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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

The Prentif contraceptive cervical cap: acceptability aspects and their implications for future cap design.

Patients in a private gynecological practice were offered the Prentif contraceptive cervical cap. The first 413 acceptors were sent a questionnaire covering in detail many of the aspects of their experience. The 371 responses contained a wealth of information concerned with safety, effectiveness and acceptability. Safety and effectiveness are dealt with in the companion article preceding, while the less serious risk factors that reduce the acceptability of the Prentif cap are presented and discussed herein. In order of descending frequency, these factors include: odor; difficulty removing; discomfort to partner; difficulty inserting; dislike of spermicide; discomfort to self; urinary discomforts; vaginal infections; vaginal discharge; and vaginal itching. The most attractive features of the cap, as compared with the diaphragm, were: increased convenience; greater safety; less interference with spontaneity; increased frequency of intercourse; and increased libido. Despite multiple problems with Prentif caps, 67.4% of the cap recipients were still using their caps after one year. However, this was among a select group of highly motivated women of above-average intelligence. The causes of cap acceptability problems are discussed along with probable future improvements in cap design that may solve them.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Two oral contraceptives, efficacy, serum proteins, and lipid metabolism. A comparative multicentre study on a triphasic and a fixed dose combination.

A triphasic, combined oral contraceptive containing 30 - 40 - 30 micrograms ethinyloestradiol (EE), and 50 - 75 - 125 micrograms levonorgestrel was compared with a fixed dose combination containing 30 micrograms EE and 150 micrograms desogestrel in a randomized multicentre trial in 193/199 women and 1 063/1 073 cycles, respectively. The duration of the trial was six months. Eleven centres in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway participated. Contraceptive reliability, bleeding control and side effects were evaluated. Influence on serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and transcortin was assayed as well as lipid metabolism. Three pregnancies occurred in the group using the triphasic regimen but none in the fixed dose regimen. Two of the three pregnancies were considered drug failures and the third a possible interaction. Possible reasons for the triphasic contraceptive failure are discussed with special reference to a British report on eight pregnancies. Bleeding control appeared to be equally good for the two preparations. However, the number of cycles with spotting, breakthrough bleeding and missed withdrawal bleeding were above the levels reported earlier on the triphasic regimen. About 80 per cent of the women completed the planned six months on either combination. Side effects were generally mild and in accordance with earlier reports on low dose oral contraceptives. Metabolically the triphasic levonorgestrel combination increased SHBG 100 per cent versus 200 per cent for the fixed desogestrel combination. Transcortin rose about 98 and 110 per cent, respectively. Both preparations induced similar changes in the levels of lipids and lipoproteins with the exception of a significant increase in the arachidonic content of cholesterol during treatment with the desogestrel-containing preparation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Copper loss from the copper T model TCu22OC.

The effect of mineral deposits on the copper dissolution rate of the Copper T Model TCu22OC was examined. 118 Copper T22OC devices removed from subjects for various medical and personal reasons after 12 to 72 months in utero were examined and graded based on the proportion of the total copper area covered with mineral deposits. The deposits increased in average size during the first three years of IUD use and then remained relatively constant. Seventeen percent of the devices were in situ for four or more years. Copper analysis was performed on 30 Copper T 22OC devices from selected periods of use : 12-14, 22-26, 36-39 and 48-72 months of use. The mean daily copper loss was 29.4 micrograms and the range, 7.3 to 62.1 micrograms. An inverse correlation between the amount of mineral deposit on the copper surface and the rate of copper loss was observed.

Copper↗
PubMed1982

Return of fertility after the removal of Nova T or copper T 200.

The return of fertility after removal of Nova T or Copper T 200 IUDs was studied in 150 women who had a removal for planning pregnancy in a study performed for the comparison of the clinical performance of these IUDs in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. There was no significant difference in the return of fertility of women having used either device. The cumulative probability of pregnancy per 100 women after the removal of the IUD, as a net rate, was 77.3 at one year, 88.9 at two years and 92.4 at three years. The return of fertility was analyzed separately for those women who had used their IUD for less than two years and for two or more years. The duration of the use had no significant effect on the return of fertility. The outcome of pregnancy, the birth weight, the condition at delivery and the sex ratio of the newborns were normal in the participating countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

A clinical trial of norethisterone oenanthate (Norigest) injected every two months.

