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PubMed2026

Viral community in Aspergillus spp. isolated from commercially available fermented dried bonito.

Katsuobushi is a traditional processed seafood product used in Japanese-style cooking, and when it is produced through fermentation by fungi, it is called karebushi. The fungi involved in katsuobushi fermentation are collectively referred to as katsuobushi molds. We previously discovered seven novel viruses from katsuobushi molds and determined their genome sequences. However, our previous explorations used only nine fungal strains available from culture collections, leaving the diversity of viruses infecting fungi involved in katsuobushi fermentation unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to isolate fungi from commercially available karebushi and clarify the prevalence of viruses in the isolates. Karebushi produced by three manufacturers was obtained, and 30 fungal strains (including Aspergillus spp.) were isolated from each. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) fractions were prepared from the mycelia of the isolated strains. Electrophoresis suggested that a relatively high proportion of the isolates harbored dsRNA elements consistent with RNA virus infection (30-70% per manufacturer; 59% overall). Furthermore, dsRNA sequencing identified four novel viruses in isolates of Aspergillus chevalieri and Aspergillus montevidensis: a beny-like virus, a gammapartitivirus, a narnavirus, and a victorivirus, in addition to two previously reported viruses. Notably, this represents the first report of a beny-like virus in Aspergillus spp. This study provides insights into the diversity of viruses infecting fungi involved in katsuobushi fermentation.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed2026

Beyond multidimensionality: a systematic review of recurrent frailty archetypes in community-dwelling older adults.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is a clinically heterogeneous geriatric syndrome commonly summarised using physical or multidomain severity scores. Whether person-centred analyses identify recurring within-frailty configurations has not been systematically examined in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and CINAHL (January 2000-November 2025) for cross-sectional studies using latent class, latent profile, or analogous clustering methods to derive frailty subgroups. Quality was assessed using the AHRQ checklist and a purpose-built appraisal of person-centred model reporting. Study-derived classes were mapped in duplicate to a structured archetype framework developed through comparison of class-defining features across studies. RESULTS: Fourteen reports representing 12 independent datasets from eight countries were included. Six configurations were identified: minimally impaired reference, mobility-physical, nutritional-metabolic, cognitive-predominant, combined cognitive-physical, and psychosocial/mood-predominant. Convergence was measurement-dependent. The reference and mobility-physical configurations recurred across physical-only and multidomain indicator sets, while the combined cognitive-physical configuration appeared across several multidomain frameworks but required cognition to be measured. The remaining configurations emerged only when their defining domains were included. Evidence of prognostic value beyond aggregate frailty severity came from one deficit-index study. Collapsing shared-provenance reports and excluding the boundary-eligible study did not alter recurrence; excluding the Croatian dataset left five configurations recurrent, with the cognitive-predominant configuration supported by one independent dataset. CONCLUSIONS: Person-centred analyses identify recurring within-frailty configurations, but their apparent stability is partly measurement-dependent. A five-configuration core persisted after exclusion of the Croatian dataset, whereas the cognitive-predominant configuration remained weakly replicated. Harmonised indicators and rigorous external validation are needed before clinical application.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Patient experiences of diagnostic uncertainty in musculoskeletal care: a systematic review of qualitative studies.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis plays a central role in musculoskeletal care. However, establishing a clear diagnosis is often challenging, and diagnostic uncertainty is common. OBJECTIVES: To explore patient experiences of diagnostic uncertainty in musculoskeletal care. METHODS: Five databases (CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, AMED, Web of Science) were searched from inception to October 2025. Qualitative studies involving semi-structured interviews with adults receiving care for MSK conditions were included. Methodological quality was appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute Qualitative Checklist. Data were synthesised using thematic synthesis, and confidence in findings was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research approach (GRADE-CERQual). RESULTS: Twenty-six studies involving 462 participants were included. Critical appraisal identified 23 studies with varying methodological limitations; all studies were included in the synthesis. Nine descriptive themes were synthesised into three analytical themes: (1) patient expectations and perceived meanings of a diagnosis and interpretations of diagnostic uncertainty; (2) the multi-dimensional experience of diagnostic uncertainty; and (3) the role of contextual factors, particularly communication and the therapeutic relationship, in shaping experiences of diagnostic uncertainty. Using GRADE-CERQual, confidence in these themes was rated as low, moderate and very low, respectively. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic uncertainty is a subjective and multi-dimensional experience shaped in part by patients' expectations and the meanings attributed to diagnosis. Its impact spans predominantly cognitive and affective domains and may influence clinical presentation. Patient-centred communication and strong therapeutic relationships may support patients in navigating diagnostic uncertainty in musculoskeletal care.

