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PubMed1994

Most toxic and highly bioaccumulative PCB congeners in cod-liver oil of Baltic origin processed in Poland during the 1970s and 1980s, their TEQ-values and possible intake.

Five samples of cod-liver oil of Baltic origin, collected between 1971 and 1989, have been analysed for 15 selected polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners including the ten most toxic non-, mono-and di-ortho coplanar, IUPAC nos. 60, 77, 105, 118, 126, 138, 169 and 170 and another five highly bioaccumulative members (IUPAC nos. 28 + 32, 52, 101, 153 and 180). The method of measurement was capillary GC-MS. Cod-liver oils collected in 1971, 1975, 1980, 1985 and 1989 contained 3.0, 2.5, 6.7, 2.9 and 3.1 micrograms g-1 respectively, of selected PCBs (IUPAC nos. 28 + 32, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180). The concentration of total PCBs in these oils were 8.0, 6.7, 17, 8.0 and 9.5 micrograms g-1, respectively for the years 1971-89, which indicates both persistency and steady state of these pollutants in the Baltic Sea. These cod-liver oils also showed high concentrations of the ten most toxic coplanar PCBs; their TEQ-values (Safe, 1990) were between 900 and 2300 micrograms g-1. 2,3', 4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (IUPAC no. 118), 2,3,3', 4,4'-pentachlorobiphenyl (IUPAC no. 105) and 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (IUPAC no. 126) contributed most to the total TEQs of the ten coplanar members, occupying 47, 19 and 17%, respectively (totally 83%). A possible intake of these toxic PCBs from cod-liver oil by children or adults was estimated to be between 4.5 and 35 pg TEQ daily and for total PCBs between 34 and 260 micrograms daily.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Associations between cod liver oil use and symptoms of depression: the Hordaland Health Study.

BACKGROUND: Clinical trials suggest that omega-3 fatty acids improve the outcome of depression. This study aimed to evaluate the association between intake of cod liver oil, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, and high levels of symptoms of depression and anxiety in the general population. METHODS: We used data from the "The Hordaland Health Study '97-'99" (HUSK), a population based cross-sectional health survey from Norway including 21,835 subjects aged 40-49 and 70-74 years. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were measured by The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). We used logistic regression to study associations. RESULTS: Among the participants, 8.9% used cod liver oil daily. A total of 3.6% had high levels of depressive symptoms. The prevalence of such depressive symptoms among the subjects who used cod liver oil daily was 2.5%, as compared to 3.8% in the rest of the population. The users of cod liver oil were significantly less likely to have depressive symptoms than non-users after adjusting for multiple possible confounding factors (odds ratio=0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.52 to 0.97). These factors included age, gender, smoking habits, coffee consumption, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and education. In addition, we found that the prevalence of high levels of depressive symptoms decreased with increasing duration (0-12 months) of cod liver oil use (multivariate adjusted test for trend, P=0.04). We were only able to study this latter association in a subset of the population aged 40-46 years. LIMITATIONS: Data are cross sectional. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that regular use of cod liver oil is negatively associated with high levels of depressive symptoms in the general population.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Normalization by dietary cod-liver oil of reduced thrombogenesis in essential fatty acid deficient rats.

Rats, deficient in essential fatty acids (EFA), were given diets containing 5 energy% sunflowerseed oil (SO, rich in linoleic acid), cod-liver oil (CLO, rich in timnodonic acid and cervonic acid), or hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO), containing no EFAs at all. SO and CLO feeding resulted in normalization of the reduced arterial thrombus formation in EFA-deficient animals. SO feeding was associated with the normalization of the arachidonic acid content of platelet phospholipids. CLO feeding did not have this effect but greatly increased the availability of timnodonic acid (EPA) and cervonic acid (DHA). Further research is required to investigate whether these changes in fatty acid composition can be hold responsible for the normalizing effect of dietary CLO on the disturbed arterial thrombosis tendency in EFA deficient rats, possibly via the formation of eicosanoids.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Effects of the zinc oxide and cod liver oil containing ointment Zincojecol in an animal model of wound healing].

The effects of Zincojecol an ointment containing zinc oxide and cod liver oil on wound healing were compared with ointments that either contained no active ingredients or zinc oxide or cod liver oil alone. All formulations enhanced the epidermal proliferation after mechanical irritation of the tail skin. The combination of zinc oxide and cod liver oil was found to be superior to the vehicle control and formulations containing only one active ingredient. This combination was also found to be most efficient in accelerating wound healing being retarded by repeated dexamethasone treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, and pesticide organochlorine residues in cod-liver oil dietary supplements.

Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (alpha, beta, gamma), and chlorinated pesticides (DDTs) in cod-liver oil used as a dietary supplement were determined. Total PCB and DDT concentrations varied from 25 to 201 ng g(-1) lipid weight basis and from 25 to 133 ng g(-1) lipid weight basis, respectively. Hexachlorobenzene contributed very little to the overall contaminant burden of dietary supplement oils, whereas hexachlorocyclohexane isomers were below the instrumental detection limits in all samples. The daily intake of PCBs and DDTs derived by the consumption of cod-liver oil at manufacturer-recommended doses varied from 0.004 to 2.01 microg/day and from 0.004 to 1.24 microg/day, respectively. Relative to some dioxin-like PCB congeners (mono-ortho PCB 105, 118, and 156; non-ortho PCB 77, 126, and 169), the intakes calculated varied from less than 0.001 to 0.74 pg of toxic equivalency values (TEQ) per kg of body weight per day. These values, although below the range of 1 to 4 pg of TEQ per kg of body weight per day set by the World Health Organization, emphasize the need for strict and continuous monitoring of fish oil contamination to reduce, as much as possible, the risks to human health.

Cod Liver Oil↗
PubMed1992

Efficacy of cod liver oil as an adjunct to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment in the management of osteoarthritis in general practice.

A double blind, placebo controlled trial was carried out to assess the efficacy of cod liver oil as an adjunct treatment to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the management of osteoarthritis in general practice. Eighty six patients were given 10 ml of either cod liver oil or olive oil placebo daily as a supplement to their regular NSAID treatment for 24 weeks. Patients were assessed by their general practitioner at four week intervals for joint pain/inflammation, overall interference with activities, and unwanted effects of treatment. Patients recorded on visual analogue scales their daily pain and the extent to which arthritis interfered with everyday activities. There was no significant benefit for the patients taking cod liver oil compared with those taking placebo.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Cod liver oil alters platelet-arterial wall response to injury in pigs.

In 36 normolipemic pigs randomized to a 4-week feeding with regular pig chow (n = 18, control group) or chow supplemented with cod liver oil (1 ml/kg per day) (n = 18, treated group), treatment with cod liver oil produced a significant decrease in serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Deep carotid arterial wall injury (media exposed) by balloon angioplasty was associated with less 111In-labeled platelet deposition (24.6 +/- 4.8 x 10(6)/cm2 versus 62.5 +/- 17.0 x 10(6)/cm2, p less than 0.05; difference, -33.8 x 10(6)/cm2; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.9 x 10(6)/cm2 to -73.9 x 10(6)/cm2) and injury-related vasoconstriction (21.3 +/- 2.2% versus 30.9 +/- 2.9%, p less than 0.05; difference, -9.6%; 95% CI, -2.2% to -17.0%) in the cod liver oil-treated group than in the control group; with mild injury (media not exposed), platelet deposition was low and unchanged (6.2 +/- 0.5 x 10(6)/cm2 versus 7.8 +/- 0.7 x 10(6)/cm2; difference, -1.6 x 10(6)/cm2; 95% CI, -1.1 x 10(6)/cm2 to +4.3 x 10(6)/cm2), but associated vasoconstriction was reduced respectively (16.3 +/- 2.0% versus 23.0 +/- 2.2%, p less than 0.05; difference, -6.7%; 95% CI, -0.6% to -12.8%). When arterial blood from cod liver oil-treated pigs superfused normal aortic media ex vivo, platelet deposition onto the normal aortic media was lower than when arterial blood from control pigs superfused the normal aortic media (43.7 +/- 8.8 x 10(6)/cm2 versus 66.8 +/- 13.0 x 10(6)/cm2, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Angioplasty, Balloon↗
PubMed2001

A long-term seal- and cod-liver-oil supplementation in hypercholesterolemic subjects.

In this long-term study, we wanted to explore the effect of dietary supplementation of seal oil (SO) as compared cod-liver oil (CLO) on subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia. The test parameters included fatty acid composition in serum, blood lipids, platelet aggregation, and the activity of blood monocytes. After a run-in period of 6 mon, 120 clinically healthy hypercholesterolemic (7.0-9.5 mmol/L; 270-366 mg/dL) subjects were randomly selected to consume either 15 mL of SO or CLO daily for 14 mon followed by a 4-mon wash-out period. A third group was not given any dietary supplement (control). Consumption of marine oils (SO and CLO) changed the fatty acid composition of serum significantly. Maximal levels were achieved after 10 mon. No further changes were seen after 14 mon. A wash-out period of 4 mon hardly altered the level of n-3 fatty acids in serum. Addition of SO gave 30% higher level of eicosapentaenoic acid, as compared to CLO. Subjects taking SO or CLO had lower whole-blood platelet aggregation than the control group. Neither SO nor CLO had any effects on the levels of serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, postprandial triacylglycerol, apolipoproteins Al and B100, lipoprotein (a), monocyte function expressed as monocyte-derived tissue factor expression, and tumor necrosis factor.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Comparison of cod-liver oil and aspirin-dipyridamole for the prevention of intimal hyperplasia in autologous vein grafts.

