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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Influence of an acidic beverage (Coca-Cola) on the absorption of itraconazole.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of Coca-Cola in enhancing the absorption of itraconazole. METHODS: Eight healthy volunteers were randomized to receive two treatment sequences in a two-way crossover design with a 1-week wash-out period separating each study treatment. Treatment 1, the control, consisted of 100 mg itraconazole with 325 ml water. Treatment II was identical to treatment I, except that itraconazole was administered with 325 ml of Coca-Cola (pH 2.5). RESULTS: Serum itraconazole concentrations, after administration with Coca-Cola (treatment II), were higher than after administration with water (treatment I). The mean AUC was 1.12 vs 2.02 micrograms.h.m1-1, the mean Cmax was 0.14 vs 0.31 micrograms.m1-1 and the mean tmax was 2.56 vs 3.38 h in treatments I and II, respectively. CONCLUSION: The absorption of itraconazole can be enhanced by Coca-Cola.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The effect of Coca-Cola and fruit juices on the surface hardness of glass-ionomers and 'compomers'.

The interaction of tooth-coloured dental restorative materials (a conventional glass-ionomer, two resin-modified glass-ionomers and two compomers) with acidic beverages has been studied with the aim of investigating how long-term contact affects solution pH and specimen surface hardness. For each material (ChemFil Superior, ChemFlex, Vitremer Core Build-Up/Restorative, Fuji II LC, Dyract AP and F2000) disc-shaped specimens were prepared and stored in sets of six in the following storage media: 0.9% NaCl (control), Coca-Cola, apple juice and orange juice. After time intervals of 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 4 months, 6 months and 1 year, solution pH and Vickers Hardness Number were determined for each individual specimen. Differences were analysed by anova followed by Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc analysis. All materials were found to reduce the pH of the 0.9% NaCl, but to increase the pH of the acidic beverages. The conventional glass-ionomers dissolved completely in apple juice and orange juice, but survived in Coca-Cola, albeit with a significantly reduced hardness after 1 year. The other materials survived in apple juice and orange juice, but showed greater reductions in surface hardness in these beverages than in Coca-Cola. Fruit juices were thus shown to pose a greater erosive threat to tooth coloured materials than Coca-Cola, a finding which is similar to those concerning dentine and enamel towards these drinks.

Beverages↗
PubMed1979

Cocaine in blood of coca chewers.

Coca leaves (Erythroxylum coca Lamarck) and powder (5 - 10 g) were taken orally by human subjects in the same way as South American natives do. The cocaine, as measured by mass fragmentography, was immediately detected in the blood, reached peak concentrations from 10 - 150 ng/ml plasma at 0.38 - 1.95 hours, and persisted in the plasma for more than 7 hours. Half-lives of the elimination of cocaine were calculated and ranged from 1.0 to 1.9 hours. The absorption half-lives ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 hours. The shape of the curves fits with the subjective effects reported. There is no reason to believe that the stimulating effect achieved by the use of either coca leaves or powder is not due to cocaine.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

International traffic in coca through the early 20th century.

This paper compiles records of coca exported by the major producing sites, Peru, Bolivia, Java and Formosa, from the late 19th century through the first third of the 20th century. During most of this era coca was legally produced and responsive to market demands. World coca exports did not peak [corrected] until around 1920, followed by a steady decline over the next decade. This export pattern (if not the exact figures) suggests a period of rising cocaine consumption, peaking regionally first in North America, then in Europe and other parts of the world, followed [corrected] by a marked decrease in the drug's popularity and acceptance.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1979

Coca pests and pesticides.

The major pests of coca are listed and discussed along with methods used to control them in the past and present. Results of analyses for pesticide residues in samples of commercial Peruvian coca leaves are presented. Levels of pesticides found in these samples are too low to be considered a medical risk to coca chewers.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Epidemiology of coca derivatives use in the Andean region: a tale of five countries.

