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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Community genetics: a new discipline and its application in Brazil.

Community genetics is a new discipline which aims to provide genetic services to the community as a whole. As a science, community genetics encompasses all research needed to develop and evaluate its application. There is no question that the development of community genetics is necessary in Brazil. The implementation of such programs in our country, especially for hemoglobinopathies, has been recommended by the World Health Organization and other international organizations. Apart from the need for and appeal of community genetics programs, some aspects require serious review. This article discusses various cultural, social, psychological, and economic factors that can make genetic screening an invasion of individual privacy.

Brazil↗
PubMed2026

The impact of non-native trees on galling and herbivory in New York City across space and time.

Cities and suburbs frequently plant native and non-native trees as foundation species, with non-natives cultivated in these areas for centuries while remaining non-invasive. Although previous research has found that native trees often host more arthropods, studies have not simultaneously looked across space and time to determine the consistency of tree origin on urban arthropods. We combined varied methods across spatial and temporal scales in New York City to test if native tree leaves consistently have more insect and mite interactions than long-established non-native trees, predicting stronger effect sizes for specialists (galling arthropods) than generalists (herbivory). We examined (1) congeneric species pairs, controlled for growing conditions and stoichiometry in an arboretum, (2) diverse oaks at a botanical garden, (3) community science records across Brooklyn, and (4) herbarium specimens from 1883 through present across the city. Across spatiotemporal scales, we found consistent results. Specialist interactions were striking: contemporary native trees supported numerous galling species, while only one congeneric non-native species hosted any galls. For generalists, contemporary native trees had equivalent to slightly greater herbivory. Over the last century, herbarium records showed that herbivory increased on non-native trees to nearly the level of natives, whereas native trees increased in gall abundance while non-native trees remained rarely galled. Our results demonstrate the impact of tree origin on tree-arthropod interactions in a real-world urban setting, with far fewer galls even when non-native tree species have been cultivated locally for centuries. Our findings will help city planners and property owners confidently choose native trees to promote arthropod biodiversity.

Trees↗
PubMed2001

Describing community health risks: can epidemiology be improved?

Environmental threats are one of the highest concerns of communities seeking to improve public health. University researchers seek to assist communities with these concerns by providing technical expertise. But these community-science collaborations are often frustrating to both parties. Communities often find that the scientific studies have not proven what they believe the problem to be, while scientists often feel at least pestered, if not manipulated, by the dirty politics of the community. This paper investigates the proposition that environmental scientists must learn to combine their quantitative studies with qualitative views on the community and its health, if their studies are to be useful and indeed even fully accurate. The goal of the presentation is to explore changes in the methods of one particular field, environmental epidemiology, that might make it more relevant to current environmental debates. After a brief history of the field, limitations in the current practice of epidemiology are presented. These can be grouped under two headings: an over-emphasis on quantitative results, and an underestimation of uncertainties in study results. Some suggestions are given for changes that might address these problems, and make epidemiology more useful for citizens and policy-makers. These are: 1. nest quantitative results in qualitative descriptions of study populations; 2. fit two different kinds of statistical models one very simple, the other quite complex; 3. conduct sensitivity analyses; and 4. use precautionary guidelines for causal inference. It is concluded that environmental epidemiology serves a particular societal function; which is to inform citizens and policy makers about environmental hazards that, perhaps, should be the subject of legal and economic interventions. For this reason, methods could be changed to improve the fit of the science to this function. There remains, however, much to be done to revise and refine this perspective, and to make the suggestions sufficiently specific that they can be put into practice.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

The role of animal science in natural resource management: current decision making models and future needs.

Sustainable systems for land and natural resource management must be biologically, economically, and socially sustainable. Scientists and educators have historically viewed their role as developing new knowledge and technology to enhance biological and economic sustainability. Scientists have traditionally viewed sociopolitical sustainability and policy development as beyond our appropriate roles. Changing public values and perceptions on appropriate land use and natural resource protection are forcing land grant universities and their scientists and educators to re-evaluate traditional paradigms. The animal science community, in concert with the social and other biological sciences, must become more proactive in decision making processes on appropriate land use and natural resource management if we are to remain relevant. This paper describes the current situation and outlines approaches for the research and education communities to be important contributors to collaborative decision making processes on land and natural resource management.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2005

Fulfilling the promise of school-based mental health: moving toward a Public Mental Health Promotion approach.

School-based mental health (SBMH) programs and services are growing progressively in the United States for many reasons. However, the SBMH field is young and tenuously supported, and challenges are being confronted on many levels. There are major needs to continue to bring research-supported interventions into schools, and to better equip educators and mental health programs and staff in schools to function effectively. Articles in this special issue present the many challenges well and point to important directions for advancing SBMH. To truly advance the field a Public Mental Health Promotion approach is needed. Elements of this approach, in advancing training, quality assessment and improvement (including empirically supported practice), and advocacy and policy influence are discussed, as are strategic connections to the Community Science perspective and to the development of a growing Community of Practice in SBMH.

