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PubMed1995

[Computer programs supporting qualitative research].

Computer programs to aid qualitative research are offered in increasing numbers. Most programs provide basic features like the decomposition of large bodies of text, labelling of text units by category names, retrieval and search for key words. More advanced features are graphical displays of the categories, secondary texts, statistical output and a multi-user interface. The benefits and dangers of these programs for the process of doing qualitative research are discussed.

Community Psychiatry↗
PubMed2005

Modeling nitrogen uptake and potential nitrate leaching under different irrigation programs in nitrogen-fertilized tomato using the computer program NLEAP.

Readily available nitrogen (N) sources such as ammonium nitrate with excessive irrigation present a potential hazard for the environment. The computer program Nitrate Leaching and Economic Analysis Package (NLEAP) is a mechanistic model developed for rapid site-specific estimates of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) moving below the root zone in agricultural crops and potential impacts of NO3-N leaching into groundwater. In this study, the value of NLEAP was tested to simulate N uptake by crops and NO3-N leaching parameters in large lysimeters under the tomato crop. Three seedlings of tomato variety of H-2274 (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) were transplanted into each lysimeter. N fertilizer at the rate of 140 kg N ha(-1) was sidedressed in two split applications, the first half as ammonium sulphate and the second half as ammonium nitrate. The lysimeters were irrigated based on programs of C 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50, C referring to class A-Pan evaporation coefficients. Parameters such as leaching index (LI), annual leaching risk potential (ALRP), N available for leaching (NAL), amount of NO3-N leached (NL) and amount of N taken up by the crops (NU) were estimated using the NLEAP computer model. To test the ability of model to simulate N uptake and NL, measured values were compared with simulated values. Significant correlations, R2 = 0.92 and P < 0.03 for the first year and R2 = 0.86 and P < 0.06 for the second year, were found between measured and simulated values for crop N consumption, indicating that the NLEAP model adequately described crop N uptake under the varied irrigation programs using an optimal N fertilization program for the experimental site. Significant correlations, R2 = 0.96 and P < 0.01 for the first year and R2 = 0.97 and P < 0.01 for the second year, were also found between measured and simulated values of NL, indicating that the NLEAP model also adequately predicted NL under the varied irrigation programs. Therefore, this computer model can be useful to estimate the NO3-N moving beyond the root zone under conditions in which the present experiment was carried out. Also, the NLEAP-estimated NAL values and other parameters can also be used to improve N management practices and N fertilizer recommendations that will help to decrease the adverse effect of N fertilizer on groundwater quality and farm profitability.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1989

Analysis of progress curves for enzyme-catalysed reactions. Automatic construction of computer programs for fitting integrated rate equations.

The computer analysis of progress curves for enzyme-catalysed reactions involves a series of mathematical and computational tasks. The three most daunting of these are the derivation of an integrated rate equation, solving this equation so that the amount of product formed by the reaction at any time can be calculated, and incorporating this solution into a non-linear-regression computer program. This paper describes the basis of a computer program that greatly simplifies the problem. The proposed mechanism is specified in the familiar kinetic constant form, which is automatically translated into a program capable of fitting this mechanism to a series of experimental progress curves. The approach is illustrated for a reversible reaction with one substrate and one product, and tested with some data obtained for the fumarase reaction. A copy of the program has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50148 (13 pages) at the British Library Document Supply Centre, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1989) 257, 5.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Education about genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility: patient preferences for a computer program or genetic counselor.

