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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Suicide and female aggression: a contemporary analysis of anomic suicide.

Much has been said about the combined efforts of civil disorder and the emergence of the Women's Right Movement during the mid 1960s-early 1970s, suggesting that perhaps now females would rebel against their traditional subordinate/passive role and aspire to more assertive positions within society. Since social disruption and anomic suicide are closely associated, the authors looked at the relationship between suicide and female assertiveness (aggressive suicides). While male/female suicide rates remained proportional over time, female victims, during this period, did manifest a greater degree of aggression than in the past.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Urbanization and de-urbanization of the black population before the Civil War.

Pre-Civil War black urbanization is examined using data from federal census records, 1790 to 1860. The black population is found to be as urban as the white population initially, but its urbanization underwent relative decline in the last two decades before the Civil War. Foreshadowing current patterns, the northern black population was heavily concentrated in the largest cities, and the free black population was the most urban of all groups. The timing of black urban decline in the North, as well as regional and size of place differences in that decline, suggest that both competition with immigrants in major eastern seaboard cities and the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850 contributed to black de-urbanization. For the South, the explanations of black urban decline proposed by Wade, Conrad and Meyer, Goldin, and Bonacich are evaluated, and Bonacich's split labor market theory is judged to be most consistent with the demographic trends.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mortality in young adults: international comparisons].

In searching for an epidemiological indicator which might reflect the impact of the widespread use of various drugs among California youth in the late 1960s, the customary sources of health statistics were found to be unsatisfactory due to the lack of consensus on diagnosis of drug related problems. Examination of mortality of young adults (persons aged 15-24, YAM) showed marked and paradoxical rises when drug use was rising. Males and Blacks had higher rates than females and Whites; motor vehicle accidents were the largest single overall cause. But the rise, both in California and the US was proportionally greater among women and motor vehicle accidents did not contribute to the rise. Examination of rates during mid-1970s for various countries showed that for countries with per capita income less than about $3,000 per year, YAM due to diseases was very closely correlated with per capita income. Above that external cause, YAM and particularly that due to motor vehicle accidents, increased with per capita income. The increase was steeper in some countries than in others. The difference in these two groups of countries was correlated with fraction of national income spent on education and with ethnic homogeneity. In the US fluctuations in YAM paralleled admissions for heroin use. As part of the Epidemiological Revolution, young adult mortality complements infant mortality, since it is closely related to social health, employment opportunities and appropriateness of education. Further, it is important for the potential development of a country, region, or community. This report examines YAM data for mid-1980s from selected countries and notes major changes during the past decade, most countries having shown striking decreases. In some countries high rates of suicide, homicide and death due to civil disorders provide an incentive for further improvement. In other countries, the high rates for death attributed to motor vehicle crashes compels attention. Involvement of young persons themselves in plans for improvement of their opportunities seems an essential strategy, for which the educational strategies suggested by Freire seem to be appropriate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The effects of political violence on Palestinian children's behavior problems: a risk accumulation model.

Interviews with 150 Palestinian mothers and their children living amidst the Intifada in the West Bank were conducted to assess exposure to political violence and family negativity as risk factors associated with behavioral problems as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. The number of risks present in the child's life was significantly correlated with the number of behavioral problems the child exhibited (R = .53, p < .001). The analysis further examined the role of gender, age, and community context in moderating the impact of high levels of accumulated risk on children's behavioral problems. Under conditions of high accumulated risk, boys evidenced more problems than girls, and younger children exhibited more problems than older children. Community context (as indicated by a high or low level of political violence) was a significant factor for girls but not for boys.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The behavior of mentally disordered criminals in civil mental hospitals.

Because of changes in Ohio mental health legislation in 1978, mentally disordered criminal offenders can now be turned over to the civil probate court for civil commitment procedures. In part because many officials in the civil hospital system fear the admission of dangerous criminals into their hospitals, the authors conducted a statewide research project to compare civil and criminal patients on demographic, diagnostic, and behavioral variables. There were no differences between the two groups on some indices of dangerousness, but on other variables the two groups differed. Sometimes it was not the forensic but the civil patients who appeared more threatening. In all, the forensic patients did not constitute a unique class of patients who are clearly and categorically more dangerous than civil patients. The findings suggest a more open-door policy toward forensic clients in the civil mental health system.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Social class and minor psychiatric disorder in British Civil Servants: a validated screening survey using the General Health Questionnaire.

Major psychiatric disorder is more common in people of lower rather than higher socioeconomic status. This is less clear for the commoner, so-called minor psychiatric disorders, but these are more affected by tendency to report symptoms. To examine this the distribution of minor psychiatric disorder by employment grade measured by the 30-item General Health Questionnaire is reported from the first cross-sectional phase of the Whitehall II Study of 10,314 London-based civil servants, men and women between 35 and 55 years. Validation of the GHQ in a random subsample stratified by grade and sex (N = 201) suggested that people in lower employment grades tend to under-report minor psychiatric disorder on the GHQ relative to those in higher employment grades. The prevalence of minor psychiatric disorder corrected by the coefficients from the validity study was greater in the lower employment grades than the higher employment grades particularly for men. This was echoed in grade differences in well-being measured by the Affect Balance Scale, and in symptoms and recurrent health problems. Overall, for women there were few clear-cut differences in minor psychiatric disorder by employment grade. The lack of social class gradient in women suggests that further exploration should examine women's role at work and their personal lives for the aetiology of minor psychiatric disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Medico-legal aspects of sleep disorders: sleepiness and civil liability.

Excessive sleepiness is associated with motor vehicle accidents and is responsible for enormous social and financial loss. The specific legal obligations for an individual with a sleep disorder, their employer and those health care practitioners associated with that individual are reviewed. Although there are related implications within the criminal law and in particular criminal negligence, the arguments developed in this paper will be largely confined to the context of the civil liability. The legal concepts of foreseeability and proximity are discussed in the context of sleep-related accidents. The reasoning of a recent Australian High Court judgement is discussed in view of the differences in legal and medical opinion on the extent of foreseeability of accidents as a result of sleepiness. Many countries have legislation designed to protect employees from injury at work and to protect the general public from injury. What is not clear is the extent to which an employer will be required to accept liability for an employee's sleepiness and the duty to monitor the health of their employees. Factors which influence this liability include: the extent to which the implications of the condition is known and understood generally; the extent to which the condition is suspected or identified in an individual employee; the extent of a proper screening and treatment program and the way in which risk management programs have been implemented. Although the issue of sleepiness and civil liability is examined from an Australian legal context, the principles have direct relevance to other legal systems. The authors highlight the degree of uncertainty provided by the common law and statutory provisions, and that decisions rest on the balance of public interests, which mean that many of the current dilemmas facing practitioners may only be solved in the courts.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Exposure to violence, coping resources, and psychological adjustment of South African children.

The effects of exposure to direct and vicarious political, family, and community violence on the adjustment of 625 six-year-old black South African children was examined. Ambient community violence was most consistently related to children's psychosocial outcomes. Resources in the form of individual child resilience, maternal coping, and positive family relationships were found to mitigate the adverse impact in all the assessed domains of children's functioning.

Adaptation, Psychological↗