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PubMed1994

Communication disorders: what to look for, and when to refer.

Communication impairments, with or without a swallowing disorder, are common among older adults. Aphasia, which is usually caused by a focal lesion, can affect spoken and written language, auditory comprehension, and reading ability but by itself does not affect intellectual and cognitive abilities. A cognitive-communicative impairment is related to underlying cognitive deficits in memory, attention, or visual perception and is seen with traumatic brain injury and nontreatable dementia. Voice and speech impairments such as dysarthria and apraxia of speech may lead to self-imposed social isolation and depression. Dysphagia may accompany a communication disorder or exist independently. As a primary care physician, your in-office workup can help diagnose a communication disorder and identify candidates for referral to an otolaryngologist and/or speech-language pathologist.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Inferential statistics and treatment efficacy studies in communication disorders.

A reconsideration of the dependence on inferential statistical analyses in treatment efficacy studies in communication disorders is suggested. The argument is developed that inferential statistical analyses as part of group research designs do not provide the kinds of data that are useful in determining the efficacy of clinical intervention. Furthermore, misinterpretations of the principles that underlie inferential statistics contribute to the difficulties in building a research base that can be applied to clinical issues. The view is taken that replication studies provide a more fruitful approach to ascertaining the efficacy of clinical intervention.

Communication Disorders↗
PubMed1997

Brothers and sisters of young children with communication disorders.

Family-centered approaches have revolutionized the way that clinicians provide services to young children with communication disorders and their families. With greater recognition of the significant impact that siblings have on each other's development and the potential stress and role confusion that siblings may experience when there is childhood disability in the family, it becomes more critical that the needs of siblings are considered and addressed. In this article, a variety of issues are considered relative to siblings' experiences. First, the roles of siblings and their effects on each other's development is reviewed, followed by a historical perspective of the impact of childhood disability on brothers and sisters. Next, sibling roles relative to a brother or sister with a communication disability are considered. Finally, clinical implications are discussed, with specific reference to active inclusion of siblings in family-centered assessment and intervention efforts.

Caregivers↗
PubMed1999

Communication disorders and children with mental retardation.

Within both the pragmatics orientation and the revised definition of MR, the discussion of communication disorders for children with MR has begun to de-emphasize a developmental content-form protocol for assessment and intervention. Instead, the current model suggests the importance of communication stimulation and support in daily routines, the nature of which includes the perceptions and expectations of communication partners, and the characteristics of the social interaction that affect communication style.

Child↗
PubMed1981

Path analysis: a strategy for investigating multivariate causal relationships in communication disorders.

This tutorial paper explains, illustrates, and discusses path analysis, a powerful strategy for examining the plausibility and degree of causal relationships which are postulated to exist among a set of variables. In addition to its strength as a method of theory testing, path analysis is highly compatible with the kind of retrospective research which is so often used to study speech and language pathologies. One of its major advantages is that it allows explicit recognition of multiple, interacting causes of communication disorders and allows the researcher to evaluate the logical consequences of assumptions made about the specific nature of those causal relationships. A summary of the meaning of causal relationships is followed by a presentation of the principles underlying path analysis, as well as an outline of its basic procedures. Also presented is an illustrative example of the application of path analysis to the evaluation of some competing causal theories of a communication disorder. Finally, the general advantages of path analysis and its applicability to the investigation of causal relationships in speech and language pathologies are summarized and discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

[The necessity of community rehabilitation for outpatients with a communication disorder].

In order to explore the necessity of community rehabilitation, we conducted a questionnaire survey of patients with a communication disorder who had finished speech therapy at our hospital during the period of April 1998 to November 2001. A total of fifty-four subjects answered the questionnaire. The following observations were made based on the results. 1. Fifty-nine percent of the respondents was experiencing some degree of difficulties in their daily life, and facing some sorts of psychological and social problems. 2. Fifty nine percent considered community rehabilitation was necessary, while only one respondent was actually receiving it. 3. The majority of respondents wished there were speech therapists in their area to provide a variety of services such as recreation and rehabilitation. These results suggest the importance of speech therapy through local welfare and social care facilities.

Communication Disorders↗
PubMed1991

Screening child psychiatric inpatients for communication disorders: a pilot study.

This study was part of a project concerned with speech and language disorders among child psychiatric inpatients. Twenty-two consecutively admitted children were screened and 10 were positive. Of these, nine were diagnosed with a speech or language delay, prevalence = 40.9 (9 of 22). A chart review of the preceding 2-year period showed that 27 of 128 admissions had been referred to the speech clinic and that 25 had positive findings, for a prevalence of 19.5% (25 of 128). The difference in the observed prevalence in these two studies was significant (chi 2 = 4.89, rho = .03). Standard clinical practice may miss some children with communication disorders (estimated sensitivity = 39%), while the new screening method shows promise (estimated sensitivity = 82%).

Child↗
PubMed1984

Factors influencing service utilization by older individuals. Perceptions of communication disorders professionals and older respondents.

This project investigated the extent to which communication disorders professionals feel their services are being utilized by older persons and possible factors they believe may influence inadequate service utilization. Older respondents were also queried with respect to the same service utilization concerns as they pertained to health services in general. Survey data are reported for the two groups in terms of both perceived levels of and factors restricting service utilization. In addition, subgroup response patterns within both professional and older sampling groups are identified, and the lack of congruence between perceptions of professional and older respondents is discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

The limits of science in communication disorders.