The combination of aspirin and dipyridamole is currently used to prevent intimal hyperplasia and to improve long-term vein graft patency following myocardial revascularization. Preliminary studies indicate that cod-liver oil, rich in eicosapentaenoic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid, may also be effective in the prevention of intimal hyperplasia. Twenty-four mongrel dogs were used to compare the effectiveness of aspirin-dipyridamole and cod-liver oil on vein graft intimal hyperplasia following arterial bypass. Forty-eight segments of undistended autologous external jugular vein were interposed between bilaterally divided femoral arteries. All animals received a 2% cholesterol diet for 1 week before and 6 weeks after operation. Eight controls received the diet alone. Eight other animals received dipyridamole (2.5 mg per kilogram of body weight) two days before operation and dipyridamole (2.5 mg/kg) and aspirin (30 mg/kg) daily for 6 weeks after operation. Another 8 animals received cod-liver oil containing 1.8 gm of eicosapentaenoic acid daily 1 week before and for 6 weeks following operation. Serum cholesterol increased similarly in all groups; it rose from 4.5 +/- 0.2 mm/L to 8.3 +/- 0.8 mm/L in the controls, to 7.2 +/- 0.5 mm/L in the aspirin-dipyridamole group, and to 7.1 +/- 0.5 mm/L in the cod-liver oil group (p less than 0.01). Prothrombin time, partial thromoboplastin time, total platelet counts, and bleeding times were unchanged. Intimal hyperplasia was measured at 6 weeks with a Zeiss computerized microscope; 376 +/- 25 measurements were made from each graft. The intima increased from 4.5 +/- 0.2 to 83 +/- 10 micron in the control dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of cod liver oil on symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.

In this pilot study, 43 patients with rheumatoid arthritis ingested 1 g of cod liver oil (one capsule) daily for 3 months. Decreases occurred in morning stiffness (52.4%; P<10(-3)), painful (42.7%) and swollen (40%) joints (P= 10(-3) each), and pain intensity (67.5%). Ratings of "good" or "very good" were awarded by 68% of the patients for efficacy and by 95% for tolerability. Eleven patients reported nonsevere adverse effects that in 3 cases may have been related to the study preparation. Cod liver oil can be recommended for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The effect of cod liver oil in two populations with low and high intake of dietary fish.

Two subgroups of healthy males from an inland and a coastal community in Norway with a traditionally low and high consumption of dietary fish were given a dietary supplement of 20 ml cod liver oil rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for 3 weeks. Cod liver oil induced an increase in serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in men from the inland. Both groups showed a prolonged primary bleeding time, whereas platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 production induced by collagen were mainly unaffected. Platelet phospholipid fatty acids showed similar changes in both groups with a decrease in n-6 and an increase in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. No changes were observed in total cholesterol or platelet phospholipid content. This study shows that dietary supplement with cod liver oil induces changes in serum lipids and platelets that may reduce the tendency to thrombosis both in subjects with a low and in those with a high intake of dietary fish. The effects were more pronounced in the subjects with a traditionally low fish consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Qinghaosu, dietary vitamin E, selenium, and cod-liver oil: effect on the susceptibility of mice to the malarial parasite Plasmodium yoelii.

Young female mice were fed torula-yeast-based diets deficient in vitamin E or selenium or supplemented with cod-liver oil to determine the effect of host antioxidant status on the therapeutic efficacy of the Chinese traditional antimalarial drug qinghaosu (QHS), a sesquiterpene endoperoxide. Vitamin E deficiency enhanced the antimalarial action of QHS against Plasmodium yoelii, both in terms of decreased parasitemia and improved survival but Se deficiency did not. A vitamin E-deficient diet containing 5% cod-liver oil had such strong antimalarial activity in itself that no additional therapeutic benefit of QHS could be demonstrated. Hematocrit values in parasitized mice treated with QHS or fed the cod-liver-oil-supplemented, vitamin E-deficient diet were normal. Nutritional manipulation of host antioxidant status may provide a promising prophylactic and/or therapeutic tool for the control of malaria.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effect of cod liver oil supplementation on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, lipase activity and platelet aggregation in normotensive and hypertensive volunteers.

No significant change in plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, phospholipids, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), lipase activity and TC/HDL-C ratio could be observed in both normotensive and hypertensive individuals after cod liver oil supplementation. Measure of platelet aggregation rates did not also show any significant change after cod liver oil ingestion in both normotensive and hypertensive individuals. The results suggest that supplementation of normal diets with 600 mg cod liver oil per day for 50 days neither affects plasma lipids, lipoproteins and lipase activity nor affects platelet aggregation in both normotensive and hypertensive individuals.

Adult↗