A clinical trial was carried out in which Norigest (200 mg norethisterone oenanthate) was administered by intramuscular injection every 56 days into 383 women studied for 5,521 woman-months of use. No pregnancies occurred. Continuation rates at the end of one, two and three years were 76.6%, 63.7% and 33.8%. Only minor side-effects were recorded. After one year of use, 20.1% women had gained more than 2 kg in weight and 14.8% had lost more than 2 kg. There was marked disruption of the menstrual pattern and irregular bleeding was the major cause of discontinuation. In 38% of the injection intervals analysed, women were amenorrhoeic. Norigest proved an effective and acceptable method of fertility control.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1982

Interval iud insertion in parous women: a randomized multicentre comparative trial of the Lippes Loop D, TCu220c and the Copper 7.

A multicentre randomized clinical trial of the TCu220C, Lippes Loop D and Copper 7 was undertaken in nine WHO Collaborating centres for Clinical Research in Human Reproduction. A total of 984, 992 and 994 devices, respectively, were inserted between 1976 and 1978. The subjects were followed for two years. At this time 18,743, 17,013 and 17,927 woman-months experience had been accumulated with each device, respectively. The Lippes Loop consistently failed to perform as well as the TCu220C regardless of age or parity. The TCu220C had statistically significantly lower pregnancy rates at one and two years of use than either of the other two devices as well as lower expulsion rates. The TCu220C had lower removal rates at one and two years than the Lippes Loop and Copper 7. At one and two years the TCu220C had significantly higher continuation rates than the other two devices. It is concluded that the TCu220C is the device of choice amongst the three devices studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

A clinical trial of the Delta-T intrauterine device: immediate postpartum insertion.

The Copper T-220C intrauterine device was modified for use in early postpartum insertions. Biodegradable extensions consisting of No. 2 chromic suture were added to the horizontal arms of the device to enhance retention. This new device, Delta-T IUD, was inserted in 100 patients within 55 hours of the delivery of the placenta. No uterine perforations or cervical lacerations occurred in this study. There was one accidental pregnancy 4 months following the IUD insertion. Seven IUDs were removed for bleeding and pain. There was one case of postpartum endometritis. Seventeen IUD expulsions occurred. Expulsions were more frequent at the beginning of the study and when the IUD was inserted more than 30 minutes after delivery of the placenta. The immediate postpartum insertion of IUDs with the event rates observed in this study is acceptable in situations where alternatives for other family planning modalities or interval insertion of intrauterine devices are not feasible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

A comparative study of Lippes loop and Delta loop intrauterine devices in early postpartum.

Two IUDs (Delta loop, Lippes loop D) were randomly inserted in 260 postpartum women within 2-36 hours after delivery by uterine-packing forceps. The Delta loop was designed with the intention of lowering the expulsion rate compared with the standard Lippes loop. The analysis of the data indicated that the expulsion rate of the Delta loop was as high as the Lippes loop D at the one-month follow-up (Delta loop 24.1%, Lippes loop 23.9%). The comparison of other pertinent event rates also showed no significant differences.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Influence of removal of intrauterine contraceptive devices on colonisation of the cervix by actinomyces-like organisms.

An overall prevalence rate of actinomyces-like organisms (ALO) in cervical smears from intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) users of 3% (79/2, 734) was found, with a rate of 2% and 22.6% for copper and inert IUCD users. Although the users of the inert IUCDs were older, and their devices had been in situ longer, these factors did not account for the significant difference between the two types of IUCD. Fifty-five patients were counselled and given a leaflet on ALO. Fourteen IUCD users with ALO positive smears who had their devices removed had mild or moderate pelvic pain or discharge. Six others who were asymptomatic had the IUCD removed at their own request. All fifty-five patients were re-examined six months to one year later, and a smear was repeated. Only one woman required later removal of the IUCD because of dyspareunia with pelvic tenderness. After removal of the IUCD, and without antibiotic therapy, in 100% (20/20) of the women, ALO colonisation was no longer found six to twelve months later. This applied even to seven women who had had a new copper IUCD inserted immediately after removal of the index device.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1984

Return of ovulation and fertility in women using norethisterone oenanthate.

The return of ovarian activity was studied in 20 women who had discontinued norethisterone oenanthate after using the injectable contraceptive for 6 months to 5 years. Follicular activity returned within 70 days of discontinuing in four women and within 90 days in a further seven. In only 4 women was the return of follicular activity associated with a rise in the serum progesterone level. The serum norethisterone concentration was usually less than 1 ng/ml at the time of return of ovarian activity and was lower in women in whom ovarian activity returned before day 90 than in those in whom it returned after day 90. Of 40 women who discontinued norethisterone oenanthate, pregnancy occurred in 14 women within 12 weeks of discontinuing and in 21 (52.5%) within 6 months. The findings suggest that there is no impairment of fertility in women using norethisterone oenanthate.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

A two-year experience with Norplant implants in Assiut, Egypt.

