Provider tests no-premium Medicare POS, risk adjustment, rewards for healthy behavior.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Consumer Behavior↗
SEARCH · Search PubMed
Results for “Consumer Behavior”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
"Patterned interviewing"--predicting future job behavior.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Consumer Behavior↗
Media and youth consumerism.
Studies into the impact of advertising typically focus on three kinds of effects: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. This article summarizes research into types of effect and discusses the literature on several other predictors of children's consumer behavior, including age gender, socioeconomic level, and parent-child communication. The article ends with some information about European regulation about advertising and some suggestions for future research into children's consumer behavior.
Advertising↗
The recommended food-buying principles of consumer educators: a behavioral science assessment of their feasibility for older consumers.
A content analysis recently identified twenty food-buying principles as the most commonly cited in consumer education textbooks of the 1980s. This study examines the behavior science literature in an effort to assess the ability of older consumers to practice these principles in American supermarkets. The study identifies three types of principles differing in the consumer behaviors they recommend as well as the nature and strength of the support they receive in the behavioral science literature. Implications of the study findings are drawn for gerontological research and educational practice.
Aged↗
[Consumer expectations for livestock farming and food safety].
Food safety optimization measures neglect the consumers' psychological requirements. To avoid guilt--delight-discords, problems of livestock farming are not registered in the first place. Food checks at the purchase are felt to be a matter of the consumer's own competence, using his five senses and primarily seen as a tasting test. Market mechanisms supply additional safety in the background. Consumer behavior in acute crises must be seen from the point of protective magie. Governmental pre-tests raise doubts on the consumer's shopping competence, they are felt to be insulting and unreliable. Certificates and quality seals only stand a chance as complimentary service to the consumer's own competence.
Animal Husbandry↗
[Requirements for security for widows according to their needs. Remarks on the discussion on dependents' allowance in West Germany].
The article is concerned with the present regulations of the old-age-pension for widows. At first the author discusses the legislator's assumptions of different financial needs between widows and widowers. Thereby he considers the last decision of the West German Bundesverfassungsgericht on the rate of the old-age-pension for widows (June 1978). New researches on the consumption of aged people give reason to criticise the present financial regulation, which places 60% of the deceased husband's old-age-pension at the widow's disposal. This is confirmed by new consumer data of the West German Statistisches Bundesamt as well as by the results of an empirical research study on the consumer behavior of aged people, carried out by the Institut für Sozialforschung und Gesellschaftspolitik, Cologne. The main interest is to show the consequences of different financial regulations for widows and widowers on their consumer behavior. In this context the article deals especially with the attitudes of aged people towards the differences in the survivor's pension and with the process of economical adaption after the death of the husband.
Age Factors↗
Observation versus self-report: validation of a consumer food behavior questionnaire.
A reliable and validated set of food safety behavior questions that could be used with confidence when evaluating food safety education programs was identified in this study. A list of 29 food-handling and consumption behaviors rank-ordered within five pathogen control factors by nationally recognized food safety experts was the basis for the development of the behavior questions. Questions were evaluated for reliability and several forms of validity. During a kitchen activity session, 70 graduates of a nutrition education program completed four food preparation tasks while being observed and videotaped. The individuals also participated in an in-depth interview to validate behaviors that could not be observed during the food preparation activity, e.g., refraining from preparing food for others when experiencing diarrhea. Criterion validity was established by comparing questionnaire responses to observed behavior and interview responses. Twenty-eight questions met the validity criterion (> or = 70% agreement between observed and interviewed responses and self-reported responses), with three or more questions from each of five pathogen control factor areas. Observation assessments revealed that hand washing was more likely to be performed prior to beginning food preparation than between working with raw meats and fresh produce. Errors in methods of washing hands, utensils, and preparation surfaces between food preparation tasks were common. Most participants did not use thermometers to evaluate doneness but still cooked to safe internal temperatures. The results provide a tool that educators can use to evaluate food safety programs and will help guide the development of more effective food safety education programs targeting needed improvements in behavioral skills.
Adult↗
Redesigning a collection system for "small" consumer electronics.
