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Results for “Contraception Continuation”

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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the endometrium and its relationship to bleeding in users of continuous oral contraceptives.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to investigate whether or not the presence of irregular bleeding during use of oral contraceptives (OC) is associated with increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observational study was carried out in 26 patients who were using gestodene 75 microg/ethinylestradiol 30 microg prior to endometrial resection. The patients were divided into two groups: those with amenorrhea (n = 14) and those who had irregular bleeding (n = 12). The resected endometrium was immunostained for COX-2, Bcl-2 and Ki-67 expression. Routine pathology was carried out using standard hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS: Irregular bleeding during OC use was associated with strong COX-2 expression in both glandular and superficial epithelium. There were also more patients in this group with irregular endometrial maturation and higher Ki-67 values. Bcl-2 expression, on the other hand, was not affected by the presence of uterine bleeding. CONCLUSION: The presence of irregular bleeding during OC use is associated with strong COX-2 expression in the endometrium, thereby suggesting a pivotal role of prostaglandins in this process.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Attitudes and knowledge about continuous oral contraceptive pill use in military women.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine attitudes toward oral contraceptive pill (OCP)-induced amenorrhea among U.S. Army women. METHODS: A volunteer sample (N = 154) of Army Active Duty, Reserve, and National Guard women completed an anonymous survey. RESULTS: Desire for temporary amenorrhea was high with 86% (+/- 6%, 95% confidence interval [CI]) and 83% (+/-6%, 95% CI) desiring amenorrhea during field training and deployments, respectively. Fifty-four percent were unaware that OCPs can induce amenorrhea; only 7% (+/-4%, 95% CI) have used this practice during deployment. If made available with education, 49% (+/-8%, 95% CI) would use this practice. Logistic burdens of menstruation were associated with higher rates of desirability for OCP use with soldiers desiring OCPs rating their inconveniences significantly higher than those who did not desire OCPs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Although a significant number of soldiers desire OCP-induced amenorrhea, a large deficit in knowledge exists. Routine education as an Army-wide standard is warranted.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1992

Effect of child survival on contraceptive use in Bangladesh.

A study in Bangladesh showed that couples who lost a child often stopped practising contraception in order to have another child. Logistic regression analysis revealed that contraceptive continuation was related to maternal age, parity, husband's education and the sex of the last child.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Ultrasonic visualization of NORPLANT subdermal contraceptive devices.

This article describes the first use of ultrasound in locating in vivo NORPLANT subdermal contraceptive implants. Providing low dose, continuous contraception for women. the NORPLANT system utilizes Silastic tubing filled with levonorgestrel. The progestin-filled tubing is not radiopaque. Anticipating the large scale use of NORPLANT subdermal implants, the potential, but rare problem of difficult localization of an implant is recognized. The feasibility of using ultrasound for the painless and safe localization of NORPLANT rods and capsules is demonstrated.

Arm↗
PubMed1977

Contraceptive use effectiveness in Indonesia.

A brief review of recently tabulated contraceptive continuation and pregnancy rates for Java-Bali and their constituent provinces. It was found that IUD continuation rates are higher than those for either pill or condom although considerable variation occurs between provinces. East Java and Bali seem to be recording the most success in use-continuation, while the urban areas of Jakarta and Yogyakarta are having the least success. With respect to age and parity, the older, higher parity acceptors tend to use for longer periods of time irrespective of method used. Similarly, age and parity do not seem to affect the relationship between pill, IUD, and condom continuation rates. Examining reasons for termination, we find pill acceptors more likely to terminate for physical, emotional, or health reasons than either IUD or condom acceptors. When broken down by age and parity, the low age and parity groups show a much greater likelihood of termination in order to have an additional child.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Continuous combination oral contraceptive pills to eliminate withdrawal bleeding: a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare bleeding profiles of a traditional 28-day oral contraceptive pill cycle with continuous administration. METHODS: After a 28-day run-in cycle, women were randomized to either 28-day cycles (21 active pills and a pill-free week) or continuous use of the same 20 microg ethinyl estradiol/100 microg levonorgestrel formulation for 12 study cycles (336 days). The number of bleeding and spotting days were measured by daily diary. A subset underwent cycle 1 (n = 16), and nine (n = 14) pelvic ultrasound and endometrial histology sampling. Blood pressure, weight, hemoglobin, and adverse events were measured at revisit. The sample size with 80% power to detect a 67% reduction in bleeding days required 27 subjects in each arm. RESULTS: Of the 79 subjects randomized, 28 (70%) of the 28-day cycle and 32 (82%) of the continuous-use subjects completed the entire study (P =.6). With continuous use, 49%, 68%, and 88% of women reported no bleeding during cycles 2, 6, and 12, respectively. Amenorrhea or infrequent bleeding was present in 68% of continuous users during cycles 1-3 and increased to 88% during cycles 10-12. Spotting during cycle days 1-21 increased initially with continuous use but reduced over time, and by 9 months was less than the spotting reported by cyclic users. Adverse events, blood pressure, weight, and hemoglobin findings were similar between groups. CONCLUSION: Extension of the 28-day oral contraceptive cycle to continuous use with a low-estrogen dose combination oral birth control pill resulted in significantly fewer bleeding days.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Subdermal contraceptive implant (Norplant) continuation rates among adolescents and adults in a family planning clinic.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the continuation rate of subdermal contraceptive implants (Norplant) among adolescent (< 20 years) and adult (> or = 20 years) women in the clinic population of a tertiary care medical center. DESIGN: Adolescents and adults desiring contraception for greater than a 6-month period were eligible for Norplant insertion. Prior to insertion, personal counseling and extensive education were provided. Following insertion, rapid access, personal counseling, and prompt treatment were provided for complications that occurred. Device removal was available to all individuals at any time upon patient request or if side effects could not be ameliorated. Patient demographic, historical, physical, and follow-up data were entered into a computer data base. RESULTS: Since February 1991, 1800 subdermal contraceptive implants were inserted. Of these 1688 patients were prospectively followed, providing 45,576 women-months of data for analysis. Adolescents comprised 40% of the study population. Over a 50-month period, the cumulative continuation rate for adolescents was 93.6%, and for adults it was 91.1%. The mean duration of use among adolescents was 26.5 months and for adults was 27.6 months. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference between adolescent and adult subdermal contraceptive implant continuation rates for up to 50 months of use. In this patient population, high continuation rates may result from a combination of extensive patient education and intensive surveillance by a well-trained and dedicated multidisciplinary staff. When all patients are enrolled in a program that provides aggressive education and supportive follow-up, age is not a significant factor in continuation rates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Attitudes toward menstruation. International Committee on Applied Research in Population.

