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PubMed1975

Attitudes of men toward contraception.

This report describes a pilot study conducted to determine the attitudes of men toward contraception. A questionnaire elicited responses from 436 males regarding: Personal data; contraceptive responsibility; contraceptive knowledge; use of contraception and preference for future methods. Results include attitudes toward contraceptive responsibility, assistance to pregnant partners and knowledge regarding eight common contraceptives. Usage of contraceptives in general and condoms and withdrawal specifically is reported. Preference for eight common contraceptive methods is also presented, along with data on delay of intercourse due to lack of contraceptives, partners' requests for male use of condoms/withdrawal and attitudes toward dissemination of contraceptive material to the public. Also reported are attitudes toward development of new contraceptives, use of male sterility shots or pills and the prices that men would pay for newly developed male contraceptives. The most preferred male contraceptive for future development is reported. It was concluded that the survey form and methodology were valid; that men desired to participate in family regulation; that the majority of men placed a low economic value on male contraceptives and finally that the overwhelming majority of men wanted contraceptive information to be widely disseminated in the public.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1989

[A community-based study on risk factors of hypertension in Luh-Guu Township].

This is a community-based study on hypertension conducted in 1987 to assess the risk of demographic factors and life style of inhabitants aged over 30 in Luh-Guu Township. One-stage cluster sampling was applied. Through home visit interview, the height, weight, and blood pressure as well as demographic and life style data were taken, and 1171 (57.4%) valid data were completed. Hypertension was defined by American National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute as BP greater than = 140/90mmHg. The prevalence of hypertension was 29.2% (the prevalence was 13.4% if defined by the WHO criteria), and only 27.4% of those hypertensives were self-aware. Univariate analysis found that age, educational level, marital status, job condition, smoking habit, father's hypertension history, and usage of contraceptive were correlated with hypertension. With obesity index in addition to the above 6 factors, except contraceptive usage, as independent variables, the multiple logistic regression analysis showed that, only age and obesity index were significantly correlated with hypertension and the best model were fitted.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Predicting contraceptive method usage among women in west Scotland.

Users of the six major methods of contraception are compared across a broad range of variables using data from a community sample. Differences between the groups were apparent for a range of socioeconomic and reproductive variables, and current users of the various methods also differed in their past use of contraception. Users of barrier methods fared particularly well. Few differences were observed for current health status or for the sociocultural variables examined, although users of natural methods differed from all others in their religious affiliation and commitment. Discriminant analysis showed that the most predictive variables distinguishing women who had opted for permanent methods of contraception (female sterilization and vasectomy) were the woman's stated reason for using her current method and her past contraceptive patterns; the inclusion of social, health and reproductive indicators did little to improve the prediction. It is argued that heightened expectations for contraceptive efficacy in the face of increasing concerns about long-term health consequences have contributed to the increased use of permanent methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Psychometric testing as a basis for counseling patients choosing a method of contraception. A retrospective survey.

To investigate the merits of using psychometric testing as a predictive adjunct to counseling patients in the choice of a contraceptive method, 134 family-planning patients using an oral contraceptive for one year or longer completed the Neuroticism Scale Questionnaire. Clinic records of these patients were examined to determine consistency of contraceptive usage. Patients who were inconsistent in contraceptive usage scored significantly higher on the anxiety and emotional immaturity for inconsistent users. Results of this study provided support for the findings of two similar studies but failed to provide support for others. However, the over-all predictive ability of the questionnaire scores proved to be low. Further study is recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Sexual activity and contraceptive use amongst teenagers under the age of 15 years.