Adult↗
PubMed2026

Swab Testing to Optimize Pneumonia Treatment With Empiric Vancomycin: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Fear of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) frequently leads to empiric vancomycin coverage. Data evaluating the use of MRSA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) nasal swab testing to guide vancomycin de-escalation is limited for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: Swab Testing to Optimize Pneumonia Treatment With Empiric Vancomycin (STOP-Vanc) is a pragmatic, prospective, single-center, non-blinded randomized trial in which adult ICU patients with suspicion of CAP were randomized 1:1 to receive usual care either with (intervention) or without (control) the addition of MRSA nares PCR testing following ICU admission. The primary outcome was vancomycin-free hours alive, defined as the expected number of hours alive and free of vancomycin use within the first 7 days of trial enrollment as estimated using a longitudinal proportional odds state transition model adjusted for baseline covariates. RESULTS: A total of 277 adult ICU patients were randomized. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus PCR nasal swab testing had a negative predictive value (NPV) of 98.9% in the intervention arm. The primary endpoint, vancomycin-free hours alive, was 105.7 in the control arm and 109.7 in the intervention arm (adjusted difference, 4 hours; 95% CI, -9.5-18.2; P = .458). CONCLUSIONS: Despite MRSA PCR nasal swab testing demonstrating a high NPV in this critically ill population, MRSA PCR nasal swab testing did not decrease the duration of vancomycin use or 30-day mortality among ICU patients with suspected CAP. Additional clinician education and antimicrobial stewardship interventions might be needed to reduce vancomycin use in this patient population. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06272994 (STOP-Vanc).

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Comparative analysis of gut microbiota in yaks under different feeding management strategies during cold seasons.

Yaks (Bos grunniens) are crucial for the livelihoods of pastoral communities in cold regions, where feed scarcity during the cold season poses challenges to their health and productivity, underscoring the necessity of understanding how dietary management influences the gut microbiota. In this study, 24 yak steers matched for body weight and health status were randomly allocated to four groups: natural grazing or indoor feeding with roughage-to-concentrate ratios of 50:50, 70:30, or 90:10. Fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing and subsequent functional prediction of the microbiota. The results showed that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla across all groups, and UCG-005 and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group were the predominant genera. Concentrate supplementation during the cold season significantly enhanced microbial richness and diversity, with the 70:30 ratio exerting the most pronounced beneficial effects on microbiota structure and key taxa enrichment. These findings highlight the critical role of dietary management in shaping the yak gut microbiota during cold seasons and suggest that the 70:30 ratio optimally improves microbial community structure, thereby promoting yak health and productivity under harsh climatic conditions. Future research should explore the long-term implications of such dietary strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Enrichment of Lysobacter in a long-term organically managed agricultural field with low soilborne disease incidence.

Disease-suppressive soils, in which soilborne pathogens are naturally suppressed, offer a promising model for sustainable crop protection, particularly in organic farming systems where chemical disease control options are limited. Although disease suppression in these soils is considered to rely on biological control, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated soil from a long-term organically managed field in Shiga Prefecture, Japan, where soilborne disease incidence has remained consistently low, to identify bacterial community features potentially associated with this field. The 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing indicated that this soil harbored a bacterial community distinct from those of nearby agricultural soils. Following the application of organic compounds, the genus Lysobacter, a taxon with known antagonistic activity against plant pathogens, was markedly enriched in response to proteinaceous organic inputs. This enrichment was consistent across sampling times and specific to certain proteinaceous organic inputs, whereas minimal effects were observed on chitin, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, or cysteine. Broader soil surveys indicated that Lysobacter enrichment was not strictly associated with whether soils had been managed under organic or conventional farming practices. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified 10 co-occurring bacterial genera that were strongly associated with Lysobacter abundance. These findings highlight condition-dependent Lysobacter enrichment as a characteristic microbial response to proteinaceous organic amendments in this low-disease-incidence field and provide microbial insights that may inform microbiome-based strategies for sustainable soil management.

Lysobacter↗
PubMed2026

Modulating sentence comprehension in people with aphasia through anodal tDCS: A double-blind randomized cross-over study.

