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PubMed1989

Natural levels of lead, cadmium and mercury in tissues and hair of newborn calves from different areas of Czechoslovakia.

Liver, kidney, muscle and hair samples from newborn, born-dead or found-dead calves were collected within 10 days after parturition, for the determination of Pb, Cd and Hg levels. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry at the static mercury dropping electrode was used for Pb and Cd determination after dry ashing of the samples. Cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrometry was used for direct Hg determination. The aim of the study was to monitor background Pb, Cd and Hg levels in vital and important tissues of newborn calves in which nutritional influence was negligible. Three geographic areas in Czechoslovakia were monitored (A, B and C). The following ranges of mean values for all animals were obtained (mg kg-1, wet wt): Pb--muscle (0.04-0.25), liver (0.10-0.29), kidney (0.05-0.43), hair (0.11-0.55); Cd--muscle (0.007-0.038), liver (0.008-0.073), kidney (0.007-0.062), hair (0.009-0.074); Hg--muscle (0.002-0.071), liver (0.005-0.18), kidney (0.004-0.50), hair (0.07-0.77). The value obtained for heavy-metal levels (Pb, Cd, Hg) indicated that there is a significant difference between the groups of found-dead and slaughtered calves from the Nymburk region (muscle--Pb, Cd; liver--Pb; kidney--Pb, Cd). Unexplained high Hg levels in hair samples were measured in the Hradec Králové region.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Concentrations of cadmium, lead and copper in atmospheric precipitation in Czechoslovakia.

The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu in wet and dry atmospheric precipitation were measured in 13 regions of Czechoslovakia. The Pb and Cd contents of rainwater were found to decrease with increasing rainfall intensity. The highest enrichment of Cd, Pb and Cu was observed in ice-accretion deposits; increasing amounts of metals were found at higher altitudes, i.e. 700-1000 m above sea level. The electrostatically separated fractions are rather high in Cu and Pb (approximately 90%), whereas Cd contributes less than 50%.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1982

Rabies epizootiology and control methods in Czechoslovakia.

In Czechoslovakia from 1976-1980. 26,306 animals from 44 different species were examined for rabies. A total of 3270 rabies cases were diagnosed during this period. Foxes account for 90% of all cases. Rabies in domestic animals is reported only sporadically. Rabies was permanently established in the mountainous border regions up to the year 1975. Since 1976 the wave of rabies has gradually spread to the interior of the country. The border mountains did not restrict the movement of foxes, which are responsible for carrying the disease, towards the interior. The river Vltava has stemmed the spreading of rabies for more than two years but it cannot be considered an absolute natural barrier. A bounty of 150 Crowns is paid for every fox handed over to the Veterinary Service. In districts with rabies incidence the gassing of fox dens is carried out. The principal measures relating to domestic animals are the compulsory, and charge free, vaccination of dogs in the whole country.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1991

Neuroscience in Czechoslovakia.

The collapse of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia revealed not only the disastrous state of the Czechoslovak economy but also the serious problems that Czechoslovak science faces. Understanding the present situation and determining the best way to improve it requires careful analysis of the development of science during the past 40 years.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

National prevalence survey of hospital-acquired infections in Czechoslovakia.

A nationwide 1-day prevalence survey of a total of 12,260 patients in 23 hospitals across Czechoslovakia yielded 751 cases of hospital-acquired infection (HAI), a prevalence of 6.1%. Analysis of the data revealed that the prevalence of HAI amongst surgical patients was almost twice that amongst medical patients (8.2% vs. 4.4%). Persons aged over 60 on the urological and surgical wards were at highest risk of acquiring infection. The most frequent site of HAI was the urinary tract (25%), followed by surgical wounds (15%) and the upper respiratory tract (13%). Fifty per cent of infection in gynaecological patients occurred within 6 days of admission compared with 15% in urological patients, and a wide variation was seen in other specialties.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Emergency medical systems in Czechoslovakia.