AIMS: The aims of this study were to document patterns of sexual activity and contraceptive use in a sample of 952 Christchurch born children studied to the age of 15 years. METHOD: Data on sexual activity and contraceptive use was collected on the basis of self report at ages 14 and 15 years. RESULTS: By the age of 15 years, 8.5% of this sample had engaged in sexual intercourse. Early sexual activity was more common amongst girls, amongst children of Maori or Pacific Island ethnicity and among children from families of unskilled or semi-skilled socioeconomic status. Of those who were sexually active just under half (49.4%) reported having intercourse with only one partner while 17.3% (1.5% of the total sample) reported sexual experience with more than three partners by the age of 15 years. There was a high rate of contraceptive usage in the sample with 88.9% of those who were sexually active having used a recognised form of contraception and it was estimated that approximately 87% of sexual acts reported by this sample involved the use of contraception. The high rate of contraceptive usage for the sample was accounted for largely by the use of the condom and over 80% of those who were sexually active reported using this method. Despite the high rate of contraceptive usage evident for the sample just under one third of those who were sexually active reported having unprotected intercourse on at least one occasion. CONCLUSIONS: Bearing in mind the possibility of under reporting of sexual activity, the results suggest that by the age of 15 years in the region of 1 in 10 teenagers were sexually active. The major finding to emerge from the study was a high rate of utilisation of contraceptive methods, particularly the condom. It seems likely that this high rate of condom usage is a reflection of the effects of publicity and public education campaigns about the risks of HIV infection, AIDS and the need for safe sex. Despite the high rate of contraceptive usage for this sample it is suggested that those engaging in early sexual behaviour are a high risk population in need of support, assistance and counselling.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

A health belief model approach to adolescents' fertility control: some pilot program findings.

We report initial findings from a community-based intervention intended to strengthen unmarried teenagers' fertility control behaviors (i.e., abstinence or consistent contraceptive usage). The Health Belief Model (HBM) was used as a conceptual framework for developing curriculum materials and for evaluating a 15-hour educational program targeted at 13- to 17-year-olds of both genders. Interview data pertaining to sexual and contraceptive perceptions, knowledge, and behaviors were collected three times in a no-control, short-term, longitudinal study design: (1) just before; (2) immediately after; and (3) three to six months following the intervention. Dependent variables of major interest were changes in perceptions, knowledge, and self-reported fertility control behaviors. Based on data from the 120 teenagers who completed the followup (80% of those completing the intervention), we found: (1) consistent contraceptive usage increased significantly; (2) changes in HBM-based contraceptive perceptions and sexual knowledge at immediate post-testing were predictive of increases in contraceptive usage at longer followup; and (3) the majority (62%) remained abstinent from pre-intervention to followup. These findings, study limitations, and suggestions for a future controlled study are then discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cytologic findings in oral contraceptive users among Israeli Jewish women.

A group of 3,317 Jewish Israeli women were studied to evaluate a possible correlation between previous and recent oral contraceptive usage and cervical cytopathologic findings in Papanicolaou smears. A positive correlation was established between oral contraceptive usage and the occurrence of inflammatory findings: the rate of inflammatory changes depended on the length of usage, with a time lapse of at least one year preceding the appearance of such inflammatory changes. The cessation of oral contraceptive usage was associated with a decrease in the rate of inflammatory findings. No cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or malignancy were found.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Gallbladder disease in young women.

The records of 96 young women 25 years of age and less, who underwent cholecystectomy in the years 1977 to 1980 inclusive, were reviewed looking for correlations among obesity, parity, oral contraceptive usage and gallbladder disease. The main risk factor in this population was the presence, either past or present, of pregnancy. Oral contraceptive usage and obesity did not result in an increased risk of having gallbladder disease develop in this population. It is believed that this population is too young to demonstrate such an association. It was only when coupled with pregnancy that obesity or oral contraceptive usage resulted in an increased risk of having gallbladder disease develop.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Oral contraceptives in the etiology of isolated hypospadias.

With the objective of identifying whether hypospadias in infants is associated with maternal use of oral contraceptives before pregnancy or in early pregnancy, 846 case-control pairs were collected from eight different malformation monitoring programs around the world and mothers were interviewed using structured questionnaires administered after the birth of the infants. There was no difference in the preconceptional use of oral contraceptives between cases and controls, neither with respect to the number of years of oral contraceptive usage nor the time between stopping oral contraceptives and the present pregnancy. To this material was added data on oral contraceptive usage in early pregnancy from two other sources: an ongoing case-control study in Spain (725 infants with hypospadias) and a population-based study in Sweden (631 infants with hypospadias). There was no statistically significant difference in oral contraceptive exposure in early pregnancy between cases and controls. There is no demonstrable association between oral contraceptive use and infant hypospadias.

Contraceptives, Oral↗
PubMed1979

Birth control practices and conservatism.