This paper establishes that the collection system within the recycling scheme for consumer electronics in the Netherlands has not been entirely successful in convincing consumers to hand in their used appliances by means of dedicated collection routes. Particularly regarding small appliances, consumers are persisting in their habit of discarding their appliances by means of the refuse bag/bin for regular household waste. Therefore, the current collection system has been unable to direct consumer behavior in the desired direction. Consequently, the layout of the current system is reviewed and redesigned in order to tackle this problem. This design effort applies the Triad model (behavioral model) in the analysis stage and the Morphological Chart method (design tool) in the synthesis stage, and results in a concrete proposal for a new system. Finally, the applicability of this design approach beyond the specific circumstances of the case study presented in this paper is discussed. This case represents only one example of the broader, worldwide challenge to design appropriate collection systems to direct consumer behavior in desired directions. It is argued that the approach presented in this paper could be a valuable contribution to research dealing with this challenge.
Conservation of Natural Resources↗
[Partnership and sex behavior of consumers of illegal drugs: a survey of 654 persons in the "open" drug scene in Zurich].
In the spring of 1991, a survey was carried out in the "open" drug scene in Zürich's Platzspitz area with the objective of studying drug users' behaviour with regard to relationships and sexuality, a random sample of 654 users (both male and female) of illegal drugs being interviewed and the data drawn from these interviews being compared with corresponding data on average young adults aged 17 to 30. The latter data have been continuously collected since 1986 to evaluate Switzerland's strategy to prevent AIDS. About fifty per cent of drug users are in steady relationships, which is a smaller proportion than among average young adults. On the other hand, occasional sexual contacts (whether or not a steady relationship exists) are three times as frequent among drug users. The use of condoms is slightly more frequent here than among the average population, but is not as yet-and especially among those who are HIV-positive-consistent enough by any means. The influence of drug abuse on sexuality is usually felt to be negative (decline in libidinal energy, impotence), and often brings about a decrease in sexual contacts. This is equally true of both opiates and stimulants (cocaine, amphetamine). Promiscuous behaviour is rare as such and does not occur with any greater frequency than among the average population. However, a large proportion of drug users is at some stage exposed to prostitution. In summary, one can say that the preventive strategy continues to be deficient where the sexual activities of drug users are concerned. A greater effort should be made, in this context, to target the following groups: persons already frequenting advice centers, persons who are HIV-positive, and male prostitutes.
Adolescent↗
Consumer empowerment behavior and hospital choice.
The association between empowerment behavior and a patient's choice of hospitals was examined. Enhancing empowerment behavior did not lead to greater satisfaction with the choice made. The demographic profiles of three patient groups are presented and key health care marketing strategies are discussed.
Adult↗
Health care consumption and consumer social class: a different look at the patient.
Both the need and potential for market segmentation in the health care industry have grown substantially. Social class, a consumer behavior construct applied widely in other marketing contexts, may be useful as a basis for health care segmentation. Using a random sample of 997 households in the Pacific Northwest, the author investigates health care attitudes and behaviors across social class groups. Social class is found to be related positively and significantly to several aspects of health care, including personal health, interest, expenditures, satisfaction, and switching behavior.
Attitude to Health↗
More on the determinants of the fertility transition.
The economic approach to fertility is an application of the economics theory of consumer behavior. It is assumed that consumers of children are utility-maximizers with stable preferences over time. Thus, changes in fertility are related to changes in household income and the "price" of children. One concern in this approach is that demographic changes are a product of changes in tastes rather than exogenous changes in economic factors such as the earning ability of women. In this paper, the effect of economic variables on the demand for children in the United States in 1950, 1960, 1970, and 1980 is examined. Support is provided for the hypothesis that the earning ability of women is an important determinant of fertility.
Adult↗
Averaging expectancies and perceptual experiences in the assessment of quality.
This study examines whether people integrate expectancy information with perceptual experiences when evaluating the quality of consumer products. In particular, we investigate the following three questions: (1) Are expectancy effects observed in the evaluation of consumer products? (2) Can these effects be viewed in cognitive processing terms? (3) Can a mathematical model based on the averaging of attribute information describe the effects? Participants in two experiments blindly evaluated (with the product names removed) consumer products from six sensory modalities: vision (computer printer output), tactile (paper towels), olfaction (men's cologne), taste (corn chips), auditory (audio cassette tapes), and tactile/medicinal (hand lotion). Participants in both experiments were asked to: (1) rate the overall quality of the product given arbitrary quality labels (High Quality, Medium Quality, or Low Quality); (2) rate the overall quality of the product without the labels, and (3) estimate the scale values for the quality labels alone. Group results revealed main effects of the quality labels in all product categories. The pattern of results could be described by an averaging model based on Information Integration Theory. These results have implications for placebo effects in consumer behavior and decision making.