The year 1987 witnessed the "velvet revolution" of Vaclav Havel and the beginning of democratic reform in Czechoslovakia. As the country struggles to build a market-based economy, it maintains a well-developed socialist system of health care that is patterned after the former Soviet system and is free to all (Am J Emerg Med 1984; 2:455-456). Formal private medical practice does not exist. Non-emergency care is provided by multispecialty, primary-care oriented clinics (polyklinka) where after-hours visits are possible due to the presence of on-call physicians. In small towns such an on-call doctor would be a general practitioner, but in large cities an internist, pediatrician, and surgeon might all be available.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed2006

Seasonal anthropometric cycles in a command economy: the case of Czechoslovakia, 1946-1966.

Anthropometric evidence is used to shed light on the living standards in early communist Czechoslovakia (1946-1966). Height and weight variation of adolescent boys exhibit a pattern that is inconsistent with that for a normal healthy population. The hypothesis is proposed that this pattern arose from periodic food supply shortages, most marked in the spring of each year. The boys in the sample display a remarkably slow growth during the spring but catch up over the summer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The use of the Microtox system for evaluation of toxicity of the wastes in Vítkovice Steelworks, Ostrava (Czechoslovakia).

Ostrava's Industrial Agglomeration is one of the most polluted areas in Czechoslovakia due to an enormous production of wastes and wastewaters from both industry and municipal sources. As most of the wastes are deposited in the environment in a very simple way (usually in landfills) they may cause negative environmental effects and represent a serious hazardous factor for the surroundings. Complex legislative regulations on waste treatment with respect to environmental protection are currently accepted. Many data on the character of produced and deposited wastes which are necessary for classification of wastes are, however, missing. Rapid and reliable estimates of biological effects of wastes were made in one of the biggest steelwork enterprises which belongs to the most significant producers of wastes in the Ostrava region. Typical wastes which are produced in the greatest amount were selected and the leachates of the wastes were tested using the microbial toxicity test, Microtox. The results contribute to a monitoring programme for evaluation of environmental quality.

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMed1984

A serological survey for Bhanja virus in Czechoslovakia.

Sera of 259 persons, 801 sheep, 54 goats and 60 cows from several regions of Czechoslovakia were examined by tube-neutralization test (TNT) and haemagglutination-inhibition test (HIT) for antibodies against Bhanja virus. The results of both assays correlated well, but TNT was a more sensitive test than HIT. Antibodies neutralizing Bhanja virus were detected in 2.7% of persons, 5.1% of sheep, 18.5% of goats and 16.7% of cattle, most frequently in the district Roznava (Eastern Slovakia), where 38.5% of goats, 26.7% of sheep, 16.7% of cattle and 9.5% humans (predominantly goat or sheep breeders) were positive. A recent circulation of the virus in natural foci of that area is revealed by the detection of antibodies in several calves and lambs, which grazed in one year (1982) only. Roznava district is also unique (among the areas examined) in the presence of the tick Haemaphysalis punctata, principal vector of Bhanja virus in Europe.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The occurrence of aflatoxins in peanuts imported into Czechoslovakia for human consumption.

Results of 492 analyses for aflatoxin in raw shelled peanuts imported into Czechoslovakia during 1982-1984 are presented. Most samples (55.3%) had aflatoxin content less than the detection limit of the radioimmunochemical screening method (0.8 micrograms/kg). Further analyses showed that 239 out of 410 samples of roasted peanuts contained aflatoxin below the detection limit. Only 1.9% of all peanut samples were found to have contamination level more than 5 micrograms/kg aflatoxin. The highest levels of aflatoxin observed were in a raw peanut sample containing 202.1 micrograms/kg and in a roasted peanut sample containing 32.6 micrograms/kg.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Distribution of three red-cell enzyme polymorphisms (ACP, PGM1 and AK) in gypsies from Slovakia (Czechoslovakia).

Data are presented on the red cell acid phosphatase (ACP), phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), and adenylate kinase (AK) iso-enzyme distributions in a sample of gypsies (Roms) from Slovakia (Czechoslovakia). The findings of very low Pa (0.289) and PGM11 (0.656) gene frequencies as well as the complete absence of the Pc gene are in accordance with the generally accepted assumption of the Indian origin of European gypsies, and demonstrate that the rate of European admixture in Slovak gypsies is low. The finding of a very high AK1 gene frequency (0.984), on the other hand, contradicts this assumption, but with the limited available data on the iso-enzyme distribution in other gypsy and in Indian populations it cannot readily be explained.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1993

Regional and national variation in lung cancer mortality in Italy and Czechoslovakia.