The purpose of this study was to describe and compare patient preferences for a genetic counselor or an interactive computer program for various components of genetic education and counseling for breast cancer susceptibility. As part of a randomized intervention study on genetics education and counseling for breast cancer risk, 29 women at moderate risk were educated by both a genetic counselor and an interactive computer program. After both educational interventions, participants completed Likert-style and open-ended questionnaires about what they liked most and least about each intervention, and whether they preferred the counselor or computer for a variety of tasks. Participants were largely satisfied with both the computer program and the genetic counselor. A majority preferred the genetic counselor for addressing their concerns, discussing options and alternatives, being sensitive to emotional concerns, helping to make a decision, being a good listener, assuring understanding, helping to make a good choice, helping to understand genes and breast cancer, telling them what they needed to know, being respectful, setting a relaxed tone, and putting them at ease. However, a majority of the women either preferred the computer program or were neutral about allowing patients to learn at their own pace, helping to avoid embarrassment, making good use of time, explaining genes and breast cancer, and treating the patient as an adult. Qualitative analysis of open-ended questions affirmed that patients valued the personal interactions with the counselors, and liked having their specific questions answered. They liked that the computer was self-paced, informative and private, and could be used without causing embarrassment. We concluded that a computer literate, mostly white group of women at moderate risk for inherited susceptibility to breast cancer preferred interacting with a genetic counselor for personal, individualized components of the genetic counseling process, but accepted or preferred a computer program for being self-paced, private, and informative. By incorporating such a computer program into the genetic education process, it is possible that genetic counselors would be able to spend more time performing the personal, individualized components of genetic counseling.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Computer-assisted differential diagnosis of laboratory abnormalities and follow-up testing. Evaluation of the accuracy of a computer program.

An evaluation is made of a computer program which generates a differential diagnostic list given a set of input data obtained from an admission chemistry screening profile. The program is tested by supplying input data on patients for whom diseases are known. The laboratory data from 367 patients are examined. Accurate computer diagnosis is obtained in many disease categories. The original computer program is modified to suggest the follow-up tests indicated based on the diagnoses it makes. By using this program and some additional clinical input from the physician, the clinical pathologist can select the most appropriate computer diagnosis and begin the follow-up testing. Accelerated diagnosis and patient care should result.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Computer program for comparing total costs of intravenous antibiotic regimens.

A computer program for estimating and comparing the costs of intravenous antibiotic therapy is described, and a cost comparison of two antibiotic regimens using the program is demonstrated. Data unique to each antibiotic (e.g., dosage regimen, duration of therapy, need for pharmacokinetic monitoring, and acquisition cost per dose) are entered into the first part of the program (ABDATA) and combined with preprogrammed hospital-specific data, such as personnel and material costs, to produce an itemized list of the total cost of therapy. With the second part of the computer program (ABCOMP), antibiotic regimen costs that have been entered into ABDATA can be compared. Cost comparisons are made with the assumption that the antibiotic regimens have similar efficacy and toxicity. A sample cost comparison was performed using data from a recent study comparing the use of ceftazidime or tobramycin-ticarcillin therapy in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia and bacteremia. The computer-generated cost comparison showed that although the unit cost of ceftazidime was more than the combined unit cost of tobramycin and ticarcillin, the total cost of a 10-day course of therapy with ceftazidime (which included personnel and material costs) was less than the cost of therapy with a combination of tobramycin and ticarcillin. A computer program that incorporates hospital-specific personnel and material costs with unit drug costs can be used to facilitate comparisons of the overall cost of intravenous antibiotic regimens.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1986

A pocket computer program for obstetric ultrasound calculations.

A pocket computer program is currently being used to perform complicated obstetric ultrasound calculations at the Medical Center Hospital of Vermont. The program calculates decimal weeks between dates, gestational age from biparietal diameter, crown-rump length or femur length, total intrauterine volume, head-abdominal circumference ratios, projected gestational age from previous measurements, and estimated fetal weight. Calculations can be printed for a permanent record. The pocket computer program provides a convenient, accurate, and affordable method of obstetric ultrasound analysis.

Computers↗
PubMed1986

Computer program for the IBM personal computer which searches for approximate matches to short oligonucleotide sequences in long target DNA sequences.

