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PubMed1999

Creating effective nursing partnerships: relating community development to participatory action research.

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the importance of creating effective partnerships between nurses practising community development (CD) and nurses engaged in participatory action research (PAR). To that end, an overview of the theoretical principles of CD and PAR is provided and the central tenets of each methodology explored. This is followed by a discussion of the similarities and differences inherent in CD and PAR which derive from the same theoretical and philosophical foundation; that of critical social theory. Examples of two research projects highlight the relationship between CD and PAR and demonstrate the value of creating effective practitioner/researcher partnerships. Finally, some of the lessons learned in creating these important partnerships will be presented. Although this call for practitioner/researcher alliance is not new, what is new is the central role the practising nurse could take in research. Creating partnerships between practising nurses and nurse researchers advances the opportunity to actualize responsive and effective PAR and to fulfill nursing's social contract.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1986

[Greece and the European Economic Community: relations between mortality rates by cause and indices of development].

Greece is member of the European Economic Community since 1981. This paper analyses the existing relationships between mortality rates and several indices of socio-economic development; these indices deal with the rythm of industrial development, the level of urbanization, the quality and quantity of individual consumption. These indices show marked differences within EEC. Among the factors studied, those related to nutrition show strong association with cancer and coronary mortality; the level of urbanization is associated with mortality from cardiovascular and acute respiratory causes. The employment and the BIP are directly associated with mortality from accident, intoxication and respiratory diseases.

European Union↗
PubMed2006

Microbial community related to volatile organic compound (VOC) emission in household biowaste.

Malodorous emissions and potentially pathogenic microorganisms which develop during domestic organic waste collection are not only a nuisance but may also pose health risks. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the presence of specific microorganisms in biowastes is directly related to the composition of the emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The succession of microbial communities during 16 days of storage in organic waste collection bins was studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of amplified 16S ribosomal DNA in parallel with a classical cultivation and isolation approach. Approximately 60 different bacterial species and 20 different fungal species were isolated. Additionally, some bacterial species were identified through sequencing of excised DGGE bands. Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) was used to detect VOCs over the sampling periods, and co-inertia analyses of VOC concentrations with DGGE band intensities were conducted. Positive correlations, indicating production of the respective VOC or enhancement of microbial growth, and negative correlations, indicating the use of, or microbial inhibition by the respective compound, were found for the different VOCs. Measurement of the VOC emission pattern from a pure culture of Lactococcus lactis confirmed the positive correlations for the protonated masses 89 (tentatively identified as butyric acid), 63 (tentatively identified as dimethylsulfide), 69 (likely isoprene) and 73 (likely butanone).

Bacteria↗
PubMed1981

Directive of the European Communities relating to the quality of water for human consumption.

A draft directive relating to the quality of water for human consumption was submitted on 22 July 1975 to the Council of Ministers of the European Communities. The submission of this proposition was requested by the Council of Ministers in the Action Programme of the European Communities on the environment, approved by them on 22 November 1973. The objective is the protection of public health by establishing standards to be respected by the Member States. This directive was adopted by the Council of Ministers of the European Communities June 30, 1980. This report deals with technical aspects of this directive and gives some additional comments.

European Union↗
PubMed2003

Incidence of Alzheimer disease in a biracial urban community: relation to apolipoprotein E allele status.

CONTEXT: Few studies compare Alzheimer disease (AD) incidence among black and white subjects. OBJECTIVE: To estimate incidence and the effect of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 allele in these races. DESIGN: Population-based study of disease incidence using a random, stratified sample. SETTING: A geographically defined community of 3 adjacent neighborhoods in Chicago, Ill. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 6158 persons (78.7% overall; 80.5% of the black subjects and 74.6% of the white subjects) participated; 4.1 years later, persons initially free of AD were sampled for clinical evaluation for disease incidence (overall 842 persons [74.8%] participated; 67.6% of the black subjects and 81.9% of the white subjects). INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incident, clinically diagnosed AD. RESULTS: The effect of the APOE epsilon4 allele on the risk of AD differed strongly for black and white subjects. Among white subjects, the presence of the APOE epsilon4 allele was associated with a 2.73-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40-5.32) increase in risk while among black subjects there was no increase in risk (odds ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.39-2.68). Black race was associated with a nonsignificantly increased risk of AD with an odds ratio of 1.84 (95% CI, 0.73-4.66) if APOE and its interaction with race are considered, and an odds ratio of 1.28 (95% CI, 0.54-2.98) if they are not. The incidence of AD was 1.45% (95% CI, 0.89%-2.01%) per year among persons 65 to 74 years old, 4.73% (95% CI, 3.83%-5.64%) among those 75 to 84 years old, and 9.11% (95% CI, 7.36%-10.9%) among those 85 years and older. CONCLUSION: Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 led to increased risk of AD among white subjects but not black subjects.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of the business community relative to HIV-AIDS.