This study examined the relationship of conservatism to reports of contraceptive usage, reasons for nonusage of a particular birth control method, and knowledge of birth control information. The never married high conservative subjects who were sexually experienced revealed that they had (a) a lower frequency of usage as well as a lower variety of contraceptive methods; (b) endorsed the beliefs that it was morally wrong and that it was unnatural to use a given birth control method significantly more often as reasons for not using contraceptive techniques; and (c) less knowledge of birth control methods than did low conservative subjects who were sexually experienced. Results were interpreted to support the notion that the fear of loss of control of one's impulses and hence the basis for conservative attitudes are determinants of contraceptive usage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

A model of premarital coitus and contraceptive behavior among female adolescents.

At the most general level, I seek to model female adolescent sexual and contraceptive behavior in terms of the social context in which it occurs. Drawing on emerging theoretical literature pertaining to social exchange theory and changes in the social positions of women (and men) and also on existing substantive literature, I apply these notions to adolescent sexuality and contraceptive usage. The reviews of the literature reveal a number of inconsistencies among those factors (variables) advanced to explain both the prevalence and frequency of premarital coitus and contraceptive employment. Furthermore, as there is a paucity of well-developed theoretical models that might explain these inconsistencies, what is needed is an additional study that seeks to examine the net effects of those variables used in the literature to explain variations in female premarital coitus and contraceptive use. The present formulation is a two-stage causal model that can be used to estimate the impact of these variables on premarital coital behavior (stage 1) and subsequent contraceptive usage (stage 2). These models, and a concomitant set of hypotheses, take into account an array of the more significant sociological and social psychological variables as far as the prediction of the two phenomena in question are concerned. These models may be useful in guiding future research as they graphically display the relationships between these sets of variables within the context of a more general theory of human behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Benign breast tumor and estrogenic hormones: a population-based retrospective study.

Histories of the usage of oral contraceptives and other estrogens were obtained from 320 women 20-49 years of age who had pathologically confirmed diagnoses of benign breast disease made at Washington County Hospital in Hagerstown, Maryland, during the period 1968 through 1972. Similar histories were obtained from 320 controls matched for race, sex, age, residence in county, and willingness to participate in a health survey. No association could be found between oral contraceptive usage and benign breast tumor. The use of other estrogens, notably diethylstilbestrol, was significantly related to the presence of benign breast disease.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed2003

[Oral contraceptive practices among female medical students of the University of Warsaw].

DESIGN: Apparently no researches have been conducted regarding oral contraceptive usage among female medical students in Poland. In the last ten years, all over the world, only five publications have dealt with this topic. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the research reported in this article was to establish the types, choices and frequency of usage of oral contraceptive pills among female medical students of the University of Warsaw. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 634 female students responded to a specially designed questionnaire. RESULTS: Data collected indicated that, 52.2% of the students have been involved in sexual intercourse. 167 of them used Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCP). Two third survey participants used OCP following a doctors recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: 1.30.5% of the sexually active students used OCP. 2.31.9% of this group of students believed the use of OCP was the most effective of all the contraceptive methods. 3.65.0% of the respondents used OCP following a doctors recommendations. 22.7% of the survey participants used OCP in order to regulate their menstrual cycles. 4. The respondents who reported customary use of OCP cited the most frequently used OCP as: Cilest-28.0%, Mercilon-19.2% and Minulet-13.2%.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The effect of elevated ovarian hormones on periodontal health: oral contraceptives and pregnancy.

The most common oral manifestation of elevated levels of ovarian hormones, as seen in pregnancy or oral contraceptive usage, is an increase in gingival inflammation with an accompanying increase in gingival exudate. This gingivitis can be avoided or at least minimized by establishing low plaque levels at the beginning of pregnancy or the beginning of oral contraceptive therapy. It would appear that bacteria are not solely responsible for the gingivitis seen during these times, nor are the ovarian hormones solely responsible for the condition. Data from numerous studies suggest that the ovarian hormones alter the microenvironment of the oral bacteria so as to promote their growth and shifts in their populations. The present article reviews the current state of knowledge concerning the relationship of gingivitis to elevated levels of ovarian hormones, and describes the role that these hormones may play in the gingivitis associated with pregnancy or oral contraceptive usage.

Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal↗
PubMed2004

Impact of post-abortion counselling in a semi-urban town of Western Nigeria.

