Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Cyanides”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Effects of various known and potential cyanide antagonists and a glutathione depletor on acute toxicity of cyanide in mice.

To compare the protective potencies of a large number of known and potential cyanide antagonists in one stock of mice, groups (N = 10) of male CF-1 Swiss-Webster mice were given a single maximal or near-maximal intraperitoneal injection of each substance. Ethyl maleate, a glutathione (GSH) depletor and potential enhancer of cyanide toxicity, was given to other groups. Thirty min later, the mice were given subcutaneous injections of graded doses of KCN. In untreated control mice, the 24-hr median lethal dose (LD50) of KCN was 11 mg/kg of body weight (potency ratio, PR = 1.0). In comparison, protective effects of traditional antagonists thiosulfate and nitrite produced PR values of 1.48 and 2.95, respectively. Tetrathionate, sulfate, dithionite, methionine, hydroxocobalamin, ascorbate, pyridoxal phosphate, alpha-ketoglutarate, alpha-ketobutyrate, GSH, GSH disulfide (GSSG) and selenite were similar in efficacy to thiosulfate (P less than 0.05; PR values 1.35-1.59). Cysteine, diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDC), and cobaltous chloride were more effective than thiosulfate (PR values 1.68, 1.69, and 1.85, respectively). Phentolamine and dicobalt EDTA were ineffective, whereas papaverine enhanced toxicity (PR 0.72). Agents with significant PR values (greater than or equal to 1.14) but which were less effective than thiosulfate included sulfite, dimercaptosuccinic acid, pyruvate, citrate, alpha-ketovalerate, naloxone, and corn oil. Ethyl maleate in corn oil markedly enhanced KCN lethality (PR 0.57 compared to corn oil alone), and caused prolonged illness in several mice. Vitamin E in corn oil had no effect. Dual mixtures of thiosulfate with other selected substances were also tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Ligand Influences on Copper Cyanide Solid-State Architecture: Flattened and Fused "Slinky", Corrugated Sheet, and Ribbon Motifs in the Copper-Cyanide-Triazolate-Organoamine Family.

A series of novel composite inorganic-organic materials from the copper-cyanide-triazolate-organoamine system have been isolated and structurally characterized. An unusual interpenetrating layered structure type composed of fused and flattened "slinkies", [Cu(6)(CN)(5)(trz)] (1) (trz = triazolate, C(2)N(3)H(2)(-)), a complex corrugated layer structure, [Cu(5)(CN)(3)(trz)(2)(bpy)] (2), and a series of increasingly intricate one-dimensional ribbons, [Cu(3)(CN)(2)(trz)(bpy)], [Cu(3)(CN)(2)(trz)(phen)], and [Cu(4)(CN)(3)(trz)(phen)] (3-5), have been isolated from hydrothermal media. All trz ligands are deprotonated and participate in &mgr;(3)-bridging of Cu sites. An anionic layered compound, [Cu(OH(2))(4)][Cu(4)(CN)(6)] (6), composed of {Cu(6)(CN)(6)} rings with tetraaquacupric dications intercalated into alternate interlamellar spaces, has also been characterized upon the slow evaporation of the mother liquor of 1. The syntheses and structural characterizations of compounds 1-6 by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and FTIR microscopy are discussed in relation to the supramolecular chemistry of other copper cyanide solid-state materials. Crystal data: C(7)H(2)Cu(6)N(8) (1), orthorhombic, Pcca, a = 11.108(2) Å, b = 8.886(2) Å, c = 15.397(3) Å, Z = 4; C(34)H(24)Cu(10)N(22) (2), triclinic, P&onemacr;, a = 9.1183(5) Å, b = 9.9838(6) Å, c = 12.7545(8) Å, alpha = 94.206(1) degrees, beta = 90.492(1) degrees, gamma = 112.534(1) degrees, Z = 1; C(28)H(20)Cu(6)N(14) (3), monoclinic, P2(1)/c, a = 9.7582(1) Å, b = 17.1622(2) Å, c = 9.901(1) Å, beta = 106.869(1) degrees, Z = 2; C(17)H(10)Cu(4)N(8) (4), monoclinic, P2(1)/c, a = 11.590(3) Å, b = 20.555(4) Å, c = 16.158(3) Å, beta = 103.865(5) degrees, Z = 8; C(16)H(10)Cu(3)N(7) (5), triclinic, P&onemacr;, a = 8.542(2) Å, b = 9.802(2) Å, c = 20.439(4) Å, alpha = 82.468(5) degrees, beta = 83.126(5) degrees, gamma = 79.832(5) degrees, Z = 4; C(6)Cu(5)N(6)O(4) (6), monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 7.466(1) Å, b = 8.952(2) Å, c = 11.116(2) Å, beta = 92.816(5) degrees, Z = 4.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

