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PubMed2002

Chlamydia infection and subfertility.

In the majority of women chlamydia infections remain asymptomatic but they may increase the risk for tubal factor subfertility. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and its chronic sequelae are associated with chlamydial IgG antibody formation in serum, and a correlation between the height of antibody titres and the presence of tubal factor subfertility has been established. The predictive value of chlamydia antibody testing (CAT) is limited however. Several factors affecting sensitivity and specificity of CAT have been identified. Because it is assumed that the presence of chlamydial heat shock proteins (HSPs) may be indicative of chronic inflammation, chlamydial HSP60 antibody testing has been evaluated in its prediction of tubal factor subfertility.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1991

[Report of 4 cases of Chlamydia infection in the urogenital tract].

Four cases of Chlamydia infection of the urogenital tract were received-recently in our out-patient clinic for foreign patients. The 4 patients were two couples. Both male patients had histories of coitus with other partners: among these two, one had suffered gonorrhea and the other was suspected of having had gonorrhea. Urogenital tract symptoms or sustained abnormal urine analysis results are characteristic of this disease, but in females often no obvious symptoms present. Measurements with fluorescence-labeled Chlamydia trachomatis monoclonal antibody provided a simple and accurate method and was used in the diagnosis of this disease. All the 4 cases were cured by tetracycline. Finally, current epidemics, infectious features, diagnosis and treatment for this disease are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Cytokine-mediated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase induction in response to Chlamydia infection in human macrophage cultures.

The purpose of this study was to characterize further the events leading to the metabolic degradation of tryptophan in Chlamydia-infected cultures in the absence of added interferon (IFN). Macrophages on coverslips were infected with Chlamydia psittaci, and tryptophan decyclization was determined 24 h later by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Tryptophan metabolites cochromatographed with kynurenine and N-formylkynurenine, the end products of tryptophan decyclization by the IFN-inducible enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Although chloramphenicol pretreatment completely inhibited chlamydial replication, IDO was stimulated to an extent similar to that in untreated, infected cells. No IDO induction was observed in cells pretreated with cycloheximide even though chlamydial growth was slightly greater than in untreated cells. These results indicate that enhanced tryptophan decyclization was due to induction of IDO. IDO induction was dependent on the size of the chlamydial inoculum. Heat- or UV-inactivated chlamydiae induced significantly less IDO activity than viable chlamydiae. Culture supernatants from Chlamydia-infected macrophages induced IDO activity in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that a secreted product of infected cells was responsible for IDO induction. A combination of neutralizing antibodies to IFN-alpha and IFN-beta inhibited induction of IDO activity by infected cell culture supernatants. Furthermore, IL-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results indicated the accumulation of IL-1 beta in the culture medium. Thus, induction of IDO in Chlamydia-infected macrophages reflects the production of cytokines in response to infection and may represent a normal host cell response to control intracellular infection.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Is there a relation between Chlamydia infection and primary biliary cirrhosis?

Over the past two decades, a number of studies have failed to provide direct evidence of specific microbial chronic infection in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). However, a recent report suggests that there is a specific association of Chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with PBC and that C. pneumoniae or similar antigens might play a role in the pathogenesis of disease. To determine if Chlamydia infection is associated with PBC, we applied a combination of immunological and molecular approaches to investigate (a) the serological reactivity against two common Chlamydia human pathogens, C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis, by immunoblotting, (b) the presence of Chlamydia in liver samples of patients with PBC and controls by PCR amplification of Chlamydia specific 16S rRNA and (c) the presence of Chlamydia proteins in liver samples of patients with PBC and controls by immunohistochemical staining. By immunoblotting, C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae specific serological antibodies were found in 52/57 (91.2%) AMA positive PBC, 7/33 (21/2%) of AMA negative PBC, 1/25 (4%) PSC, 0/15 (0%) Sjorgen's syndrome and 0/20 (0%) systemic lupus erythematosus patients and 0/20 (0%) healthy volunteers at 1:200 sera dilution. PBC sera reacted to Chlamydia and E. coli lysates in western blots up to a maximum of 10(-4) dilution. However, PCR amplification of the Chlamydia specific 16S rRNA gene was negative in 25/25 PBC livers but positive in 1/4 PSC liver, 3/6 in other liver disease controls and 1/4 normal liver samples. While two commercially available specific monoclonal antibodies stained positive controls (Chlamydia infected HEp-2 cells) they failed to detect Chlamydia antigens in PBC livers. The detection of Chlamydia specific antibodies but not Chlamydia rRNA gene and Chlamydia antigens in PBC suggests that Chlamydia infection is not involved in PBC.

