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PubMed1984

HT-ATTENDING. Critiquing the pharmacologic management of essential hypertension.

HT-ATTENDING is a computer system being developed to critique a physician's approach to the pharmacologic management of essential hypertension. The concept of having a computer critique a physician's plan of management (Medical Plan-Analysis) has already been implemented in ATTENDING, a system whose domain is anesthesia management. HT-ATTENDING extends this approach to a new medical domain. HT-ATTENDING's goal is (1) to assist a physician in formulating his approach to the hypertensive patient, (2) to help him avoid inadvertent management errors, (3) to introduce him to relevant new agents and modalities, and (4) to mention topical issues concerning hypertension management, all in the context of daily patient care.

Antihypertensive Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Schilder and Pavlov's theory of higher nervous activity. A critique and apologia.

In the late 1920s, the Viennese psychoanalyst Paul Schilder, after performing a conditioning experiment with human subjects, criticized I. P. Pavlov's concept of "experimental neurosis." Schilder maintained that subjective reports by conditioned human subjects were more informative than the objectively observed behavior of conditioned dogs. In 1932, Pavlov published a rejoinder to Schilder's critique in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Pavlov maintained that Schilder misunderstood the value and implications of the scientific, objective method in the study of experimental neurosis. In 1934, Schilder subjected Pavlov's theory of higher nervous activity to an incisive critique in a 1935 article in Imago. Schilder objected to Pavlov's narrow, reductionist conceptualization of the conditional reflex. Schilder reiterated his view that the psychological, subjective explanation of the conditional reflex is preferable to the physiological, objective explanation, and that the inference of cortical phenomena from experimental findings might be improper. Neither Pavlov nor any of his disciples replied to Schilder. The author provides an apology for the Pavlovian position, suggesting that Schilder was unfamiliar with early and late writings of Pavlov.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Commentary: deconstructing critiques on the internationalization of PTSD.

When PTSD entered the DSM, advocacy for the diagnosis was a critical part of advocacy for Vietnam veterans. Over the next two decades, the range of contexts in which this clinical concept was applied increased dramatically. In a recent article in Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, Breslau (2004) describes PTSD as a "prominent cultural model" to account for suffering as well as the synergy between human rights or political advocacy and traumatic stress advocacy. In this article I question the sequence of steps that Breslau took to critique the internationalization of the PTSD construct. I also question Breslau's critique on our work in Nepal. Finally, I will formulate some future challenges for psychiatry and anthropology to bridge their universalistic and relativistic points of view.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1984

Medical plan-analysis by computer: critiquing the pharmacologic management of essential hypertension.

A computer system, HT-ATTENDING, has been developed using Artificial Intelligence techniques to critique a physician's approach to the pharmacologic management of essential hypertension. HT-ATTENDING (1) assists the physician in the management of a hypertensive patient, (2) helps avoid inadvertent management errors, (3) provides information about new drugs and new treatment modalities, and (4) mentions relevant topical issues, all in the context of discussing an approach to a particular patient's care. To critique a physician's management plan effectively, HT-ATTENDING must accommodate the inherent variation of medical practice as a central part of its design. HT-ATTENDING can be thought of as an "interactive paper" which tailors its content around a proposed approach to a patient's care.

Antihypertensive Agents↗
PubMed1990

Exploring subjective vs. objective issues in the validation of computer-based critiquing advice.

Evaluation is an important part of the development of computer-based medical expert systems. Such evaluation may be particularly difficult when judging a critiquing system which responds to a proposed management strategy with a discussion of the advisability of that approach. DxCON is an expert system which produces a prose critique discussing the radiologic workup of obstructive jaundice. This paper describes DxCON, and its experimental validation by three independent judges. A central component of the validation involved allowing the judges to react to the system's advice in a quite flexible, unstructured fashion. This project provides a case study of how subjective issues impact both the design and implementation of a validation of a medical expert system whose output is explanatory prose.

Cholestasis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The socialisation of nurses in clinical settings: a dual focus critique of a research study.

This is a two-pronged critique of a study of the socialisation of neophyte nurses in a neonatal intensive care unit in the USA. The authors, respectively an educationalist and a nurse researcher experienced in neonatal intensive care, agreed in finding that the study fell short of what it promised, but differed as to their reasons. They decided to publish their critiques as a complementary pair, in the hope that those supervising research students would benefit from seeing a disappointing study simultaneously in two perspectives, educational and clinical.

Education, Nursing, Continuing↗
PubMed1985

Double standards in the analysis of Marxist scholarship: a reply to Reidy's critique of my work.