We describe a program which may be used to find approximate matches to a short predefined DNA sequence in a larger target DNA sequence. The program predicts the usefulness of specific DNA probes and sequencing primers and finds nearly identical sequences that might represent the same regulatory signal. The program is written in the C programming language and will run on virtually any computer system with a C compiler, such as the IBM/PC and other computers running under the MS/DOS and UNIX operating systems. The program has been integrated into an existing software package for the IBM personal computer (see article by Mount and Conrad, this volume). Some examples of its use are given.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1985

INTRAV and ORAL: BASIC interactive computer programs for estimating pharmacokinetic parameters.

Two interactive computer programs, INTRAV and ORAL, were written to permit pharmacokinetic modeling of experimental data and to obtain pertinent values based on derived estimates. Both programs utilize BASIC language and were developed on a microcomputer with graphics capability. Drug concentration in blood, plasma, or serum with time following either nonabsorptive (intravenous) or absorptive (oral or intramuscular) administration is input, and a semilogarithmic display of data appears on a cathode-ray tube (CRT). The user selects limits for various linear segments using a movable cursor. On command, coefficients and exponents for the differential equation which describes those limits is computed and a nonlinear curve is fitted through the data set. Results from statistical tests are available in output formats permitting the user to determine the goodness of the selected limits. Commonly used pharmacokinetic parameters are also computed and appear on the output. Numerous graphic output options are also available to permit comparisons between data sets and/or estimates derived from other computer programs. INTRAV and ORAL were compared with the widely used programs CSTRIP, ESTRIP, and NONLIN. Both INTRAV and ORAL gave estimates which were almost identical with CSTRIP and ESTRIP, whereas those obtained with NONLIN were very similar, although not identical.

Computers↗
PubMed1997

Comparative study of four different pharmacokinetic computer programs: case study of a factor VIII preparation.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the pharmacokinetic parameters after a single dose of a monoclonally purified factor VIII concentrate in four different computer programs for pharmacokinetic analysis. SETTING: Haemophilia unit of a tertiary care university hospital. METHODS: Ten patients with severe haemophilia A were administered a single dose of 30-50 IU kg-1 body weight. Blood samples were drawn at different times during the first 48 h after infusion of factor VIII. Plasma factor VIII activity was measured by standard one-stage clotting assay and experimental data were analysed using four computer programs: JANA, PKCALC, F8SD and PCNONLIN. The pharmacokinetic models of analysis employed in the study were both compartmental and non-compartmental. The parameters compared were half-lives (t1/2) and mean residence time (MRT), volumes of distribution (V) and clearance (CL). Values obtained for each pharmacokinetic parameter in each program for the same model were tested for differences with a multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA). Linear correlation with the equivalent parameters for each program was also performed. RESULTS: Pharmacokinetic parameters differed depending on the computer program used to analyse the same data set. There were differences of statistical significance in t1/2 and V for one-compartment and two-compartment models derived by some of the programs, but none with the non-compartmental one. CL, considered model independent, showed differences between the programs evaluated. Correlations for each parameter generated were in general good (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Pharmacokinetic parameters differed depending on the computer program used to analyse the same data set. The same patient data used in different computer programs will result in significantly different parameter estimations, although the non-compartmental approach is less affected by variation, and this should be taken into consideration for comparative purposes, for the development of new preparations and for the implications in patient care and therapy monitoring.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

A strategy of DNA sequencing employing computer programs.

With modern fast sequencing techniques and suitable computer programs it is now possible to sequence whole genomes without the need of restriction maps. This paper describes computer programs that can be used to order both sequence gel readings and clones. A method of coding for uncertainties in gel readings is described. These programs are available on request.

Base Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

MODFIT: a pharmacokinetics computer program.

