but 2,3,5-tribromopyrrole was produced primarily from humic acid. Because this was the first time a halopyrrole has been identified as a DBP, 2,3,5-tribromopyrrole was tested for mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. In comparison to other DBPs, 2,3,5-tribromopyrrole was 8x, 4.5x, and 16x more cytotoxic than dibromoacetic acid, 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2-[5H]-furanone [MX], and potassium bromate, respectively. 2,3,5-Tribromopyrrole also induced acute genomic damage, with a genotoxic potency (299 microM) similar to that of MX.

Bromides↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toxicology of drinking water disinfection byproducts from nutrients. Rate studies of destruction of polyunsaturated fatty acids in vitro by chlorine-based disinfectants.

As model reactions between unsaturated fats and water disinfectants in the GI tract, relative rates of destruction of seven polyunsaturated fatty acids (L, alpha Ln, gamma Ln, Ara, EPA, DH, and DT) by OCl- and NH2Cl were investigated in vitro. Using millimolar solutions of seven PUFAs combined with various OCl- mole ratios, disappearance of PUFAs was followed by UV spectrophotometry at pH = 9.5 and at 35 degrees C via conjugated hydroperoxydienes at 234 nm. While OCl- rapidly destroyed all PUFAs, NH2Cl was inert. Overall second-order rate constants computed for L at increasing times disclosed that the attack on the cis-CH=CHCH2CH=CH moiety by OCl- does not follow simple second-order kinetics. Using a logit-log transform and second-order polynomial regression analysis of L's disappearance in a stoichiometric ([L] = 1.2 mM; [ClO-] = 2.4 mM) mix, data were analyzed by the time ratio method of Schwemer and Frost. These agreed with a sequential system of at least two irreversible second-order reactions having k1 = 15.6 L.mol-1.s-1 and k2 = 2.6 L.mol-1.s-1. Preliminary GC/MS analysis indicated that the initial product is a mix of chlorohydrin isomers. These undergo second addition of HOCl and/or lose halogens and polymerize. Additional minor products were also C5-C9 mono- and bifunctional carboxylates and mixed acid aldehydes. Studies with mol equiv of Cl- - free 36ClO- allowed estimation of covalent binding of Cl by L at various times, supporting the kinetic findings. For other PUFAs of higher degree unsaturation, the complexity of feasible reactions precluded an analogous approach.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Chlorine↗
PubMed1995

Disinfection of drinking water, disinfection by-products and cancer: what about Australia?

Chlorine, commonly used to disinfect drinking water, produces by-products known from animal studies to be carcinogenic and mutagenic. Most epidemiological studies into the possible association between chlorination by-products in drinking water and cancer have been ecological in nature, or have relied on case-control designs based on death certificates. Interpretation of results arising from these studies is limited. Individual levels of toxicant exposure and many potential confounders and effect modifiers are unable to be accounted for in the analyses. At best, these studies generate hypotheses that require more definitive investigation. Misclassification of individuals based on inaccurate assessment of the level of exposure is probable. The few analytic studies able to overcome or minimise these problems suggest a clear link between exposure to chlorinated drinking water and the development of urinary bladder cancer. They also suggest a possible link with rectal cancer. However, these studies have classified subjects by exposure to chlorinated drinking water, rather than to levels of chlorine and its by-products in drinking water. To date, the link between levels of chlorine and its by-products in water, levels of consumption and cancer has not been made. Information on the levels of chlorine and some by-products is available in many water jurisdictions in Australia. Further, epidemiological methods can be employed to quantify water consumption. Case-control studies linking these parameters would help us to understand the magnitude of the risk to human populations and provide a basis to investigate mechanisms for risk reduction.

Australia↗