This double-blind randomized cross-over study investigated the effects of perilesional anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (AtDCS) combined with speech-language therapy on sentence comprehension in eight individuals with chronic nonfluent agrammatic aphasia. The behavioral therapy consisted of an intensive comprehension treatment including drilling in sentence-to-picture matching and Mapping Therapy. Each participant underwent both the anodal tDCS and sham stimulation conditions (five received sham first followed by real stimulation, and the remaining three the reverse sequence), with each condition paired with the same behavioral treatment and separated by a four-month washout period. Stimulation was applied over the perilesional area (left BA6) for 20 min during daily 40-min therapy sessions over four consecutive weeks. Sentence comprehension was assessed with the RiComprendo battery and functional communication with the Communicative Effectiveness Index (CETI). Data were analyzed using paired t-tests, Bayesian analyses, and linear mixed-effects models to control for baseline performance and individual variability. Both stimulation conditions produced significant pre-to-post improvements in sentence comprehension, particularly for syntactically complex structures such as passives and center-embedded object relatives. However, gains were overall greater following AtDCS, as reflected in larger effect sizes, stronger Bayes factors, and a significant treatment effect in the mixed-effects models. Only the AtDCS condition yielded significant improvements in self-perceived comprehension abilities on the CETI. These findings suggest that AtDCS over perilesional cortical areas may boost the effects of traditional language therapy on sentence comprehension, supporting its feasibility and potential as an adjuvant intervention in post-stroke aphasia rehabilitation.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Fungal drivers of mycotoxin contamination in wheat: Early warning and plasma-based control.

Mycotoxin contamination in wheat is a major food safety concern; however, quantitative evidence linking fungal community signals, mycotoxin exceedance risk, and wheat quality traits in naturally contaminated wheat remains limited. In this study, wheat samples were collected from mycotoxin-prone monitoring sites under unusually rainy conditions in 2022 to explore early-warning indicators and post-harvest mitigation strategies. According to the National Food Safety Standard of China GB 2761-2017, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEN) exceeded the maximum limits in 52.24, 47.76, and 23.88% of samples, respectively; 38.81% exceeded the reference EU threshold for T-2 toxin, and 46.27% showed co-contamination with at least two mycotoxins above their respective thresholds. Although Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Epicoccum dominated the fungal community, Fusarium abundance was significantly associated with DON contamination and Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDKs). Mediation analysis identified DON as a significant mediator linking Fusarium abundance to FDKs, accounting for 68.41% of the total effect. In addition, Fusarium abundance above 3.70% showed strong predictive performance for DON exceedance, with an area under the curve of 0.906, indicating its potential as an early-warning indicator. Culture-based assays confirmed the toxigenic potential of Aspergillus and Fusarium isolates under simulated temperature and moisture conditions. After optimization using a toxin-spiked wheat flour model, dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma degraded AFB1, DON, and ZEN by 29.30-35.68%, disrupted the morphology of toxigenic fungi, and did not significantly affect wheat quality. This study provides practical insights into mycotoxin risk warning and post-harvest mitigation in wheat.

Triticum↗
PubMed2026

Healthcare Access and Safety Training Gaps Among H-2 A Visa Agricultural Workers in Georgia.

The H-2 A Temporary Agricultural Workers Program, which supplies seasonal labor essential to U.S. food security, has grown over 230% in the past decade but is excluded from the National Agricultural Workers Survey. Although safety training is federally mandated and H-2 A workers are eligible for Affordable Care Act (ACA) marketplace coverage, compliance and healthcare access among these workers remain poorly documented. The aim of this pilot study was to assess workplace safety training, heat acclimatization practices, health insurance awareness and enrollment, and healthcare utilization among H-2 A workers in Georgia. In summer 2024, bilingual research assistants orally administered a cross-sectional Spanish-language survey to 51 H-2 A workers at a South Georgia laundromat, in partnership with the Latino Community Fund Georgia. The survey assessed demographics, occupational characteristics, safety training, heat acclimatization, health insurance awareness and enrollment, and healthcare utilization. Findings are self-reported. Among participants, 41% reported not receiving federally mandated pesticide safety training, and 59% received heat illness prevention training. Heat acclimatization was inadequate for 53% (29% received none). Additionally, 53% did not know the nearest hospital, 43% reported having health insurance, and 25% were unsure of their health insurance status. Overall, 71% had never visited a doctor's office, and of 22 insured workers, only 1 (2%) had used benefits this season. Substantial gaps in workplace safety training, heat acclimatization, and healthcare access were observed in this pilot study, consistent with prior evidence of persistent disparities in this population. Community-based outreach, bilingual health navigation, and market-based labor accountability models warrant further investigation to improve protections for H-2 A workers.