The countries of the Andean Region (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela) have recently reported findings from drug use surveys. An integrated comparison of their results and the results from other countries is presented. A total of 24,108 people were surveyed. Lifetime prevalence of cocaine or coca paste use was between 0.8 and 3.0%. The highest prevalence of coca paste or cocaine use was found among individuals who were middle-age, middle-class, males, people who finished high school, those who had high income, and urban dwellers. The most frequent age of first use was 15 to 24 years. The study shows that coca and derivatives use is a public health problem that is affecting a productive segment of the population of this region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Iconography of the coca plant].

We can distinguish four periods in the iconography of the cocaplant, namely the prehispanic period in South-America, the early period in Europe, from 1749 until 1860, the period of confusion (1860-1906) and finally the period of modern iconography. The iconography of the cocaplant before the arrival of the Spanish invaders was limited to the drawing of cocaleaves. In Europe, the first people who showed any interest for the cocaplant were the botanists. In the second half of the XVIIIth century, the botanists made especially good drawings of Erythroxylum coca. From the second half of the XIXth century, the industry became interested in coca and, consequently, a very intensive research arose, coming from several directions. This led to the discovery of new species, at that time often described by non botanists. This resulted in discussions and in serious confusion as to the nomenclature. Excellent pictures were however produced in this period. During the XXth century fundamental botanical research resulted in the final classification of the different coca species. The quality of the pictures was however not better.

Botany↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Further experience with the syndromes produced by coca paste smoking.

Cocaine base or white coca paste was smoked heavily by 188 patients who came to four hospitals of Lima, Peru. The length of hospitalization varied from two days to six months. All patients were admitted because coca paste smoking had become a serious problem for their health or for social adjustment. Coca paste was smoked mixed with tobacco or marihuana. The main symptoms were anxiety mingled with euphoria and a rapidly developing compulsion to continue smoking. Frequently the patients developed irritability, illusions, hallucinations. When the use of the drug was heavy and continued for many hours or several days, the patients developed successively four stages of psychological reaction: euphoria, dysphoria, hallucinosis, and acute paranoid psychosis. The main symptoms and signs of all of these phases are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Constituents in Erythroxylum coca I: gas chromatographic analysis of cocaine from three locations in Peru.

A method for the determination of cocaine content in coca leaves (Erythroxylum coca) has been developed. The procedure involves refluxing the powdered leaves in 95% ethanol for 15 minutes, followed by acid-base partitioning with chloroform and a GLC assay. The recovery of cocaine was quantitative. This procedure was applied to determine cocaine content in three samples of Erythroxylum coca Lam. collected from different geographic locations in Peru. Using androst-4-ene-3,17-dione as the internal standard the calibration curve was linear over a factor of 0.5 to 10 fold cocaine concentration relative to internal standard. The slope (b) was 0.733, the coefficient of determination (r2) was 1.00 and the average precision was 3.9%.

Chloroform↗
PubMed1965

Coca leaf and cocaine addiction--some historical notes.

Coca-leaf habituation has affected millions of Andean natives for over 400 years. In the last half-century it has also involved millions more Malayans. Coca leaf, from which cocaine and extracts for some commercial carbonated soft drinks are obtained, remains relatively unknown by the medical and allied professions elsewhere. A review of the original medical, historical and other pertinent literature of the last 350 years illustrates the origins of the use of coca leaf, its spread, the isolation of cocaine and its first uses, as well as some of the euphoric and other effects of both substances.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2002

Belgian coca-cola-related outbreak: intoxication, mass sociogenic illness, or both?