Chlamydia↗
PubMed1989

Long-term effects of gamma interferon on chlamydia-infected host cells: microbicidal activity follows microbistasis.

When human monocyte-derived macrophages or a human uroepithelial cell line (T24 cells) was incubated in the presence of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) for 24 to 48 h and then infected with Chlamydia psittaci, host cells became activated to restrict intracellular C. psittaci growth. A reversal of this inhibition was observed when infected cells were supplemented with excess exogenous tryptophan at the time of infection or at 1 to 3 days after infection. When IFN-gamma-treated, infected cells were incubated for more extended periods of time before the addition of exogenous tryptophan, no recovery of viable chlamydiae was observed. Neither replacement of the IFN-gamma-containing medium with complete medium supplemented with excess tryptophan nor the addition of excess concentrations of all 20 amino acids with and without essential vitamins contributed to the reversal of IFN-gamma-mediated inhibition of chlamydial growth beyond the time when reversal occurred after the addition of exogenous tryptophan alone. These data provide evidence which indicates that although IFN-gamma treatment of host cells initially results in a microbistatic inhibition of intracellular chlamydial development, longer incubations result in microbicidal activity that is irreversible by modulation of essential nutrient levels.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors associated with the geographic variation of reported Chlamydia infection in Minnesota.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In Minnesota, physicians have been required to report cases of Chlamydia trachomatis infection since 1985. The distribution of reported cases suggests that there is substantial geographic variation in the rate of chlamydia infection. GOAL OF THIS STUDY: We conducted chlamydia screening at selected sites and a survey of primary care physicians in counties with high and low rates of reported chlamydia infection. We hypothesized that chlamydia infections are uniformly distributed in nonmetropolitan areas, and the geographic differences in reported cases can be attributed to variable testing and reporting practices by physicians. STUDY DESIGN: The number of reported female chlamydia cases per 1,000 women was calculated for each rural Minnesota county in 1990. Fourteen counties with high and low rates of reporting were selected for further investigation. From September to December 1991, universal chlamydia screening was carried out at 11 clinics serving patients in these counties. A questionnaire was mailed to all primary care physicians in these counties. RESULTS: In 1990, the rate of reported chlamydia cases was 4.7/100,000 and 0.1/100,000 for women living in the high-reporting and low-reporting counties, respectively. Chlamydia infection was present in 5.5% and 9.7% of women screened at selected clinics in high- and low-reporting counties, respectively. Physicians in high- and low-reporting counties did not differ significantly in terms of age, gender, number of pelvic exams, or frequency of chlamydia testing. However, physicians in high-reporting counties were significantly more likely to test for chlamydia when evaluating mucopurulent cervicitis or salpingitis, and they were more likely to test a woman whose sex partner had urethritis. Physicians in high-reporting counties were also more likely to have reported a case of chlamydia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Characterization of an antigen secreted by Chlamydia-infected cell culture.

A soluble genus-specific chlamydial antigen has been isolated from the supernatants of cultures infected with Chlamydia trachomatis and from other sources. The antigen is a glycolipid that is secreted during the infective cycle. This exoglycolipid can be hydrolysed and fractionated into polysaccharide and lipid components. Both fractions retain antigenic activity. An immunodominant antigenic determinant of the lipid component contains fatty acids of C17 and C18:1. The polysaccharide immunodominant epitope gives rise to gulose when derivatives are formed. The secretion of the antigen into the media supernatant, the presence of gulose and the observed molecular weight are consistent with properties of alginate secreted by Gram-negative bacteria. Chemical analyses and SDS-PAGE indicate that the exoglycolipid is markedly different from LPS.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Chlamydia infection in children with acquired subglottic stenosis.

The purpose of the study was to find out the frequency of occurrence and the role of Chlamydia infection in the pathogenesis of acquired subglottic stenosis in children. Forty-nine patients of the age from 1 year 10 months to 15 years with acquired cicatricial laryngotracheal stenosis were examined. The immunofluorescent method was used to detect serum antibodies to the antigens of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Dilutions of 1:32 for C. trachomatis and 1:64 for C. pneumoniae were considered positive. The results of the study suggested both a high frequency (26.5%) of Chlamydia infection (C. pneumoniae) of the children with acquired subglottic stenosis, as well as 92% of infected children were either with tracheotomies or had been decannulated earlier. It reasonable to test children with a tracheostomy for the presence of Chlamydia infection to perform timely and specific antibiotic therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Comparative analysis of methods of diagnosis of chlamydia infection].

In case of a correct sampling, the diagnostic value of optic and electron microscopy for detecting Chlamydia infection is not inferior to that of direct microimmunofluorescence (DMIF) and higher than that of enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Optic microscopy showed that basal vaginal epithelium and buccal mucosa can be infected with Chlamydia. Provazek bodies were detected in the buccal mucosa of the overwhelming majority of patients with genital chlamydiasis. These results were confirmed by DMIF and EIA. Since none of the diagnostic methods is 100% reliable, we recommend using two methods: inexpensive optic microscopy and polymerase chain reaction or DMIF.

Chlamydia↗
PubMed1999

Chlamydia infections and heart disease linked through antigenic mimicry.

Chlamydia infections are epidemiologically linked to human heart disease. A peptide from the murine heart muscle-specific alpha myosin heavy chain that has sequence homology to the 60-kilodalton cysteine-rich outer membrane proteins of Chlamydia pneumoniae, C. psittaci, and C. trachomatis was shown to induce autoimmune inflammatory heart disease in mice. Injection of the homologous Chlamydia peptides into mice also induced perivascular inflammation, fibrotic changes, and blood vessel occlusion in the heart, as well as triggering T and B cell reactivity to the homologous endogenous heart muscle-specific peptide. Chlamydia DNA functioned as an adjuvant in the triggering of peptide-induced inflammatory heart disease. Infection with C. trachomatis led to the production of autoantibodies to heart muscle-specific epitopes. Thus, Chlamydia-mediated heart disease is induced by antigenic mimicry of a heart muscle-specific protein.

Adoptive Transfer↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chlamydia infection in a nurse-midwifery caseload.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether antepartum treatment of chlamydia infection resulted in a change in incidence of maternal infection in the intrapartum and postpartum periods as indicated by the incidence of maternal febrile morbidity or antibiotic therapy. In June of 1986, an inner-city tertiary-care center nurse-midwifery service began including diagnosis and treatment of chlamydia infection in routine antepartum care. In this retrospective chart review, the incidence of intrapartum and postpartum infection among women who delivered in this caseload between May 1985 and May 1986 (the last year prior to the routine chlamydia diagnosis and treatment) was compared with that of women who delivered between July 1986 and July 1987 (the first year after initiation of the testing). No significant differences were found. Implications for the development of research projects within nurse-midwifery clinical services are discussed, along with methodologic problems that may ensue when attempting to study changes in outcome in ones' own service.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed1991

[Chlamydia infections in sheep and goats. With a reference to its significance as a zoonosis].

Infections by Chlamydia psittaci are found worldwide in many species of mammal, including man, and birds. Small ruminants are affected mainly with abortion in the later phase of gestation. Additionally pneumonia and lesions in other organs can be observed. Pathological and clinico-epidemiological aspects of the infection with C. psittaci in small ruminants are described and discussed. The description of a case of conjunctivitis acquired by one of the authors through contact with infectious material alerts to the significance of C. psittaci as an agent able to cause zoonotic infections.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1979

Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, cell cycle progression, and division of Chlamydia-infected HeLa 229 cells.

The fate of lymphogranuloma venereum strain Chlamydia-infected HeLa 229 cells was examined by determining the rate of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and the kinetics of entry into and progression through S phase and by time-lapse cinemicrography. At an input multiplicity of 5 or less, Chlamydia-infected cells showed no inhibition of host deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis or cell cycle progression. Cinemicrography showed division of inclusion-containing cells, with one or both daughters receiving chlamydial inclusions. Analysis of the family trees indicated that the generation times of infected HeLa 229 were not altered relative to those of the uninfected cells.

Cell Cycle↗