This article is a reply to Reidy's critique of my work, published under the title, 'Marxist Functionalism in Medicine: A Critique of the Work of Vicente Navarro'. The first part of Reidy's article contains a lengthy list of what she defines as "the symptoms of the disease" and the second part includes the analysis and "definition of the disease; Marxist Functionalism". Her conclusion is that human liberation requires the elimination of my disease: Marxist Functionalism. She refers to my writings on Chile as yet one more proof of my disease. This article is an answer, case by case, and symptom by symptom, of Reidy's accusations and shows that it is the accuser--Reidy--rather than the accused--Navarro--who is guilty of misrepresentation and inaccurate reporting and her target of criticism is not Marxist Functionalism but Marxism. My article shows that Reidy's piece is an outcome of her maliciousness, limited knowledge of Parsons', Marx's and my own work and own political beliefs, intolerant of Marxist revolutionary positions. The article concludes that Allende's Chile proved me right, rather than wrong, as she indicated.

Chile↗
PubMed2005

Knowing and doing phenomenology: the implications of the critique of 'nursing phenomenology' for a phenomenological inquiry: a discussion paper.

Phenomenological research in nursing has come under sustained attack in recent years with some nurse researchers accused of betraying the fundamental tenets of phenomenology and of misconstruing its key concepts. This paper aims to show how a study informed by the critique of 'nursing phenomenology' was designed and conducted. In particular, the implications of the key phenomenological concepts of intentionality and bracketing for data collection, data analysis and the presentation of findings are explored in relation to an investigation of the concept of the Clinical Placement Coordinator (CPC), an innovative student support role in Irish nursing education. The paper shows how an understanding of the key phenomenological notions of bracketing and intentionality, and careful consideration of their implications for research design and conduct, can enrich nursing research by retaining the objectivity and critique central to the phenomenological method. The illumination and clarification of contested and complex concepts can be achieved by encouraging both researcher and co-researchers to get 'back to the things themselves' by taking a fresh unprejudiced look at the necessary and sufficient elements of phenomena of interest to nursing as they appear to those who experience them.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Research integrity and rights of indigenous peoples: appropriating Foucault's critique of knowledge/power.

In this paper I appropriate the philosophical critique of Michel Foucault as it applies to the engagement of Western science and indigenous peoples in the context of biomedical research. The science of population genetics, specifically as pursued in the Human Genome Diversity Project, is the obvious example to illustrate (a) the contraposition of modern science and 'indigenous science', (b) the tendency to depreciate and marginalize indigenous knowledge systems, and (c) the subsumption of indigenous moral preferences in the juridical armature of international human rights law. I suggest that international bioethicists may learn from Foucault's critique, specifically of the need for vigilance about the knowledge/power relation expressed by the contraposition of modern science and 'indigeneity'.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2001

Nursing research on physical activity: a feminist critique.

Studies on physical activity have rarely included women as research participants, and have been mainly conducted among Western populations. In this paper, nursing research on women's physical activity is analyzed and critiqued using a feminist perspective that respects and values women's own experiences and their diversities. An extensive literature search was conducted using computerized data retrieval systems and 47 empirical studies published in nursing literature were selected and analyzed. The critique is presented with three main themes emerged from the analysis: (a) "without considering women's own experiences"; (b) "implicit androcentric and ethnocentric assumptions"; (c) "without meaningful interactions". Based on the analysis, future directions for nursing research on physical activity are proposed.

Bias↗
PubMed2001

On the methodological, theoretical and philosophical context of health inequalities research: a critique.

The integration of survey data with psycho-social theories is an important and emerging theme within the field of health inequalities research. This paper critically examines this approach arguing that the respective models of health inequality which these approaches promote, the related concepts of 'social cohesion' and 'social capital' suffer from serious methodological, theoretical and philosophical flaws. The critique draws particular attention to the limitations of survey-derived data and the dangers of using such data to develop complex social explanations for health inequalities. The paper discusses wider epistemological issues which emerge from the critique addressing the fundamental but neglected question of 'what is inequality'? The paper concludes by introducing a structure for questions regarding health inequalities emphasising the need for those question to be attached to real communities.

Health Care Rationing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Battering and HIV in men who have sex with men: a critique and synthesis of the literature.

Recent empirical evidence demonstrates the relationship between HIV and battering victimization in men who have sex with men (MSM). Although there is an abundance of literature examining domestic violence among heterosexual couples, there is minimal empirical evidence regarding battering among same-sex male couples. To obtain an understanding of the current state of the science, this literature review provides a critique and synthesis of the identified battering and HIV literature in MSM. After an examination of the relationship between HIV and battering, the prevalence of battering in MSM from the literature is critically reviewed. To establish a framework for understanding battering in MSM, the identified correlates of battering for both the victim and the perpetrator are examined. This critique and synthesis concludes with implications for clinical nursing practice.

HIV Infections↗
PubMed1998

Critiquing a research article.

It is often the assignment of the perianesthesia nurse to critique a research article to evaluate a suggested procedure or instrument for implementation the patient care area. Although details of what should appear in each section of the research article have appeared in past reports in this series, this article will present an outline for critiquing the entire research manuscript.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

A critique of the correlated trait-correlated method and correlated uniqueness models for multitrait-multimethod data.