An epidemic of health complaints occurred in five Belgian schools in June 1999. A qualitative investigation described the scenario. The role of soft drinks was assessed by using a case-control study. Cases were students complaining of headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or trembling. Controls were students present at school on the day of the outbreak but not taken ill. An analysis was performed separately for school A, where the outbreak started, and was pooled for schools B-E. In school A, the attack rate (13.2%) was higher than in schools B-E (3.6%, relative risk = 3.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.5, 5.3). Exclusive consumption of regular Coca-Cola (school A: odds ratio (OR) = 29.7, 95% CI: 1.32, 663.6; schools B-E: OR = 7.3, 95% CI: 2.9, 18.0) and low mental health score (school A: OR = 16.1, 95% CI: 1.3, 201.9; schools B-E: OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.5, 6.6) were independently associated with the illness. In schools B-E, consumption of Fanta, consumption of Coca-Cola light, and female gender were also associated with the illness. It seems reasonable to attribute the first cases of illness in school A to regular Coca-Cola consumption. However, mass sociogenic illness could explain the majority of the other cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Effects of an acidic beverage (Coca-Cola) on absorption of ketoconazole.

Absorption of ketoconazole is impaired in patients with achlorhydria. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a palatable acidic beverage (Coca-Cola Classic, pH 2.5) in improving the absorption of ketoconazole in the presence of drug-induced achlorhydria. A prospective, randomized, three-way crossover design with a 1-week wash-out period between each treatment was employed. Nine healthy nonsmoking, nonobese volunteers between 22 and 41 years old were studied. Each subject was randomized to receive three treatments: (A) ketoconazole 200-mg tablet with water (control), (B) omeprazole (60 mg) followed by ketoconazole (200 mg) taken with water, and (C) omeprazole (60 mg) followed by ketoconazole (200 mg) taken with 240 ml of Coca-Cola Classic. The pH values of gastric aspirates were checked after omeprazole was administered to confirm attainment of a pH of > 6. Multiple serum samples were obtained for measurements of ketoconazole concentrations by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The mean area under the ketoconazole concentration-time curve from zero to infinity for the control treatment (17.9 +/- 13.1 mg.h/liter) was significantly greater than that for treatment B (3.5 +/- 5.1 mg.h/liter; 16.6% +/- 15.0% of control). The mean peak concentration was highest for the control treatment (4.1 +/- 1.9 micrograms/ml), for which the mean peak concentration showed a significant increase over that for treatment B. The absorption of ketoconazole was reduced in the presence of omeprazole-induced achlorhydria. However, drug absorption was significantly increased, to approximately 65% of the mean for the control treatment, when the drug was taken with an acidic beverage, such as Coca-Cola.

Achlorhydria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the Coca-Cola company travel health kit.

BACKGROUND: The Coca-Cola travel health kit has been used for about one decade for international travelers and required evaluation to see if the items contained were appropriate for the employees. METHODS: Two hundred thirty-four travelers were sampled and filled out a voluntary survey including questions about demographic information, travel history, and usage and value of the contents of the travel health kit. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-one surveys were returned; 65% of the respondents were male, and the majority of travelers were between the ages of 36 and 45 years. The most useful items were analgesics and medications used for gastrointestinal problems. In general, the items identified as being the least useful were those requiring specialized use by a medical practitioner, such as needles and syringes. Suggestions of items to be added to the kit included vitamins, cough drops, sleep aids, and eye drops. A surprising result that Coca-Cola employees expressed the desire for brand name rather than generic items. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of the Coca-Cola Company travel health kit revealed it to be very useful to most corporate travelers. Suggestions that were made will be taken into consideration in designing a new kit, and consideration is being given to whether a basic travel health kit should be provided to which travelers can add other items depending on their personal needs.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Two cases of phytobezoars treated by adminsitration of Coca-Cola by oral route].

Bezoars are concretions of foreign bodies found in the gastrointestinal tract. In the past, most common method for the treatment of bezoar was surgical management. However, the current treatment methods include chemical dissolution and endoscopic mechanical lithotripsy. There were few reports on the treatment of phytobezoars by nasogastric Cola lavage. However, there was no report succeeded by oral route alone. In our two cases, phytobezoars were treated by oral administration of Coca-Cola. Our patients drank 700-800 mL of Coca-Cola daily, and after two months, complete dissolutions of bezoars were achieved. We report two cases of phytobezoars completely treated by drinking Coca-Cola.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

The use of Coca-Cola in the management of bolus obstruction in benign oesophageal stricture.