Wounding Stimulates Cyanide-sensitive Respiration in the Highly Cyanide-resistant Leaves of Bryophyllum tubiflorum Harv.

The rate of respiration in sectioned leaves of Bryophyllum tubiflorum Harv. increases with decreasing section thickness. The rates of uninhibited respiration in 2- and 8-millimeter-thick sections are 74 and 46 microliters of O(2) per gram fresh weight of unruptured tissue per hour at 20 C, whereas the rate in the presence of cyanide is 31 microliters of O(2) in each case. The rates are unaffected by salicylhydroxamic acid, but cyanide and salicylhydroxamic acid together completely eliminate O(2) uptake. The capacity of the alternative respiratory pathway is thus initially high (estimated at 84% of the uninhibited respiratory rate in whole leaves) and remains constant but probably unexpressed subsequent to the rapid induction of wound respiration.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

Cyanide-insensitive and Cyanide-sensitive O(2) Uptake in Wheat: I. GRADIENT-PURIFIED MITOCHONDRIA.

The mitochondrial fraction isolated from durum wheat seedlings by differential centrifugation demonstrated antimycin A- or cyanide-insensitive O(2) uptake. Further purification of this initial mitochondrial pellet using a linear Percoll (Pharmacia) density gradient separated the mitochondria into two bands of physiologically distinct activity. Based on the usual mitochondrial respiratory criteria of ADP/O and respiratory control values, these fractions were qualitatively similar to the crude pellet. However, we observed no antimycin A-insensitive O(2) uptake in either gradient band. Antimycin A-insensitive O(2) consumption could be restored to the upper gradient band of mitochondria by the addition of linoleic acid. This activity was inhibited either by salicylhydroxamic acid or propyl gallate, a known lipoxygenase inhibitor. Likewise, addition of linoleic acid to the crude mitochondrial pellet elicited a 4- to 5-fold increase in O(2) uptake. This O(2) consumption was insensitive to antimycin A and cyanide but was inhibited by either propyl gallate or salicylhydroxamic acid. Electron microscopic examination revealed that only the lower gradient band contained contamination-free mitochondria, which, in turn, lacked ability to oxidize linoleic acid. Antimycin A-insensitive O(2) consumption in the differential centrifugation fraction from germinating durum wheat seedlings decreased over 64 hours of development.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Differential Mitochondrial Electron Transport through the Cyanide-Sensitive and Cyanide-Insensitive Pathways in Isonuclear Lines of Cytoplasmic Male Sterile, Male Fertile, and Restored Petunia.