Science is a powerful tool when it addresses the kinds of questions it was designed to answer, but there are also important questions in communication disorders that fall outside the limits of science. Three such areas are discussed: Questions concerning social and personal values, questions that call for logical rather than scientific endeavors, and questions that should not be posed because we already know the answers and would not be influenced by contrary findings.

Communication Disorders↗
PubMed1994

Editing a scientific journal on communication disorders in South Africa: a unique challenge.

The aim of this article is to describe the challenge of editing a scientific journal in the field of communication disorders in the South African context. An overview of the development of the journal and the current editorial policy is described. The distinctiveness and uniqueness of the journal is highlighted. A discussion of the problems encountered and the challenges posed by the future is supplied. In conclusion the question is posed of whether a scientific publication of this nature is relevant and justifiable. It is concluded that such a publication is indeed important and has the right of existence.

Communication Disorders↗
PubMed1999

"Pure word deafness": implications for assessment and management in communication disorder--a report of two cases.

In "pure word deafness" after acquired brain injury, the auditory comprehension of words is much more impaired than other aspects of communication or cognition. Two cases are presented, one early and one late presentation. The key to diagnosis of communication disorders is to remember to assess all six basic aspects of language function and to be vigilant for coexisting diagnoses that can complicate such assessment (especially psychiatric diagnoses). Rehabilitation management of impaired communication should emphasize the teaching of specific coping mechanisms to the patient and to all others who are involved.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Communication disorders in the 22Q11.2 microdeletion syndrome.

The 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome is a genetic disorder that is being recognized with increasing frequency. Confirmation of the diagnosis can be made using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Many medical and developmental problems are present in children with this syndrome. Communication disorders are among the most common features of this syndrome and include articulation, language, resonance, and voice problems. The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the communicative and developmental features in a sample of children with the 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome seen for evaluation. Because communication and feeding disorders may be presenting features of this syndrome, speech and language pathologists must be familiar with this syndrome and its various characteristics. Awareness of these features and a multidisciplinary approach are necessary for the identification and treatment of the complex communicative and medical problems present in this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Communication disorders following closed head injury: new approaches to assessment and rehabilitation.

In this paper communication disorders following closed head injury are described and various forms of language assessment techniques are reviewed. The usefulness of conventional, pragmatic and cognitive approaches is considered. A new cognitive-pragmatic approach is then advocated which is an amalgam of the last two approaches. From the examples given it is argued that such an approach is practical in terms of: 1) incorporating knowledge of co-existing cognitive deficits; and 2) focusing on normal everyday communication practices. It is also suggested that the use of a cognitive-pragmatic framework has potential in refining remediation and management strategies with the closed-head-injured population.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1997

Eradication of communicative disorders: preventive medicine in the 21st century.

Profound changes in our society occurring over the past few decades have resulted in a major shift in societal emphasis from labor to communication. The widespread use of personal computers has enhanced the importance of information-communication in daily life. People with communication disorders are at substantial risk of underemployment and lowered quality of life. Advances in medical science and hearing health care have placed us on the thresholds of being able to correct, rather than remediate, certain types of hearing loss. The finding that auditory hair cells of submammalian species regenerate has stimulated greatly the field of auditory research. A new lexicon is required to describe this emerging field. Methods exist to protect against hearing loss, repair affected structures prior to their degeneration, promote dedifferentiation-redifferentiation of undamaged structures into sensory cells, and, finally, promote regeneration of new sensory cells from precursor cells. Each of these processes has unique requirements, and all may be required to promote the restoration of hearing following damage or disease.

Cochlea↗
PubMed1982

The relationship of communication disorders to syndrome identification.

Though birth defects and malformation syndromes often result in serious communication disorders, there has been relatively little input towards the study and delineation of congenital anomalies from speech and hearing sciences. By identifying a particular congenital malformation syndrome, the clinician is able to understand the possible symptoms which may be found in the syndrome, the progression and course of the syndrome, and its eventual prognosis. Understanding the full spectrum of possible symptoms may lead the clinician to search for anomalies which may not be readily apparent on first examination. Knowing a syndrome's progression and course, the clinician can devise realistic treatment plans in terms of both content and timing. Finally, the ability to provide a prognosis allows the clinician to counsel parents and professionals about the expected effects of treatments as well as the course of development. A partial catalogue of speech and hearing disorders associated with over 100 syndromes is included.

Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMed1994

Building partnerships with parents of school-age children with communication disorders.

This article discusses the strategies for building partnerships with parents and for achieving collaboration among parents, teachers, and speech-language pathologists, all of whom are agents who will influence the process of the child's speech-language learning process. The changes in educational philosophy and related laws, and in the role of parents, are discussed. Common concerns of parents of children with communication disorders are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Expressive communication disorders in persons with multiple sclerosis: a survey.

The purpose of this study was to survey individuals with multiple sclerosis to determine (1) the presence and severity of their expressive communication disorders, (2) the extent expressive communication problems interfere with employment, and (3) the frequency of using communication augmentation equipment. An eight-page questionnaire was distributed to 656 persons diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis, who returned completed questionnaires. Twenty-three percent of the total sample reported the presence of "speech or other communication problems." Four percent of the total sample indicated that strangers were unable to understand them. Of this group 28.8% reported that they used communication augmentation equipment.

Adult↗