Health Promotion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Alzheimerization of aging: a brief update.

This article extends the previously published opinion that the NIA disproportionately supports research related to Alzheimer's Disease at the expense of a more comprehensive research agenda. Letters to the editor, as well as newspaper interviews of partisans from the research community, both affirm and reject the opinion. The broader basic science community must overcome its traditional political apathy to pursue a more balanced research agenda at the NIA.

Aging↗
PubMed1990

The legacy of stress research. The course and the impact of this journal.

The Journal of Health and Social Behavior (JHSB) is examined to determine its relative stature and impact in the social science community. We conducted both empirical comparisons of average impact (based on the Social Science Citation Index) and content analysis. Over an 11-year period beginning in 1977, JHSB has maintained an enviable position among sociology journals, ranking significantly higher than the American Journal of Sociology and Social Forces. In addition, it ranks quite favorably when compared with the dominant journals of the allied social science disciplines. The preeminence of the JHSB is attributed to the legacy of stress research that was perceived to dominate this period. Ironically, the recently mandated change in editorial goals eschewing such an identification with stress research has begun to undermine the overall stature of the journal, primarily by reducing the impact of articles on stress that appear in it. We discuss the mechanisms that have influenced the course and the impact of this journal.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1994

[The proposal for community pharmacist activity from a viewpoint of science history].

Community pharmacists have many kinds of problems for demonstrating their ability and activity. One of them is to realize the professional activity. At present, I am afraid that such community professional activities might be for now confined to legal extension. I would therefore like to discuss the aspect of professional centrifugal practice in community health care system under the pharmaceutical law system. Secondly, the role of pharmacists in drug sale comprises advising and controlling medication that we call "Application Pharmacy" in which individual pharmacokinetics and susceptivities have to be considered. The Application Pharmacy will be established in the community medical health care system for new pharmacist's activity. The Application Pharmacy should be a requirement for community pharmacists and lead to a notion of "Community Pharmacy Therapeutics."].

Community Pharmacy Services↗
PubMed2005

Community psychology is (thank God) more than science.

Thinking about Community Psychology primarily as a science may make it harder, rather than easier, to embrace certain aspects of the field to which we are deeply committed, but usually fall outside the conventional meaning of "doing science." While community psychologists use (and expand) the tools of science, this is different than saying that Community Psychology is only, or even primarily, a science. The field is just as much social criticism as it is science. In order to further conversation about these matters, seven thoughts about why (thank God) community psychology is more than a science are offered, the most basic of which is that today the greatest danger to freedom is not in the union of church and state, but in the union of science and state.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Virtual shelves in a digital library: a framework for access to networked information sources.

OBJECTIVE: Develop a framework for collections-based access to networked information sources that addresses the problem of location-dependent access to information sources. DESIGN: This framework uses a metaphor of a virtual shelf. A virtual shelf is a general-purpose server that is dedicated to a particular information subject class. The identifier of one of these servers identifies its subject class. Location-independent call numbers are assigned to information sources. Call numbers are based on standard vocabulary codes. The call numbers are first mapped to the location-independent identifiers of virtual shelves. When access to an information resource is required, a location directory provides a second mapping of these location-independent server identifiers to actual network locations. RESULTS: The framework has been implemented in two different systems. One system is based on the Open System Foundation/Distributed Computing Environment and the other is based on the World Wide Web. CONCLUSIONS: This framework applies in new ways traditional methods of library classification and cataloging. It is compatible with two traditional styles of selecting information searching and browsing. Traditional methods may be combined with new paradigms of information searching that will be able to take advantage of the special properties of digital information. Cooperation between the library-informational science community and the informatics community can provide a means for a continuing application of the knowledge and techniques of library science to the new problems of networked information sources.

Catalogs, Library↗
PubMed1995

NASA science utilization plans for the Space Station.

The Mir-1 and International Space Station Alpha capabilities present the science community with unique long duration platforms to conduct a wide range of scientific research in the microgravity and life sciences as well as in the observational sciences, NASA is developing plans to use the capabilities of Mir and Space Station as they emerge during the development of the orbital program. In both cases the planned science utilization programs take advantage of the volume, crew, power, microgravity and logistics resupply unique to each phase. The paper will present these utilization plans in the context of an evolving scientific program.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Community-based environmental management in Atlantic Canada: the impacts and spheres of influence of the Atlantic Coastal Action Program.