This paper presents a computer program, MODFIT, written in FORTRAN, primarily for use on the Digital Equipment Company VAX series computers for the mathematical analysis of concentration-time data. Drug data generated from biological fluids and tissues may be fitted by a variety of different models. For many models, parameter starting estimates are program generated prior to automatic nonlinear regression analysis using a modified Davidon-Fletcher-Powell algorithm. The output of results is extensive and plotting facilities are available. Explicit and differential equation models may be fitted to single dose data and simulations using all models (single or repeat dose) may be employed to generate drug concentration-time data with plotting output. The package has been tested on numerous data with no problems regarding local function minima. Some comparisons with existing programs have been made and MODFIT compares well with respect to robustness, efficiency, and ease of use.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1992

Radioimmunoassay data handling and calculations with a graphics-statistics computer program.

This paper discusses the application of the data handling-graphics-statistics program Stata (Computing Resources Center, Santa Monica, CA) to radioimmunoassay. We have found that this program is more powerful and easier to use than a spreadsheet for analyzing various kinds of laboratory data generated from chromatography, radiolabeling experiments, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and radioimmunoassays, to name several examples. Data from a radioimmunoassay procedure, originally analyzed using a spreadsheet, Lotus 1-2-3, have been processed with Stata. Simple programs (batch files) have been devised for computations and graphics. The original data and a comparison of results are presented.

Radioimmunoassay↗
PubMed1982

Interactive computer programs in sequence data analysis.

We present interactive computer programs for the analysis of nucleic acid sequences. In order to handle these programs, minimum computer experience is sufficient. The nucleotide sequence of the human gamma globin gene complex is used as an example to illustrate the data analysis.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1985

EQUIL2: a BASIC computer program for the calculation of urinary saturation.

A BASIC computer program for the calculation of urinary supersaturation with respect to the common kidney stone components is described. In vitro and in vivo tests show that the program described accurately calculates supersaturation. The application of this computer program to urolithiasis research is discussed.

Computers↗
PubMed1976

A comparative study to evaluate three separate computer programs for electrocardiographic interpretation.

To compare the efficiency and accuracy of three separate computer programs for interpreting electrocardiograms, 50 EKGs run on patients hospitalized in our institution were transmitted to each of the three participating computer programs. The EKGs were then inspected individually by three cardiologists who later correlated and compared their results with the interpretations provided by the computer. The computer program used by Telemed Corporation provided the greatest frequency of totally correct and clinically acceptable interpretations as well as the least number of unacceptable or incorrect interpretations. The Bonner program was an acceptable second. The Mayo-Smith program had a much larger number of disagreements with the clinical cardiologists, and was far less acceptable for clinical use in their opinion.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developing a computer program to assist the nursing process: phase I-from systems analysis to an expandable program.

In a three-stage project, a computer program was devised to assist in the nursing process. As Stage I, a definition of nursing was developed upon which a systems model of the nursing process was constructed. In Stage II, the computer program was written to collect patient data and formulate nursing diagnoses related to functions of the skin, mucous membranes, nails, and hair. The program was designed to serve as a model for the development of a more comprehensive program that would include other functional areas, suggest patient objectives and nurse interventions, and help to evaluate nursing care. In Stage III, initial trials were conducted to obtain feedback from nurses. Nurses found the program took too long but agreed that with modification it could help them give better care.

Computers↗
PubMed1984

The determination of effective antiviral doses using a computer program for sigmoid dose-response curves.

A computer program was designed to construct best fit sigmoid dose-response curves for determination of the dose required to reduce the yield of virus by 50%, effective antiviral dose (ED50). A single antiviral agent, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine, was examined for effectiveness against four strains of herpes simplex virus type 1. The resulting ED50 values were compared with those obtained by probit analysis. The statistical parameters obtained from sigmoid curve fit program were utilized to evaluate statistical differences between ED50 values for resistant and sensitive virus strains and to evaluate the goodness-of-fit of the regression line to the data. In addition, using this analytical method, it was shown that a change in one experimental variable, i.e., multiplicity of infection, in the yield reduction assay significantly affected the apparent ED50 value. The computer program was easily utilized for analysis of data obtained from both plaque reduction and yield reduction assays and generated the parameters necessary for statistical comparison of relative antiviral activity of any antiviral agent.

Animals↗