Agricultural workers↗
PubMed2025

Depth-dependent multi-kingdom microbial interactions and biogeochemical cycling genes in eutrophic shallow lake sediments.

Microorganisms are pivotal to lake ecosystem biogeochemical cycles, yet existing research often focuses on single microbial kingdoms or surface sediments, neglecting multi-kingdom interactions and depth-resolved dynamics. To address these gaps, we used metagenomic sequencing to characterize microbial communities and their functional associations across overlying water and 0-45 cm sediments in four shallow lakes of the middle Yangtze River basin, China. Despite increasing bacterial and fungal diversity with depth, the 0-9 cm surface sediments exhibited the strongest multi-kingdom network connectivity and the greatest microbial stability. Functional genes exhibited clear depth-dependent patterns: nitrogen cycling genes, including those involved in dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, were most enriched in the upper 0-9 cm of sediment; methane cycling genes were positively correlated with depth; phosphorus cycling genes and some sulfur cycling genes, such as assimilatory sulphate reduction, declined with depth. Sediment microbial assembly was dominated by deterministic processes, in which the vertical distribution of functional genes was primarily dictated by heavy metals and conventional environmental indicators. These findings highlight depth-specific multi-kingdom microbial interactions and their associations with biogeochemical cycling, advancing lacustrine microbial ecology understanding and providing references for lake conservation under environmental change.

Lakes↗
PubMed2026

"It was good because they have a relationship with us": A qualitative study on low-threshold buprenorphine treatment at syringe services programs.

INTRODUCTION: Syringe service programs (SSPs) reach people who inject drugs with opioid use disorder (OUD) and are novel "low-threshold" venues to initiate buprenorphine treatment. The study investigated patients' experiences with SSP-initiated buprenorphine treatment, which could aid in improving buprenorphine treatment delivery at SSPs. METHODS: The study included 12 participants who completed qualitative exit interviews after a randomized controlled trial of buprenorphine treatment at SSPs. In the parent study, participants received buprenorphine treatment through an onsite model at an SSP or enhanced referral to a community health center based on the randomization sequence. Most participants started taking buprenorphine at home. Exit interviews included participants from both study arms, and the semi-structured interview guide focused on their experiences with clinicians, experiences initiating buprenorphine, prior experiences with OUD treatment, and perceptions about continuing buprenorphine treatment. Four researchers iteratively read, coded, and discussed each transcript, then they derived recurring themes using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Participants were mostly male, middle-aged, and 50% identified as Latino. Four main themes related to buprenorphine treatment initiation: 1) Onsite treatment facilitated buprenorphine prescription, but some participants also expressed a need for additional support; 2) Precipitated withdrawal complicated participants' buprenorphine initiation in both arms; 3) Participants largely experienced the SSPs as affirming and welcoming; and 4) Developing strong relationships with healthcare providers was critical to successful buprenorphine treatment initiation. CONCLUSIONS: The SSP-based model provided rapid access to buprenorphine prescriptions, but precipitated withdrawal was a common complication. Some participants desired additional support and guidance when they started taking buprenorphine at home. The findings point to a "low-threshold, high-touch" approach where participants receive expedited access to buprenorphine providers at SSPs but also additional support throughout the initiation process to avoid and/or manage precipitated withdrawal. Despite some challenges, SSP-based buprenorphine treatment was highly valued by study participants.

Humans↗
PubMed2024

Emotional and Cognitive Processes Underlying Persuasion, Moderating Factors, and Physiological Reactions: A Systematic Review.

