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An interactive computer program, SOLCOMP, is developed which calculates the volumes of the components that are to be added to obtain either a fresh solvent mixture or a new solvent system from the old one of required composition. The code is implemented in MicroSoft FORTRAN and GWBASIC which runs on any IBM compatible PC under MSDOS environment.
A high probability of identification of substances containing nitrogen or phosphorus in their molecules is obtained by the original gas chromatographic (GC) system. It enables the reliability of positive identification in 98.43% of cases compared with the modern GC where for the chromatographic library spectrum of 200 substances the probability of identification of unknown substances is only 28.13%. GC system is based on the parallel configuration of the two capillary columns of different polarities connected to the one-column injector and the one nitrogen-phosphorus detector as well as the original computer program developed on the qualitative-logistic approach to interpretation of chromatographic parameters using only one reference substance. The computer program can perform positive logistic identification also in the case when the unknown substance is in the closest chromatographic vicinity, with quite different reference substances on both capillary columns.
A computer program for the recording of data and calculation of results from leukapheresis and plateletpheresis procedures is described. It provides a printout of cell yields and other results for each procedure, as well as an updated list of donors and phereses. The data are kept on tape, accessible for periodic statistical analysis. While primarily set up for use with Haemonetics (intermittent-flow centrifugation) equipment, the program is adaptable for other systems.
A computer program, MOD (mixed oligo designer), which aids in planning site-directed mutagenesis experiments using highly substituted oligodeoxyribonucleotides (oligos), is described. The program calculates the relationship between the degree of oligo substitution and the mutation frequency, in order to achieve an optimal level of mutagenesis. The program can be used on a wide variety of computers and runs under a number of different operating systems.
A computer program for analysing the parameters of the acid-base status and respiratory gases has been designed. The program separates cases which are included into classical picture of certain respiratory, metabolic and mixed disorders. Out of a test series of 200 findings, 93% findings have been accurately interpreted. The program is written in BASIC, translated into machine code and occupies about 25 Kbyte computer memory. The main parts of the program use commands which do not favorize any version of BASIC increasing the program portability to other systems. The classification of respiratory gases and acid-base status was based on the already known facts.
The use of well characterized laboratory animals in biomedical research is of importance for quality securing and reproducibility of animal experiments. Therefore, breeders should not only have in mind the reproduction of their animal stocks, but they should also be interested to achieve an optimal resemblance of the animals in the main traits characterizing them as a model of human diseases. Specific software applications which helps the breeders in monitoring the main breeding parameters, selecting suitable breeding pairs and data processing are practically not available. This prompted us to develop a computer program for management of breeding and experimental data, which we called BB_RADABA. In this report we want to give a short survey on this computer program.
A simple computer program that calculates the kinetic parameters of enzyme reactions is described. Parameters are determined by nonlinear, least-squares regression using either Marquardt-Levenberg or Gauss-Newton algorithms to find the minimum sum of squares. Three types of enzyme reactions can be analyzed: single substrate reactions (Michaelis-Menten and sigmoidal kinetics), enzyme activation at a fixed substrate value or enzyme inhibition at a fixed substrate value. The user can monitor goodness of fit through nonparametric statistical tests (performed automatically by the computer) and through visual examination of the pattern of residuals. The program is unique in providing equations for activator and inhibition analysis as well as in enabling the user to fix some of the parameters before regression analysis. The simplicity of the program makes it extremely useful for quickly determining kinetic parameters during the data-gathering process.
PROPHAZ is a computer program created for the analysis of survival data using the general proportional hazards model. It was designed specifically for the situation in which the underlying hazard function may be estimated from the mortality experience of a large reference population, but may be used for other problems as well. Input for the program includes the variables of interest as well as the information necessary for estimating the hazard function (demographic and mortality data). Regression coefficients for the variables of interest are obtained iteratively using the Newton-Raphson method. Utilizing large sample asymptotic theory, x2 statistics are derived which may be used to test hypotheses of the form C beta = 0. Input format is completely flexible for the variables of interest as well as the mortality data.
A computer program is described for central axis dose calculations for 60Co and 6 MV photons. Fixed distance or isocentric calculations for regular or irregular fields can be performed. Corrections are made for wedges and blocking trays. Tissue-air ratios and percentage depth doses are calculated from scatter-air ratios eliminating the need for empirical formulas. Calculated tissue-air ratios and percentage depth doses for elongated fields agree to within 2 per cent with measured data, eliminating the need for tables of equivalent squares. Calculated values for irregular fields also agree to within 2 per cent with measured data.
A computer program has been developed to support the differential diagnosis of major rheumatic disease categories. Knowledge for the program was derived from the sensitivity and specificity of findings in a group of 1052 consecutive patients of a rheumatological outpatient clinic. Computer predictions based on two variations of Bayes's theorem were compared with 'gold standard' diagnoses in 570 test cases from the same clinic. The results demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, but also that refinements of both the method of calculation and the knowledge are required.