In developed countries lung cancer mortality has been shown to be related to lifestyle, occupational and environmental aspects, diet, and other factors which may vary widely from one region to another. To investigate inter-area differences in lung cancer mortality and cigarette smoking a descriptive study has been carried out in three areas of Italy and two republics of Czechoslovakia. The highest death rates from lung cancer were found in the Czech Republic and Northern Italy, for both sexes. Analysis of age-specific rates by birth cohort, comparing all five areas, showed the greatest differences in trends between Slovakia and Northern Italy in men, and between the Czech Republic and Southern Italy in women. The lowest rates were observed in Southern Italy throughout the period under study, particularly among women. Making allowance for the latency period between the onset of exposure and the development of the disease, data on the occurrence of lung cancer could be interpreted looking at previous smoking habits. An imperfect overlap between the trend of cigarette smoking and the corresponding lung cancer mortality pattern was present in Northern and Southern Italy, a finding suggesting that even non-smoking-related factors could have played a significant role in lung cancer aetiology.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Myocardial Infarction Register in MONICA-Czechoslovakia Centre.

In 1984, 802 coronary events (age 25-64) were registered in six MONICA areas in Czechoslovakia. According to the MONICA study criteria, 63% of these coronary events in males and 51% in females were confirmed as definite myocardial infarction (MI), 26% of events in both males and females as possible MI, 5% of events in males and females were fetal cases with insufficient data, and 6% of events in males and 18% in females were not confirmed as MI (MONICA diagnostic category = 4). Age-standardized annual attack rates of MI per 100,000 population (age 35-64) were 510.4 for males and 99.3 for females. Age-standardized annual incidence rates (first ever MI) per 100,000 population (age 35-64) were 387.4 for males and 89.7 for females. 28-day case fatality was 33.3% in males and 31.5% in females. Of all deaths occurring within 28 days, 75.8% in males and 69.2% in females occurred during the first 24 hours. Of all coronary deaths, 38.5% of males and 64.1% of females died in hospital or other institution.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Fy (a-b-) phenotype in Czechoslovakia.

A family of gypsy origin, with 5 Fy(a-b-) members was found in Czechoslovakia. The involvement of the silen allele, Fy, in paternity testing is discussed.

Alleles↗
PubMed1979

A comparison of hand growth in elementary schoolchildren in Czechoslovakia and the United States.

Studies have been made of the growth patterns of hands of elementary schoolchildren in Czechoslovakia (1707 children) and in the United States (1641 children). This paper compares the results of these studies and summarizes the patterns of growth for both hands of boys and girls aged from five to 12 years. The results indicate that the United States children generally have shorter and wider hands than their Czech counterparts. In both countries, boys have wider hands than girls, although there is evidence that at ages 11 and 12 years the girls' hands are longer. Growth spurts in both width and length measurements are apparent in children's hands in both countries, but the spurt often occurs at an earlier age in Czech children. Awareness of these general patterns of hand growth should be of assistance to the hand surgeon.

Child↗
PubMed1981

Prophylactic treatment of posttraumatic epilepsy: results of a long-term follow-up in Czechoslovakia.

The results of a long-term study of prophylactic treatment of posttraumatic epilepsy performed in Czechoslovakia during the years 1963 through 1980 are reported. The prophylactically treated group of 144 patients with severe brain injuries was compared with a control group of 24 equally damaged cases without prophylactic treatment. The preventive treatment lasting 2 years in the great majority of cases was performed with relatively low doses of phenytoin (160--240 mg/day) and phenobarbital (30--60 mg/day) administered orally. The incidence of late posttraumatic epilepsy was 25% in the control and 2.1% in the prophylactically treated group. Only one patient (0.7%), however, developed seizures during the course of the prophylactic treatment. The efficiency of prophylactic pharmacotherapy has been proved in long-term observations lasting 8 to 13 years.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The winds of change: psychiatric nursing in Czechoslovakia.

This article examines the current state of psychiatry and psychiatric nursing within the Czechoslovakian Republic and is the result of the author's invitation to teach on the first Postgraduate Diploma in Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapy run in Czechoslovakia.

Communism↗