Three pairs of isonuclear lines of cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) and fertile Petunia cells (Petunia hybrida [Hook] Vilm. and Petunia parodii L.S.M.) grown in suspension culture were examined for sensitivity to inhibitors of respiratory electron transport at time-points after transfer into fresh media. Cells from CMS lines differed from cells of fertile lines in their utilization of the cyanide-insensitive oxidase pathway. Under our culture regime, after approximately 3 days of culture cells from the CMS lines exhibited much lower cyanide-insensitive, salicylhydroxamic acid-sensitive respiration than cells from the fertile lines. This respiratory difference was shown to be specific to the mitochondrial alternative oxidase pathway by using other characteristic inhibitors of mitochondrial electron transport in experiments with isolated mitochondria. Immature anthers from CMS plants also showed lower alternative oxidase activity relative to anthers from male fertile plants, but no such difference was detected in leaf tissue, ovary or perianth tissue, or anthers collected just prior to anthesis. A cell line from a fertile plant carrying a nuclear fertility restorer gene and the CMS cytoplasm exhibited increased activity of the alternative pathway compared with the CMS lines.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Hydrogen cyanide-producing rhizobacteria kill subterranean termite Odontotermes obesus (Rambur) by cyanide poisoning under in vitro conditions.

The subterranean termite Odontotermes obesus is an important pest of the Indian subcontinent, causing extensive damage to major agricultural crops and forest plantation trees. Control of termites by strategies employing their parasites has limitations because they have evolved a complex social structure, immune responses, and adaptive behavior toward pathogen-infected individuals. Nonparasitic rhizobacteria that produce harmful metabolites might facilitate the biocontrol of termites. In the present investigation, three different species of hydrogen cyanide-producing rhizobacteria were tested for their potential to kill O. obesus. The three bacterial species were found to be effective in killing the termites under in vitro conditions.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1995

Simultaneous determination of hydroxocobalamin and its cyanide complex cyanocobalamin in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Application to pharmacokinetic studies after high-dose hydroxocobalamin as an antidote for severe cyanide poisoning.

Hydroxocobalamin (OHCbl) is a powerful antidote for cyanide poisoning, via the formation of non-toxic cyanocobalamin (CNCbl). Plasmatic cobalamins were measured at 361 nm, after enrichment and purification on a short C18 precolumn (1% acetic acid; 1 ml min-1; 2 min), by back-flush elution on a C18 ODS-2 column [0.1 M sodium dihydrogenphosphate-methanol (63:27, v/v) (pH 4.0); 0.80 ml min-1]. The precision was 3.21 and 3.54% for 10 microM OHCbl and CNCbl, respectively. The method was used to study the pharmacokinetics of OHCbl and the formed CNCbl in severely poisoned patients.

Antidotes↗
PubMed2005

Dual Lewis acid-Lewis base activation in enantioselective cyanation of aldehydes using acetyl cyanide and cyanoformate as cyanide sources.

Dual activation by a chiral Lewis acid and an achiral or chiral Lewis base enabled cyanation of both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes with acetyl cyanide and ethyl cyanoformate to provide direct access to O-acetylated and O-alkoxycarbonylated cyanohydrins, respectively, under mild conditions. With a combination of a Ti-salen catalyst and Et3N, benzaldehyde was converted to the O-acetylated cyanohydrin with 94% ee within 10 h at -40 degrees C in 89% isolated yield.

Aldehydes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of cyanide on the reaction of nitroprusside with hemoglobin: relevance to cyanide interference with the biological activity of nitroprusside.

The reaction of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) with deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) results in two distinct EPR-detectable species, the one-electron-reduced nitroprusside ion [(CN)5FeNO]3- and nitrosylhemoglobin (HbNO). In the presence of excess cyanide (CN-) only the signal for [(CN)5FeNO]3- is observed. Thus, while free CN- does not interfere with Hb reduction of SNP, it prevents transfer of the NO moiety to Hb. Electrolytic reduction of SNP under similar conditions, however, leads to [(CN)5FeNO]3- and a small amount of [(CN)4FeNO]2- resulting from loss of the CN- trans to the NO. Excess free CN- shifts the equilibrium between these two species toward [(CN)5FeNO]3-, thereby reducing the concentration of [(CN)4FeNO]2-. Thus, [(CN)4FeNO]2- appears to be responsible for the transfer of NO to Hb. Consistent with this mechanism, both [(CN)5FeNO]3- and [(CN)4FeNO]2- are observed when SNP is added to erythrocyte lysates. Under these conditions HbNO is formed more rapidly due to the higher concentration of the latter species with the labile NO. This observation suggests that red blood cell constituents capable of binding CN- shift the equilibrium between the reduced SNP ions toward [(CN)4FeNO]2-. In the reaction of reduced glutathione (GSH) with SNP, [(CN)5FeNO]3- is formed as well as low concentrations of an EPR-detectable GSH-SNP adduct. Excess free CN- introduces a lag in the appearance of these signals, suggesting that GSH mediates SNP reduction by a different mechanism from that of Hb, although it too is inhibited by CN-.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Antihypertensive Agents↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of 24-second cyanide-containing and cyanide-free methods for whole blood hemoglobin on the Technicon H*1TM analyzer with normal and abnormal blood samples.