Computer programs for the analysis of data from techniques frequently used in nucleic acids research are described. In addition to calculating non-linear, least-squares solutions to equations describing these systems, the programs allow for data editing, normalization, plotting and storage, and are flexible and simple to use. Typical applications of the programs are described.
A shape comparison of two forms requires a procedure that ensures comparability. A computer program has been written to compute a quantitative measure of shape differences between irregular bounded forms. The curve-fitting procedure, utilizing Fourier's series, is particularly well-suited for two-dimensional closed forms. The program provides several alternate methods to eliminate size difference, ensure a common or neutral center for superimposition and provide a rotational orientation which minimizes shape differences. The program contains numerous user-specified options which control input data transformations, algorithmic processing and output. The algorithmic processing provides: (1) generation of Fourier coefficients based on observed data, (2) two methods of producing Fourier coefficients adjusted for positional orientation, (3) two methods of producing Fourier coefficients adjusted for size standardization, (4) two methods of producing Fourier coefficients adjusted for rotational orientation, (5) a cross-correlation technique which rotationally adjusts two superimposed forms to minimize the shape difference, and (6) various standard statistical measures.
CRISCAT is a computer program for the analysis of grouped survival data with competing risks via weighted least squares methods. Competing risks adjustments are obtained from general matrix operations using many of the strategies employed in a previously developed program (GENCAT) for multivariate categorical data. CRISCAT computes survival rates at several time points for multiple causes of failure, where each rate is adjusted for other causes in the sense that failure due to thes other causes has been eliminated as a risk. The program can generate functions of the adjusted survival rates, to which asymptotic regression models may be fit. CRISCAT yields test statistics for hypotheses involving either these functions or estimated model parameters. Thus, this computational algorithm links competing risks theory to linear models methods for contingency table analysis and provides a unified approach to estimation and hypothesis testing of functions involving competing risks adjusted rates.
A collection of user-interactive computer programs is described which aid in the assembly of DNA sequences. This is achieved by searching for the positions of overlapping common nucleotide sequences within the blocks of sequence obtained as primary data. Such overlapping segments are then melded into one continuous string of nucleotides. Strategies for determining the accuracy of the sequence being analyzed and reducing the error rate resulting from the manual manipulation of sequence data are discussed. Sequences mapping from 97.3 to 100% of the Ad2 virus genome were used to demonstrate the performance of these programs.
A digital computer program is described for the estimation of parameters in an open two compartment system distinguishing 3 models. The mathematical function to be fitted to a given set of experimental data is given initial estimates for the parameters of the function. The program uses an iterative procedure to adjust the parameters until the sum of squares of residuals has converged to a minimum. Assuming that a given substance is introduced into compartment 1, the function can be fitted to the set of experiment data of that compartment. A set of experimental data from compartment 2 can also be included in the minimizing function. Two optional weighting functions are presented. From the constants of the two-exponential functions the physiological parameters of the three models are determined. Experimental observations of compartment 1 only allow for calculation of physiological parameters of two of the models.
A personal computer program to monitor wound infections and other complications after orthopedic operations was developed, adopting international criteria and definitions. The program offers fixed data entry screens, and a free text editor, and produces user-specified variations of seven screen pages comprising most of the epidemiological data needed for surveillance and complication control. Furthermore a number of special lists can be generated for use in the daily work. For all reports and lists it is possible to generate subpopulations with up to twelve criteria. The program was tested in four danish orthopedic departments and serves well as a simple local tool for the operating staff, offering fast information on complication rates. Results consisting 2,583 operations are presented. The overall rates of complications were 1.8% superficial wound infections, 0.6% deep wound infections, 2.6% other infections and 3.8 other complications. The system is lowcost and an effective method of providing a widespread uniform surveillance of surgical wound infections and other complications in the orthopedic wards.
A personal computer program (COMPSEQ) has been developed which can present an informative listing of pre-aligned exonic nucleotide sequences and of their translations to amino acid sequences as well run triplet-oriented analyses on these sequences in a given reading frame. The sequence listing focuses on the differences between related sequences by suppressing the concordances between them.
OLIGSCAN (oligonucleotide scanner) is a computer program for IBM-PC-compatible computers that allows the user to scan up to 200 DNA sequences for homology to oligonucleotide sequences of interest. Once a core sequence of longer than the user-defined minimum length is found, the remainder of the oligonucleotide is compared to the corresponding positions of the larger sequence to identify matches or mismatches flanking the core region. This algorithm results in identification of the longest possible homologous regions first. The program was originally designed to assist in the identification of potential annealing sites for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers in the genomic DNA of related strains of viruses. However, it may also be used for more general pattern-identification purposes, including scanning for various sequence motifs of functional importance. We present the analysis of homology to an oligonucleotide primer in 16 complete genomic sequences of the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses.