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PubMed1988

Effects of naltrexone, and d-amphetamine, and their interaction on the stimulus control of choice behavior of rats.

The hypothesis that endogenous opioid peptides modulate attentional processes was tested. The effects of the opioid antagonist naltrexone (NALT), d-amphetamine (AMP), and their interaction were investigated in rats trained in a two-choice task in which the position of a short-duration light served as a cue for food-reinforced responses. NALT (0.25, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg) produced no significant changes in performance (accuracy, choice latency, and food retrieval time). As predicted, AMP induced dose-dependent biphasic effects. Low doses of AMP (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) significantly enhanced accuracy, decreased choice latency, and lengthened food retrieval time; 1.25 mg/kg AMP disrupted accuracy, increased choice latency, and further lengthened food retrieval time. The combination of NALT (0.25, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/kg) and subthreshold doses of AMP (0.07 and 0.1 mg/kg) had no effect on performance except for an increase in food retrieval time with 10.0 mg/kg NALT, whereas the combination of NALT and moderate doses of AMP (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) disrupted accuracy, increased choice latencies, and lengthened food retrieval time. These results do not support the hypothesis that endogenous opioid peptides play a vital role in attentional processes or that opioid antagonists may be useful in the treatment of attentional deficit disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Choice behavior in rhesus monkeys: cocaine versus food.

Rhesus monkeys were allowed to choose between intravenous injections of cocaine and food reinforcement for lever pressing. A choice trial was available every 15 minutes continuously for 8 days. The animals chose cocaine almost exclusively, which resulted in high cocaine intake, decreased food intake, weight loss, and marked behavioral toxicity. The study provides evidence of the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The neuronal basis of the behavioral choice between swimming and shortening in the leech: control is not selectively exercised at higher circuit levels.

Swimming and the whole-body shortening reflex are two incompatible behaviors performed by the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis. We set out to examine the neuronal basis of the choice between these behaviors, taking advantage of the fact that the neuronal circuit underlying swimming is relatively well understood. The leech swim circuit is organized hierarchically and contains three interneuronal levels, including two upper levels of "command-like" neurons. We tested the responses of the swim circuit neurons to stimuli that produced shortening, using reduced preparations in which neurophysiological recording could be performed while behaviors were elicited. We found that the majority of the swim circuit neurons, including most of the command-like cells and all of the cells at the highest hierarchical level of the circuit, were excited by stimuli that produced shortening as well as by stimuli that produced swimming. Only a subset of neurons, at levels below the top, were inhibited during shortening; these included one of the command-like cells and an oscillator cell (an interneuron that is part of the central pattern generator for swimming). These results imply that the control of the choice between swimming and shortening is not exercised selectively at the higher levels of the swim circuit.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1988

Interaction of memories and expectancies as mediators of choice behavior.

The interaction of food-based memories and food-event outcome expectancies in pigeons was assessed using a simultaneous, delayed-symbolic-matching-to-sample procedure. The components of the compound sample were presented in sequence, and consisted of a food-based event (food or no-food) followed by a color cue (red or green). Choice of a pattern of horizontal lines was "correct" following presentation of the red cue, while choice of a vertical line pattern was "correct" after green. In all but a control condition, the food-based event with which a trial began, or the food-event outcome with which a trial concluded, or both, were also correlated with the correct pattern. Of particular interest was the relative accuracy of two groups for whom both memories and expectancies were correlated with the correct choice-pattern. For one group, the memories and expectancies corresponding to the pre- and postchoice food-related events were similar, whereas for the other they were dissimilar. Outcome expectancies supported a higher level of performance than food-based memories, and subjects with both outcome expectancies and food-based memories chose more accurately than those with memories or expectancies only. In addition, subjects with dissimilar food-based memories and outcome expectancies chose more accurately than those with similar memories and expectancies. The implications of the above findings for the nature of event representation in pigeons are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Methylphenidate affects strategic choice behavior in normal adult humans.

The time course of serum concentration and performance on a concurrent probability matching task were evaluated in normal adults receiving 0.15 or 0.3 mg/kg of methylphenidate. The behavioral task, an arcade-like problem-solving game, revealed that drug-treated subjects improved their performance upon repeated testings during pharmacokinetic evaluation at a lower rate than did non-treated controls over the same time span. However, drug-treated subjects failed to adopt the adaptive problem-solving strategies selected by controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Radial maze type as a determinant of the choice behavior of rats.

Spatial memory of rats was examined in two types of radial mazes in which animals had to obtain food from 6-, 8-, or 12-different arms without repeating choices. In Maze 1 with tubular channels closed at the far end rats returned to the central platform by backing out from the just visited alley. In Maze 2 the tubular channels were equipped with one-way doors at both ends and the central platform was raised 5 cm above the floor. Rats leaving the far end of the alley returned to the central platform through a circular hole in its center. Performance was almost perfect in both apparatuses, but rats preferred to enter adjacent alleys in Maze 1 and widely separated alleys in Maze 2. These behaviors were significantly different from computer-simulated random choice from the set of correct solutions of the task. It is concluded that Maze 2 is better suited for repeated experiments with the same animal because the obligatory return to the center of the platform precludes the simplification of the task by response chaining.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Modeling choice behavior for new pharmaceutical products.

This paper presents a dynamic generalization of a model often used to aid marketing decisions relating to conventional products. The model uses stated-preference data in a random-utility framework to predict adoption rates for new pharmaceutical products. In addition, this paper employs a Markov model of patient learning in drug selection. While the simple learning rule presented here is only a rough approximation to reality, this model nevertheless systematically incorporates important features including learning and the influence of shifting preferences on market share. Despite its simplifications, the integrated framework of random-utility and product attribute updating presented here is capable of accommodating a variety of pharmaceutical marketing and development problems. This research demonstrates both the strengths of stated-preference market research and some of its shortcomings for pharmaceutical applications.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1994

[The influence of conspecific distress responses on the lever choice behavior in the rat].

We examined whether distress responses of rats would be a negative reinforcer or not. In Experiment 1, two rats were placed in adjacent compartments. One rat was reinforced by a food pellet for pressing either of two levers. One of the levers produced food while the other produced food plus electric shock (0.5-2.0 mA) to the other rat. All rats preferred the former lever. In addition, this tendency was more prominent in rats that had experienced shock previously than those without experience. In Experiment 2, one lever produced food while the other produced food plus auditory stimuli, a recorded distress scream (65 dB) or a pure tone (3 kHz, 65 dB). Rats that chose between food and food plus another rat's scream avoided being exposed to the scream. Rats that chose between food and food plus the pure tone chose the two levers equally. These results suggest that negative emotional responses of the conspecifics could be a negative reinforcer.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

Making trade-offs: a probabilistic and context-sensitive model of choice behavior.

The stochastic difference model assumes that decision makers trade normalized attribute value differences when making choices. The model is stochastic, with choice probabilities depending on the normalized difference variable, d, and a decision threshold, delta. The decision threshold indexes a person's sensitivity to attribute value differences and is a free estimated parameter of the model. Depending on the choice context, a person may be more or less sensitive to attribute value differences, and hence delta may be used to measure context effects. With proportional difference used as the normalization, the proportional difference model (PD) was tested with 9 data sets, including published data (e.g., J. L. Myers, M. M. Suydam, & B. Gambino, 1965; A. Tversky, 1969). The model accounted for individual and group data well and described violations of stochastic dominance, independence, and weak and strong stochastic transitivity.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1999

Cross-Cultural Differences in Choice Behavior and Use of Decision Aids: A Comparison of Japan and the United States.

A controlled laboratory study was conducted to investigate the effect of cultural differences on decision strategy. Participants from two cultures (Japan and the United States) completed multi-attribute preferential choice tasks with and without use of computerized decision aids. The results indicate that Japanese participants were less likely to invoke compensatory decision processes, which involve conflict-confronting assessment of trade-offs among attributes. This behavior is consistent with some cultural differences described in extant literature. The results call into question the generalizability across cultures of descriptive decision theories, which come largely from the West, and suggest the need for descriptive theories that incorporate cultural factors. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2026

A lipid-sensitive food choice behavior influences aging outcomes from a longevity-promoting diet.

Organisms utilize sophisticated neurocircuitry to select optimal food sources. Methylobacterium is a lifespan-promoting diet for C. elegans that drives faster development and longevity; however, after ingestion, C. elegans consistently choose any other food option available. A screen for genetic regulators of this avoidance behavior toward Methylobacterium identified the AWB/AWC sensory neurons and the odr-1 guanylate cyclase expressed in those four ciliated neurons as mediators of the aversive response. Metabolic profiling of the Methylobacterium diet reveals enrichment for saturated fats, and here, we show that C. elegans sense and integrate signals related to these ingested lipids that subsequently cue food-related behaviors. Moreover, disruption of endogenous lipid metabolism modifies the intensity of the avoidance from Methylobacterium, suggesting the current state of lipid homeostasis influences food preference. Taken together, our work reveals that C. elegans modify food choice contemporaneously based in part on the chemosensory capacity to detect and utilize dietary lipids, which has longevity-promoting consequences.

AWB↗
PubMed1994

Longitudinal tracking of adolescent smoking, physical activity, and food choice behaviors.

OBJECTIVES: A major assumption underlying youth health promotion has been that physiological risk factors track from childhood into adulthood. However, few studies have systematically examined how behaviors change during adolescence. This paper describes longitudinal tracking of adolescent health behaviors in two Minnesota Heart Health Program communities. METHODS: Beginning in sixth grade (1983), seven annual waves of behavioral measurements were taken from both communities (baseline n = 2376). Self-reported data included smoking behavior, physical activity, and food preferences. RESULTS: A progressive increase in the change to weekly smoking status was observed across the smoking status categories. As students began to experiment with smoking, they were more likely to either begin to be or remain regular smokers. Tracking of physical activity and food choice variables was also apparent. In nearly all the follow-up periods, the students identified at baseline as measuring high remained high, and those measuring low remained low. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that there is evidence of early consolidation and tracking of physical activity, food preference, and smoking behavior. The early consolidation of health behaviors implies that interventions should begin prior to sixth grade, before behavioral patterns are resistant to change. The smoking results suggest that students are experiencing difficulty quitting smoking; thus, youth smoking cessation interventions are warranted.

Adolescent↗