This study is designed to evaluate the impact of post-abortion counselling in bringing about changes in sexual behaviour among patients who had treatment for an induced abortion and/or its complication in the department of gynaecology and obstetrics of Wesley Guild Hospital Ilesa and Folasola Specialist Hospital between January 1999 and December 2001. A structured questionnaire designed to evaluate the impact of counselling was administered to 108 patients, who formed part of 238 patients who had undergone induced abortion and who benefitted from the behavioural contract counselling technique. The results showed that the percentage of women using contraception increased from 30 (27.8%) to 53 (49.1%) at the time of interview. The number of subjects with multiple sexual partners fell from about 62 (58%) to 12 (11%). About 24 (45%) found access to contraception difficult. Major factors influencing contraceptive usage and change in behaviour include suffering experienced at the time of termination 26 (49%) and knowledge of contraception 19 (36%). The study advocates post-abortion counselling as a tool to increasing contraceptive usage in women and influencing behavioural changes positively towards health promotives measures.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1984

The interactions of body weight, age, cigarette smoking and hormone usage with blood pressure and plasma lipids in an Australian community.

The predicted variation of blood pressure and plasma lipid levels, based on association with body weight, age, cigarette smoking and oral contraceptive usage, was examined in 47 000 self-referred subjects who attended a community programme for coronary risk factor screening. In both sexes, blood pressure and plasma lipid (cholesterol and triglyceride) levels were positively correlated with age and body mass index (BMI, kg/m2). Plasma triglyceride concentrations were positively correlated with cigarette smoking. Partial correlation analysis showed age and BMI to be independently correlated with blood pressure and plasma lipids. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were correlated with each other independently of the effects of age and BMI. Multiple regression analysis showed age to be a more powerful predictor of blood pressure and plasma lipid levels in females than in males, while BMI was a more powerful predictor of blood pressure and plasma lipid levels in males than in females. Current cigarette smoking did not contribute to the prediction of blood pressure or plasma cholesterol level in either sex, but did predict a 10% higher plasma triglyceride level in both sexes. Oral contraceptive usage did not contribute to the prediction of plasma cholesterol level in multiple regression analysis, but did predict higher plasma triglyceride and blood pressure levels. In view of the high prevalence of overweight people in the Australian community, weight reduction would probably be associated with a significant fall in the risk of coronary heart disease, particularly in males.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The effect of low-dose oral contraceptives on cardiorespiratory function, coagulation, and lipids in exercising young women: a preliminary report.

A study was undertaken to determine whether low-dose oral contraceptive usage would negate the beneficial effect of exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness, lipid and lipoprotein levels, and coagulation. Twelve exercising women were randomly allocated to groups of either oral contraceptive users or non-oral contraceptive users. When compared with results in the control group, maximal oxygen uptake (ml/kg1 X min1) decreased significantly in the oral contraceptive users during the 6-month period of observation. This was associated with an 8% decrease in both the oxygen uptake (2.34 to 2.17 L/min) and the oxygen pulse (12.1 +/- 3.2 to 11.2 +/- 2.2 ml/beat). The serum cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein/cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein subfractions 2a and 2b levels were not altered. A significant increase in plasminogen activity was found in the oral contraceptive users: values increased from a coherent time average of 3.8 +/- 0.5 U/ml at baseline to 5.7 +/- 0.7 U/ml at 6 months; values returned to baseline levels 1 month after stopping the oral contraceptives (coherent time average of 3.9 +/- 0.6 U/ml; p less than 0.0001). No other significant changes were noted in the coagulation and anticoagulation factors studied. Low-dose oral contraceptive usage is associated with a decrease in functional aerobic capacity, but it does not impinge on the hemostatic mechanism or lipid-lipoprotein metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Oral contraceptives and benign breast disease.

In 1980 a questionnaire was mailed to 726 nurses who had previously entered a study of breast disease in the late 1940s and 1950s; 665 responded. Between the ages of 30 to 49 years, 137 reported detecting their first signs of benign breast disease and 76 reported receiving their first biopsy for these signs. Long-term oral contraceptive usage reduced the risk of developing signs of benign breast disease and the risk of biopsy for these signs. The potential bias due to the effect of prior benign breast disease on the prescribing practices for oral contraceptives was minimized by considering oral contraceptive usage prior to detecting the first signs of benign breast disease.

Adult↗