Persuasion is a type of social influence aiming to produce changes in others' attitudes or behaviors. This study explores the relationship between emotions and persuasion, principal moderating factors, and physiological reactions during persuasive attempts. Following PRISMA guidelines, 28 empirical articles were analyzed, addressing emotions, affective/cognitive orientations, framing effects, and psychophysiological reactions. Mixed findings emerged regarding emotions, with fear appeals being effective in health education, while more recent studies favor the use of positive persuasive messages to increase behavior intention. Principal moderating factors included personal relevance, need for cognition (NFC) and need for affect (NFA), thought confidence, vulnerability, and efficacy beliefs. Psychophysiological studies revealed distinct physiological arousal during persuasion processing compared to a rest state. In addition, a greater misalignment between current behavior and the persuasive attempt led to perceived freedom threat and psychological reactance. These insights enhance persuasive effectiveness and deepen understanding of persuasion processes, guiding future research directions.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Colorimetric gold nanosensors for monitoring protein aggregation: implications for Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. It remains a major public health challenge due to the lack of early diagnostic tools and effective disease-modifying therapies. Molecularly, AD is characterized by extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular Tau tangles, as well as soluble oligomers that are likely the neurotoxic species. However, the transient and heterogeneous nature of these oligomers makes them difficult to detect using conventional biosensing approaches. Nanomaterial-based colorimetric biosensors have emerged as promising platforms for detecting protein aggregates and discovering aggregation inhibitors. Specifically, the localized surface plasmon resonance properties of metallic nanomaterials can enable rapid, label-free, and visually detectable colorimetric sensing of molecular interactions. These features can be leveraged to monitor protein aggregation processes in real time and achieve high-throughput screening of aggregation inhibitors, which may collectively enable early detection and timely intervention of AD progression. This Review Article presents the design and engineering of gold-nanomaterial-based colorimetric biosensors for monitoring protein aggregation and highlights the current challenges and emerging opportunities for applying these nanosensors to combat AD.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2026

A hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial to integrate precision skin cancer risk feedback in federally qualified health centers.

BACKGROUND: Skin cancers are the most common type of cancer in the United States, occur in all segments of the population, and are preventable. Our previous research with primary care patients' demonstrated interest in and efficacy of a precision prevention intervention providing feedback on MC1R risk level (higher versus average) in combination with prevention education materials relative to a standard educational intervention. Our current study is a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation trial deployed at six federally-qualified health centers. This paper presents the study protocol. METHODS: A community advisory panel will guide development of study materials and measures. Staff training at each clinic will be completed in-person. Patients will be approached and screened in-person. Those completing genetic testing and the baseline survey will be randomized to the precision versus standard intervention for each risk level with a target sample size of 286 for each combination. Primary outcomes of effectiveness, assessed at 6 and 12 months, include a tanning score (5 items assessing intentional and unintentional tanning), number of sunburns, conduct of a skin self-examination, and electronic health record documentation of clinician-patient communication about skin cancer prevention. Effectiveness comparisons will focus on the precision relative to the standard intervention among higher risk participants. Implementation data will be collected to identify barriers and facilitators. RESULTS: Effectiveness and implementation outcomes will be evaluated following study completion. CONCLUSIONS: Results will guide subsequent scale-up of the precision intervention, including modifications of the intervention as well as methods for implementation. CLINICAL TRIALS IDENTIFIER: NCT07222995.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

A bimodal large language model reduces misalignment in patient education: A double-blinded randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Effective patient education requires accurate communication aligned with patients' emotional and semantical needs. Text-based large language models (LLMs) lack access to non-verbal cues, which may contribute to misaligned responses. METHODS: We evaluated emotional and semantic misalignment in a text-based LLM using 64,200 utterances from 16,583 patient education cases across six departments and three centers. Dolphin was developed integrating text and audio cues and evaluated through emotion recognition, semantic consistency assessment, branch-level ablations, and a double-blinded randomized trial against a matched text-based LLM comparator (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: (ChiCTR2500095933). FINDINGS: The text-based LLM showed emotional misalignment in 36.7% of responses and semantic misalignment in 28.3% of cases, with higher misalignment under greater burden. Dolphin outperformed the text-based LLM in emotion recognition accuracy (0.886 vs. 0.713) and semantic consistency (84.9% vs. 82.1%; both adjusted p < 0.001). Ablations supported contribution of audio branches. Dolphin received higher expert ratings than the text-based LLM and human educators (all p < 0.001). In 555 patients, Dolphin was associated with greater patient satisfaction (98.6% vs. 93.8%), suggestion acceptance (76.1% vs. 58.9%; p < 0.001), proactive disclosure (44.6% vs. 26.5%; p < 0.001), and fewer 7-day unplanned recontact (12.9% vs. 22.9%; p = 0.002). No unsafe recommendations or safety events were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with text-based LLM, Dolphin improved emotional-semantic alignment and patient-education outcomes, supporting bimodal alignment as a strategy for reducing misalignment-driven communication failures. FUNDING: National Natural Science Foundation of China, State Key Laboratory Special Fund, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Recent advances in supramolecular macrocycle-based artificial light-harvesting systems.