The correlated trait-correlated method (CT-CM) and correlated uniqueness (CU) confirmatory factor analysis models for multitrait-multimethod data are critiqued. Although the CU model often returns convergent and admissible factor solutions when the CT-CM model does not, the CU model is shown to have theoretical and substantive shortcomings. On the basis of this critique, the authors recommend that the CT-CM model be regarded as the generally preferred model and that the CU model be invoked only when the CT-CM model fails.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Continuing the dialogue: a response to Draper's critique of Fawcett's 'Conceptual models and nursing practice: the reciprocal relationship'.

In their response to Draper's (1993) critique of Fawcett's (1992) paper 'Conceptual models and nursing practice: the reciprocal relationship', the authors argue that Draper's critique is flawed. They point out that Draper fails to acknowledge the diversity within the positivist movement, makes logical leaps, and fails to acknowledge Fawcett's long-standing distinction between middle-range theories and conceptual models and her discussions of the differences in the criteria to be used when evaluating conceptual models and theories.

Clinical Nursing Research↗
PubMed2001

Focus groups as a research method: a critique of some aspects of their use in nursing research.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and critique reports in the nursing literature in the period 1990-1999 of the use of focus groups as a research method. METHODS: The articles were identified by a computerized search of the CINAHL database and subjected to critical review. FINDINGS: The result of the search was that very few articles were found that reported on a specific piece of research using the method. Methodological discussions were more common and these were sometimes at a somewhat superficial level without analysis or critique. The largest category of articles was concerned with service development projects. The research-based articles were found to be relatively unsophisticated in their use of the method, in particular in relation to data analysis and social interaction within focus groups. Terms such as 'content analysis' and 'grounded theory' were used in nonrigorous ways and incompatibility between the underlying research approach and implementation of the method was identified in the cases of phenomenology and grounded theory. Whilst selection of the focus group method was often justified in terms of the benefits that participant interaction could yield, this interaction was rarely reported or discussed in the articles. One author proposed a scheme for analysing this type of interaction, and this is recommended to future researchers as a possible framework for interaction analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The article concludes by calling for more in-depth consideration at the research planning stages of the underlying assumptions of methodological approaches that may be used to underpin focus group research and methods to be used to analyse and report the data generated.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2001

A critique of research on the use of activities with persons with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic literature review.

TOPIC: The topic of this paper concerns the use of therapeutic activities with persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD). PURPOSE: The purpose is to present a critique of the research on these activities, with an emphasis on methodology. ORGANIZING CONSTRUCT AND SCOPE: Nursing literature identifies a number of purposes for activities for persons with AD. Activities should be therapeutic, enhance quality of life, arrest mental decline, and generate and maintain self-esteem. Other purposes of activities for this population are to create immediate pleasure, re-establish dignity, provide meaningful tasks, restore roles, and enable friendships. Activities may be more important to the psychological state of well-being of persons with dementia than the general physical and social environments in which they live. SOURCES: The literature reviewed was identified with the use of computer data bases (Medline - 1991-March 2001; Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) - 1991-March 2001; and PsychLit - 1988-March 1999). In addition, data bases of Science Citation Index and Social Science Citation Indexes as they appear in the computer base, Web of Science, were searched for 1992-2001. The time period for each search was determined by the manner in which the literature was grouped for inclusion in the particular database. Hand searches of 11 selected journals included the years 1993-2001. The search dates were selected to reflect the time period when the largest number of studies on activities and AD have appeared in the professional literature. We critique a total of 33 studies. CONCLUSIONS: While researchers have demonstrated interest in the use of activities with persons with AD, theoretical and methodological difficulties, unclear findings and gaps exist, including a lack of emphasis on gender, ethnic, racial or cultural differences. Sampling issues involving diagnosis and staging complicate the research on individuals with AD. Case studies, single subject experimental designs, and tightly controlled quasi-experimental and experimental designs are needed to advance knowledge in this important area.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2002

A critique of the Franklin Commission Report: hypnosis, belief, and suggestion.

This article critiques the landmark Report of the Commissioners Charged by the King to Examine Animal Magnetism, now widely known as the "Franklin Report." The authors mount a defense of D'Eslon, the disciple of Mesmer who conducted the "experiments," designed by the Commissioners that debunked animal magnetism as the mechanism responsible for dramatic alterations in behavior and medical cures following the application of Mesmer's procedures. The authors identify deficiencies in the commissioners' methods, discuss difficulties inherent in drawing strong inferences from the experiments they conducted, and contend that the commissioners missed an opportunity to elucidate the manifold ways in which mesmerism mapped onto important psychological constructs and phenomena. The authors adopt a fanciful approach by couching their critique in a sympathetic response to D'Eslon, who appears to one of the authors in a dream and voices his reservations about the commissioners' efforts.

Advisory Committees↗