Historically, various interpretations of the menstrual process have been reflected in a wide, and usually negative, range of social attitudes toward menstruation. Recent clinical experience with continuation of the modern hormonal and mechanical methods of contraception that induce changes in the normal menstrual pattern suggests the need to understand current variations in attitudes and practices related to menstruation. This paper briefly outlines historical Western, Orthodox Jewish and Muslim, and contemporary US women's attitudes toward menstruation and begins to explore their relationship to contraceptive continuation.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed2005

Feasibility study of Nestorone-ethinylestradiol vaginal contraceptive ring for emergency contraception.

OBJECTIVE: The Nestorone/ethinylestradiol (NES/EE) vaginal ring is being developed as a regular contraceptive method by the Population Council. This ring is designed to release NES 150 microg/day and EE 15 microg/day during 1 year. Here, we report a Phase I clinical trial to determine the usefulness of this ring for emergency contraception. To that end, we tested the ability of this ring to interfere with ovulation when it is inserted during the follicular phase. METHOD: Forty-eight women protected from the risk of pregnancy by nonhormonal methods were divided into three groups, which differed by the size of the dominant follicle at the time of ring insertion: 12-14 mm (n = 16), 15-17 mm (n = 18) and >or=18 mm (n = 14) diameter. The NES/EE ring was left in the vagina for 7 consecutive days, after which it was removed. The growth of the leading follicle and plasma levels of estradiol, progesterone (P), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in the ensuing 5 days after ring insertion were determined. Afterwards, steroid hormones were measured twice a week, until menses took place. All women had a control cycle before the ring cycle, and the range of maximum follicular diameter assigned to each volunteer was the same for the control and the ring cycle at the time when placebo was ingested or the ring inserted. RESULTS: During the 5-day period after ring insertion with follicles 12-17 mm, ovulation was absent in 25 of 34 cycles (p < .01 vs. control), and ovulatory dysfunction (absent, blunted or mistimed LH peak) occurred in 8 of the 9 remaining cycles (33/34 ovulatory processes altered; p < .005 vs. control). After ring insertion with follicles >or=18 mm in diameter, ovulation did not occur in 2 of 14 cycles or was dysfunctional in 7 of the 12 remaining cycles (9/14 ovulatory processes altered; p<.025 vs. control). Altogether, 87.5% of ring cycles (42/48) had either no ovulation or ovulatory dysfunction in the 5-day study period, in contrast to 39.6% (19/48 cycles) in control cycles (p < .001). Among follicles that failed to rupture within the 5-day study period, none ruptured later on in the ring-treated cycles, while 9 of 16 did so in control cycles. Sixty-two percent of ring-treated cycles were shorter than 24 days. Nausea, vaginal discharge and abdominal pain were the most frequently reported adverse events during ring use. CONCLUSION: Interference with 87.5% of ovulatory processes, without ovulation occurring later in the cycle and shortening of cycle length, suggests the NES/EE ring may be used as an emergency contraceptive method, with the potential advantage of providing continuing contraception after it has performed its emergency function.

Administration, Intravaginal↗