Oesophageal stricture is a complication of oesophageal reflux and may itself be complicated by bolus obstruction. We reviewed the records of patients presenting with dysphagia and who were found to have benign oesophageal strictures. We studied the outcome of bolus obstruction in 13 episodes affecting eight patients. In six episodes Coca-Cola was administered on the day before endoscopy, and in all these patients the bolus had cleared. In seven episodes nothing was administered before endoscopy, and in all seven a bolus was evident at endoscopy. In five of these seven the bolus was removed piecemeal and in each of these instances the endoscope had to be passed between two and five times. In the remaining two instances the procedure was abandoned and the patients returned to the ward for the administration of Coca-Cola. At subsequent endoscopy these patients were found to be clear of any bolus. These results suggest that the administration of Coca-Cola (or other aerated drinks) may clear a bolus in the acutely obstructed oesophagus.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Dental effects of diet and coca-leaf chewing on two prehistoric cultures of northern Chile.

Two ancient cultures of northern Chile, the Chinchorro (9000-3500 BP) and the Maitas Chiribaya (850-700 BP) were examined for dental pathology in search of possible correlations between dental health, diet, and the cultural practice of coca-leaf chewing. The Chinchorro occupied the river mouth of the Azapa valley, subsisting almost exclusively on a maritime economy. The Maitas Chiribaya, descendants of migrant highlanders, had a rather well-developed agricultural subsistence base. The Chinchorro demonstrated extreme attrition rates and a correspondingly high frequency of periapical abscesses. They were essentially caries-free and enjoyed a moderate antemortem tooth loss frequency. The Maitas Chiribaya suffered light attrition; a high caries frequency, especially at the cementoenamel junction of crown and root, and a remarkably high antemortem tooth loss frequency. The cultural practice of coca-leaf chewing is implicated in the excessive posterior edentulism of the Maitas Chiribaya.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Focused microwave-assisted extraction of cocaine and benzoylecgonine from coca leaves.

Extraction of cocaine and benzoylecgonine from coca leaves was performed by focused microwave-assisted extraction (FMAE). Cocaine extraction was optimised with respect to the nature of the extracting solvent, the particle size distribution, the moisture of the sample, the applied microwave power and the radiation time. A central composite design was used to optimise the two latter parameters and to assess the robustness of the extraction method around the best conditions. FMAE generated extracts similar to those obtained by conventional solid-liquid extraction but in a more efficient manner, i.e. 30 s were sufficient to extract cocaine quantitatively from leaves. Analyses of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in coca leaves was carried out by capillary GC-FID and GC-MS for peak identification, as well as by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection.

Chemistry Techniques, Analytical↗
PubMed2005

Focused microwave-assisted extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the selective analysis of cocaine from coca leaves.

An effective combination of focused microwave-assisted extraction (FMAE) with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) prior to gas chromatography (GC) is described for the selective extraction and quantitative analysis of cocaine from coca leaves (Erythroxylum coca). This approach required switching from an organic extraction solvent to an aqueous medium more compatible with SPME liquid sampling. SPME was performed in the direct immersion mode with a universal 100 microm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated fibre. Parameters influencing this extraction step, such as solution pH, sampling time and temperature are discussed. Furthermore, the overall extraction process takes into account the stability of cocaine in alkaline aqueous solutions at different temperatures. Cocaine degradation rate was determined by capillary electrophoresis using the short end injection procedure. In the selected extraction conditions, less than 5% of cocaine was degraded after 60 min. From a qualitative point of view, a significant gain in selectivity was obtained with the incorporation of SPME in the extraction procedure. As a consequence of SPME clean-up, shorter columns could be used and analysis time was reduced to 6 min compared to 35 min with conventional GC. Quantitative results led to a cocaine content of 0.70 +/- 0.04% in dry leaves (RSD <5%) which agreed with previous investigations.

Chemical Fractionation↗