This report describes the two-year experience of 250 acceptors of NORPLANT implants and 100 TCu-380-Ag IUD acceptors in Assiut, Egypt. The two-year net continuation rate was 67.9 per 100 for implant users and 52.3 per 100 for IUD users. The most important cause for NORPLANT removal was the disruption of menstrual rhythm. However, by the end of the second year, three-quarters of NORPLANT users had monthly menstrual periods and about 60 percent described the amount of blood loss as average, 15 percent as decreased, 15 percent as increased and 10 percent as variable. About 88 percent of the NORPLANT acceptors rated their experience with the contraceptive as good or excellent.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Contraception with progestagens in systemic lupus erythematosus.

To test the efficacy and tolerance of progestagens as contraceptives in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 200 mg IM norethisterone enanthate was administered to 10 patients, 0.03 mg/day oral levonorgestrel to 15 patients and they were compared with 18 control patients. There were 4 episodes of active SLE in 48 patient-months on norethisterone enantate and 6 episodes in 122 patient-months on levonorgestrel as compared with 9 episodes of active disease in 298 control patient-months (p = ns). There were no pregnancies and intermenstrual bleeding led to discontinuation of medication in 30% of patients. Progestagens may be an alternative contraceptive method in SLE.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Return to fertility after IUD removal for planned pregnancy.

The ability to conceive after discontinuing contraceptive practice is an important concern for women who have not completed their families. This paper focuses on 576 women who had their IUDs removed for planned pregnancy. The data from this study add further evidence that fertility subsequent to IUD removal is not impaired. Among these women followed-up, 94.3% conceived. The majority of these conceptions (55.9%) occurred during the first three months after IUD removal. In addition to analyzing conception rates, there were four factors that were considered in relationship to return to fertility. These were age at removal, duration of use, type of IUD (medicated vs non-medicated) and timing of insertion (interval vs postabortion). Age at removal was the only variable which seemed to influence conception rates.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1985

IUD insertion following induced abortion.

In a multicenter survey, women who received an IUD immediately after abortion were compared with abortion patients who started using oral contraception. Additionally, women receiving a Nova T were compared with women receiving a Multiload 250. Follow-up data were gathered after 6 weeks. Pain was a common phenomenon post-abortum. In the study group of IUD users, complaints about pain were not more frequent than among controls, but if pain was experienced, it was more intense and of longer duration among IUD users. Bleeding immediately following the induced abortion was less frequent among IUD users, but if bleeding occurred, it tended to last longer. The first menstrual period after the induced abortion was heavier and more painful among IUD users. Expulsion of the IUD occurred in 10 cases (3.3%), all of them with the Nova T, none with Multiload. The study did not generate evidence for an increased risk of PID in women receiving an IUD after an induced abortion.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1986

Effects of hormonal and nonhormonal contraceptives on lactation and incidence of pregnancy.

From June 1974 to June 1976, 665 women who had given birth to full-term infants and who were willing to nurse the infant were admitted to this study. At three to six weeks postpartum, subjects chose which of four study groups to join. One-hundred-forty-three mothers chose Group I, exclusive lactation with no contraception; 109 chose Group II, lactation and intrauterine contraception (IUD); 228 chose Group III, lactation and an intramuscular injection of 150 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera Sterile Aqueous Suspension, DMPA) given every three months; and 185 chose Group IV, lactation and one tablet of 0.6 mg Clogestone Acetate given daily. Mother and child were examined monthly until the child's spontaneous weaning, the mother's dropout, or the study's close in 1979. Mothers from Group I (exclusive lactation) were dropped from study when they requested and were prescribed a contraceptive. During the first six months of study, the percent of mothers who dropped out of Groups I, II, III, and IV for personal or medical reasons was 28.0, 16.5, 11.4, and 27.1, respectively. Pregnancies began to occur in the sixth month postpartum. Overall, pregnancies occurred in 6% of mothers in exclusive lactation, 3% of mothers protected by an IUD, and 8% of mothers protected by Clogestone. No pregnancies occurred in the 228 women receiving DMPA. Some mothers in the Clogestone or DMPA groups were still breast-feeding their children two or three times a day at the study's close, at which time the child was three or more years of age. No ill effects were observed in growth and development of these children during the study. The DMPA group had the most mothers who were breast-feeding for more than 20 months.

Adolescent↗