Attitude↗
The physical attractiveness stereotype in a consumer-related situation.
A mixed factorial design was used to examine the physical attractiveness stereotype in the context of consumer behavior, with physical attractiveness and clothing elegance as between-subjects variables and type of consumer product as a within-subject variable. Female graduate students in India were shown photographs of a young female model and were asked to indicate the quality of four consumer products that the model was likely to choose. Product quality was rated higher for the attractive model than for the plain (nonattractive) model, but the difference was significant only for beauty products. Product quality was rated higher for the elegantly dressed model than for the model who was not elegantly dressed, irrespective of product type.
Adult↗
Time preference, psychographics, and smoking behavior.
Following the lead of recent independent economic and consumer behavior theories in health behavior, the author investigates the link between three sets of variables and smoking status and intensity. Data from a nationwide survey show that consumer psychographic dimensions provide more meaningful and valid predictors of smoking intensity than consumer time preference and demographic characteristics. The time preference measures show that smoking decisions also involve economic-like choices. The three sets of predictive variables were able to discriminate smoking status (smokers, nonsmokers, and ex-smokers). Implications for public policy makers are discussed.
Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
A model of hygiene practices and consumption patterns in the consumer phase.
A mathematical model is presented, which addresses individual hygiene practices during food preparation and consumption patterns in private homes. Further, the model links food preparers and consumers based on their relationship to household types. For different age and gender groups, the model estimates (i) the probability of ingesting a meal where precautions have not been taken to avoid the transfer of microorganisms from raw food to final meal (a risk meal), exemplified by the event that the cutting board was not washed during food preparation, and (ii) the probability of ingesting a risk meal in a private home, where chicken was the prepared food item (a chicken risk meal). Chicken was included in the model, as chickens are believed to be the major source of human exposure to the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter. Monte Carlo simulations showed that the probability of ingesting a risk meal was highest for young males (aged 18-29 years) and lowest for the elderly above 60 years of age. Children aged 0-4 years had a higher probability of ingesting a risk meal than children aged 5-17 years. This difference between age and gender groups was ascribed to the variations in the hygiene levels of food preparers. By including the probability of ingesting a chicken meal at home, simulations revealed that all age groups, except the group above 60 years of age, had approximately the same probability of ingesting a chicken risk meal, the probability of females being slightly higher than that of males. The simulated results show that the probability of ingesting a chicken risk meal at home does not only depend on the hygiene practices of the persons preparing the food, but also on the consumption patterns of consumers, and the relationship between people preparing and ingesting food. This finding supports the need of including information on consumer behavior and preparation hygiene in the consumer phase of exposure assessments.
Adolescent↗
Hospital tiers in health insurance: balancing consumer choice with financial incentives.
Variations in efficiency and market power are generating wide variations in the prices charged by hospitals to health insurance plans. Insurers are developing new network structures that expose the consumer to some of the cost differences, to encourage but not mandate differential use of the more economical facilities. The three leading designs include hospital "tiers" within a single broad network, multiple-network products, and the replacement of copayments by coinsurance in HMO as well as PPO products. This paper describes the new network designs and evaluates the challenges they face in influencing consumers' behavior, incorporating information on clinical quality, and supporting medical education and uncompensated care.
Consumer Behavior↗
The growing threat of AIDS: how marketers must respond.
The author addresses the relationship between AIDS-related anxiety and the full range of consumer behavior activities. Relevant literature in the social sciences is summarized and a model of this relationship is posited. The model is used to explore consumers' potential reactions to the wide range of products that are expected to be introduced as the AIDS virus continues to spread into "mainstream" society. Differences in appropriate marketing-related practices are suggested on the premise that consumers may shift their focus, in part, from products designed to help them avoid contact with the AIDS virus to products designed to help them cope with the physical and emotional trauma of the disease.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