The Atlantic Coastal Action Program (ACAP) is a unique, community-based program initiated by Environment Canada in 1991 to help Atlantic Canadians restore and sustain watersheds and adjacent coastal areas. ACAP is the eastem-most Environment Canada Ecosystem Initiative. The ACAP family is currently made up of 14 ecosystem-based organizations in the four Atlantic provinces. Each one of these non-profit organizations operates independently, but is formally linked under the umbrella of ACAP to represent a force stronger than the individual parts. In Environment Canada's experience, the program consistently demonstrates the value of a community-based approach and produces results on an ecosystem basis. This paper will examine some of the impacts of ACAP in terms of economics, credible community science, and environmental results which most often align with Environment Canada's objectives. It will explore the influences of the community-based approach to environmental management on multiple scales (local, regional, etc.). Through examples, the paper will demonstrate the effectiveness of ACAP in influencing some of the policies, programs and attitudes of various levels of government and industry in the region, as well as describe how the community-based model has been exported internationally. The paper will conclude with a discussion on a planned path forward for ACAP.

Atlantic Ocean↗
PubMed1984

The organization of community disease prevention services: approaches to preventing lung cancer in the Los Angeles Basin.

The UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center initiated a broadly based community program with the goal to reduce lung cancer incidence and mortality in the Los Angeles Basin (LAB). Representatives from the medical and science communities participated with representatives from the business, legal, and legislative sectors of LAB in a number of workshops over an 18-month period. The objectives of the workshops were to involve as many community interests as feasible to identify the issues related to the lung cancer problem and to mount a strategic and broadly based plan to achieve the stated goal. More than 70 individuals participated in this effort. The principal topics identified and developed related to "Smoking and Youth," "Smoking in High Risk Adults," "Smoking in the Workplace," and "Occupational Exposures." The results of this protracted interaction and planning effort are now in evidence in a variety of action programs and intervention research across this large geographic region.

California↗
PubMed2006

The development of an instrument for assessing Community-Based Education of undergraduate students of Community and Health Sciences at the University of the Western Cape.

CONTEXT: In Community-Based Education (CBE) students are expected to develop problem solving, communication and critical thinking capabilities. Assessment provides an opportunity for students to improve these skills, it helps them to gain increased motivation, high achievement, it reduces anxiety over grading, and it improves communication between learners and teachers. The aim of this study was to develop a common instrument for assessing undergraduate students of Health Sciences in their placements for CBE. OBJECTIVES: (1) Identify the skill requirements of students in CBE; (2) Develop a common instrument for assessing undergraduate students in Health Sciences. METHODS: The study was based in the Faculty of Community and Health Sciences at the University of the Western Cape. Existing documents relevant to the assessment of CBE were collected and analyzed to provide background information. Focus group discussions were held with lecturers from various departments, key persons from the departments and students were audiotaped and later the data analyzed into emerging themes. This was followed with a workshop by relevant experts in CBE, to identify the essential items to be included in the proposed assessment tool. The instrument was piloted with two departments in various community settings. RESULTS: The participants identified knowledge, transferable skills, professionalism and attitudes as important elements for assessment. The instrument piloted was very comprehensive and suitable for use by students of any profession in a range of communities. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that the instrument can be used to assess students in any learning experience based in a community setting.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Common ground: the HealthWeb project as a model for Internet collaboration.

The establishment of the HealthWeb project by twelve health sciences libraries provides a collaborative means of organizing and enhancing access to Internet resources for the international health sciences community. The project is based on the idea that the Internet is common ground for all libraries and that through collaboration a more comprehensive, robust, and long-lasting information product can be maintained. The participants include more than seventy librarians from the health sciences libraries of the Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC), an academic consortium of twelve major research universities. The Greater Midwest Region of the National Network of Libraries of Medicine serves as a cosponsor. HealthWeb is an information resource that provides access to evaluated, annotated Internet resources via the World Wide Web. The project vision as well as the progress reported on its implementation may serve as a model for other collaborative Internet projects.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1972

An Investigation of the Educational Needs of Health Sciences Library Manpower: Part VII: Summary and Conclusions.

The major findings and conclusions of a survey of manpower in health sciences libraries of the United States in 1969 are summarized. Although there does not appear to be a serious manpower shortage in terms of budgeted positions which are unfilled (demand), the manpower situation can still be considered serious when we introduce into our evaluation of the situation the question of existing levels of training and the urgent requirement (need) to bring manpower levels to a point at which adequate information services can be provided to the whole health sciences community. This is the final paper in a series of papers on a manpower study which also summarizes and analyzes the manpower data obtained by the American Hospital Association survey of 1968 and presents a number of general conclusions and recommendations for manpower planning for health sciences libraries.

Journal Article↗