Artificial light-harvesting systems (ALHSs) inspired by the antenna function of natural photosynthesis provide molecular platforms for collecting excitation energy and directing it to emissive or reactive acceptors. In many supramolecular ALHSs, however, practical performance is limited by poorly defined donor-acceptor orientation, aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ), interfacial defects, and limited stability in aqueous or complex media. Supramolecular macrocycles-particularly pillar[n]arenes (PAs), cucurbit[n]urils (CBs), calixarenes (CAs), cyclodextrins (CDs), and supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs)-offer a useful design space because their cavities, pre-organized scaffolds, and reversible non-covalent interactions can confine chromophores, tune local donor/acceptor ratios, and modulate F&#xf6;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET). This Review systematically examines the unique structural advantages and assembly mechanisms of the five macrocyclic families, with an emphasis on their use in constructing ALHSs-from single-step to cascaded FRET-and in advancing aqueous photocatalysis, near-infrared bioimaging, panchromatic fluorescence modulation, and singlet oxygen generation. The resulting structure-property-application framework is intended to guide the rational design of macrocycle-assisted photofunctional materials while avoiding overextension of the photosynthesis analogy.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2025

New insights into soil amendment: Impact of humic acid on typical antibiotic resistance in agricultural soil.

Humic acid (HA) addition can improve agricultural soil, but little is known about how it affects the soil resistome. In this study, we used selective agar plate combined with quantitative PCR (qPCR) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate how HA influences antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) in soil contaminated with erythromycin and kanamycin. 0.1 % HA reduced the abundance of culturable erythromycin-resistant bacteria (ERB), while promoting the growth of kanamycin-resistant bacteria (KRB). Lysinibacillus and Paenibacillus were the dominant genera in ERB and KRB, respectively, governing the changes in their abundances. At this concentration, the Lysinibacillus abundance in ERB decreased from 96.74 % to 70.57 %. Meanwhile, that of Paenibacillus in KRB increased from 33.40 % to 77.44 %. The copy number of ermF decreased after HA addition, while that of ermB increased. Furthermore, 0.1 % HA significantly reduced the copy number and relative abundance of aadA1 and aac(6')-Ib (aka aacA4)-03 in the soil. Changes in these two types of ARB and ARGs were primarily driven by shifts in the microbial community structure. Soil physicochemical properties, particularly increased organic matter (OM), altered the absolute abundance of ermB. Meanwhile, changes in intI1 abundance determined the risk associated with aadA1 and aac(6')-Ib (aka aacA4)-03. These findings emphasize the dual role of HA in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in agricultural soils and highlight the necessity of considering dose-dependent effects when applying HA as a soil amendment.

Soil Microbiology↗
PubMed2026

Multi-omics analysis reveals stage-associated differences in gut immunity and microbiota between juvenile and adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

In vertebrates, the development of intestinal immunity is closely associated with dynamic changes in the gut microbiota. However, stage-associated differences in intestinal immunity and gut microbial communities remain poorly characterized in teleost fish. In this study, transcriptomic analysis combined with 16S rRNA gene sequencing was employed to characterize intestinal immunity and gut microbial communities in juvenile and adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Transcriptomic profiling revealed marked developmental differences in intestinal immune function. Juvenile carp exhibited a predominantly innate immune phenotype, characterized by elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and lysozyme-related genes. This immune profile was accompanied by enhanced mucosal barrier function and a relatively pro-inflammatory intestinal environment. In contrast, adult carp displayed increased expression of genes associated with adaptive immunity, suggesting that adult common carp exhibit relatively stronger adaptive immune characteristics than juvenile fish. Gut microbiota analysis demonstrated significant stage-dependent differences in microbial diversity and community composition. Juvenile fish were enriched with bacterial taxa potentially associated with innate immune activation, whereas adult fish harbored distinct microbial communities linked to intestinal homeostasis and barrier maintenance. Furthermore, correlation analyses identified significant associations between specific microbial taxa and innate immune-related gene expression, suggesting a close association between gut microbiota composition and intestinal immune characteristics in juvenile and adult common carp. Collectively, these findings reveal stage-associated differences in intestinal immunity and gut microbial communities between juvenile and adult common carp, thereby providing insights into intestinal immune characteristics at different developmental stages in teleost fish.

Animals↗