Automated methods, with and without cyanide (+CN and -CN), for whole blood hemoglobin (Hb) determination were evaluated on the Technicon H*1TM System. Both automated Hb methods were linear over the range 0-250 g/L (0-25 g/dL) and correlated well with the International Committee for Standardization of Hematology (ICSH) reference method and with the Coulter S+II. Both methods quantitatively converted whole blood containing up to 100% carboxyhemoglobin in less than 24 seconds to their respective end products. With respect to abnormal samples (sickle cell anemia, multiple myeloma, and hyperlipemia), both H*1 methods gave Hb results that were equivalent to the (postfiltration) ICSH method. For samples with white blood cell (WBC) counts less than 36 X 10(9)/L, the +CN method was equivalent to the (postfiltration) ICSH method, whereas for WBC counts greater than 20 X 10(9)/L, the -CN method showed acceptable recovery of the mean but unacceptable imprecision. For WBC counts of 36-164 X 10(9)/L, the +CN method yielded acceptable Hb recovery with unacceptable imprecision. Hyperlipemia, resulting from addition of Intralipid directly to the blood samples, caused large errors in both H*1 methods.

Cyanides↗
PubMed1985

Plasma free cyanide and blood total cyanide: a rapid completely automated microdistillation assay.

Techniques are presented which provide direct measurement of both free cyanide (CN-) in plasma and total CN- in whole blood. Loss of total CN- from blood is prevented by conversion to cyanmethemoglobin. Both free and total CN- are assayed by a completely automated method providing readout 17 minutes after sampling. No prior isolation technique is required and sensitivity is adjustable to cover a broad range of CN- concentrations from 1 to 4000 uM. Precision of blood CN- values from 2 to 2500 uM is within +/- 2.3%. No interference results from thiocyanate or thiosulfate at a concentration of approximately 1 mM.

Cyanides↗
PubMed1996

Molecular Structures of Sulfur Cyanide Trifluoride, SF(3)CN, and Sulfinyl Cyanide Fluoride, FS(O)CN.

General valence force fields for SF(3)CN and FS(O)CN are derived from vibrational data taken from the literature and from theoretical calculations. Gas phase electron diffraction studies on both molecules yield the following geometric parameters (r(a) distances and angles with 3sigma uncertainties). SF(3)CN: r(S-F(e)) = 155.2(4) r(S-F(a)) = 165.7(3), r(S-C) = 173.6(8), r(C&tbd1;N) = 115.9(4) pm; angle(F(a)SF(e)) = 86.9(3), angle(F(a)SC) = 86.0(4) angle(F(e)SC) = 98.7(8), angle(F(a)SF(a)) = 169.0(6), angle(SCN) = 171(4) degrees. FS(O)CN: r(S-F) = 159.8(3), r(S=O) = 143.2(2), r(S-C) = 178.3(3), r(C&tbd1;N) = 115.0(3) pm; angle(FSO) = 104.9(4), angle(FSC) = 93.9(4), angle(CSO) = 105.3(5), angle(SCN) = 176(4) degrees. These experimental results are compared to ab initio values (HF/3-21G, HF/6-31G, and MP2/6-31G), and the bonding properties in these sulfur (IV) cyanides are discussed.

Journal Article↗