One of the goals of the Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) policy on the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is to support business organizations in implementing HIV and AIDS information, education, and prevention activities. However, the response of the American business community to HIV infection and AIDS has been varied. Although company executives consider AIDS to be one of the leading problems in the country, surveys typically indicate that less than one-third of businesses have or are developing some type of AIDS policy. The workplace appears to be a valid site for AIDS information and education programs, given the weight employees attach to information received there. However, workplace education and information programs are undertaken primarily by large companies. Many small companies do not devote much time and effort to these activities, even though extensive, indepth educational programs are likely to have positive impacts on worker attitudes and behavior, whereas short programs or literature distribution may only increase workers' fears. The question of what is an effective workplace program still needs additional research. Very little is known about the magnitude of the costs of HIV infection and AIDS to business. These costs, which are affected by the changing roles of employer-based health insurance, cost shifting, and public programs, will influence how employers react to the epidemic and how they respond to CDC's prevention initiatives.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

What do regions want?: A case study of university-community relations.

We hear more and more about the necessity of "sustainable regional development" as an alternative to and defense against globalization. While we certainly agree with this notion, we ask what might prevent it from becoming yet another "top-down" development scheme with good intentions but dubious results. We would argue that no road to development is sustainable if it is not deeply democratic and reliant on an informed, concerned public; the expressed needs of the public must be an essential aspect of regional development. Our focus here is on the university, the main supplier of the experts and technologies utilized by the undemocratic processes of globalization, but it might also be a partner in a democratic process of regional sustainable development. To do this, however, experts in academia must resist the temptation to assume they know what is best and work in concert with community forces to define and create sustainable development. To put it simply, if experts and planners in the university want to know what a region wants and needs, they have to ask. What follows is a report on the experience of one university's attempt to do just that.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relative community burden of otitis media and varicella.

Otitis media is a common and costly condition of childhood, with a great potential for cost savings from an effective vaccine. We present a population-based survey of the family burden of otitis media and compare it with another common childhood illness, varicella, for which vaccine prevention is available and cost-effective. We report yearly rates of affected children, complications, medication use, hospitalizations, parental work absences, and use of special sick-child day care in a population of 4557 households containing 9047 children younger than 13 years of age. Of the 9047 children in the sample, 26.1% were affected by otitis media in the year of the study; 68% of children in the second year of life had at least one episode. About one third of families lost workdays due to otitis media in their children, with an overall average loss of about 3 hours per affected child. Compared with the community burden of varicella, otitis media involves a greater total burden in terms of the number of affected children, the number of episodes, physician visits, prescription drugs, hospitalizations, and surgical procedures. Work loss was 3.4 times greater per family with a varicella case, but the number of families affected by otitis media was 3.3 times greater than for varicella, so that the total amount of family work loss was about the same for both illnesses for the year. The community burden of otitis media should be studied in a population-based longitudinal manner that includes parental work loss as well as health care costs to accurately determine the potential cost-benefit of prevention programs.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed2006

Are socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods deprived of health-related community resources?

BACKGROUND: Recent work in a number of countries has identified growing geographical inequalities in health between deprived and non-deprived neighbourhoods. The health gaps observed cannot be entirely explained by differences in the characteristics of individuals living in those neighbourhoods, which has led to a concerted international public health research effort to determine what contextual features of neighbourhoods matter. This article reports on access to potentially health-promoting community resources across all neighbourhoods in New Zealand. Prevailing international opinion is that access to community resources is worse in deprived neighbourhoods. METHODS: Geographical Information Systems were used to calculate geographical access to 16 types of community resources (including recreational amenities, and shopping, educational and health facilities) in 38,350 small census areas across the country. The distribution of these access measures by neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation was determined. RESULTS: For 15 out of 16 measures of community resources, access was clearly better in more deprived neighbourhoods. For example, the travel time to large supermarkets was approximately 80% greater in the least deprived quintile of neighbourhoods compared with the most deprived quintile. CONCLUSIONS: These results challenge the widely held, but largely untested, view that areas of high social disadvantage have poorer access to community resources. Poor locational access to community resources among deprived neighbourhoods in New Zealand does not appear to be an explanation of poorer health in these neighbourhoods. If anything, a pro-equity distribution of community resources may be preventing even wider disparities in neighbourhood inequalities in health.

Community Networks↗