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PubMed1987

Differences in erythrocyte cation (sodium) transport between Chinese and non Chinese males.

Erythrocyte sodium content, sodium pump activity (ouabain sensitive efflux rate, efflux rate constant, ouabain binding sites and Na+, K+-ATPase activity), sodium-lithium countertransport and sodium-potassium cotransport activities were measured in 10 European males, 11 non Chinese Asian males and 12 Chinese males. There were no differences between the 3 groups in any of the measurements of active transport. The sodium-lithium countertransport was higher and sodium-potassium cotransport (measured as lithium-potassium cotransport) was lower in Chinese compared to either the Europeans or non Chinese Asians. There were no differences in counter and cotransport activities between the Europeans and non Chinese Asians. Multiple regression analysis showed that the co and countertransport pathways contribute little to the maintenance of erythrocyte sodium content in healthy subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

The origin and formulation of Chinese character: an introduction to confucianism and its influence on Chinese behavior patterns.

Confucianism has had a powerful influence on Chinese behavior and social structure for the past 2,000 years. Some of these influences produce roadblocks to conventional Western psychotherapy and counseling when used on Chinese Americans with traditional values. The Confucianism influence on the Chinese is described with suggestions for psychotherapists and counselors who have Chinese and Chinese American clients.

Asian↗

PubMed1998

Adolescents' perceptions of their parents' academic expectations: comparison of American, Chinese-American, and Chinese high school students.

Cultural background not only influences family beliefs about the value of education, but may affect how academic expectations are communicated by parents and perceived by their children. This study examined differences in willingness to conform to parents' expectations of academic achievement as perceived by American, Chinese-American, and Chinese high school students. Findings indicated that Chinese students were more willing to accept their parents' advice and cared more about fulfilling academic expectations than did American students. Students in all three groups had similar feelings of independence. The views of Chinese-American students reflected the influence of both their Chinese heritage and the American culture in which they resided.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2006

A survey on treatment of dry eye by traditional chinese medicine and integrative chinese and Western medicine.

Dry eye is now one of the most common superficial disorders in ophthalmology at home and abroad, and more and more people attach importance to the study. The ideal approach for treatment of dry eye is to normalize the condition by rebuilding the superficial circumstance of the eye, and to make tear film work as well as possible so as to relieve the irritating symptoms in the eye. The authors are making a comprehensive discussion on the methods and curative effects of treating dry eye by traditional Chinese medicine and by integrative Chinese and Western medicine in recent years, so as to introduce the distinctive features of the traditional Chinese medicine and integrative Chinese and Western medicine in this field.

Acupuncture↗

PubMed2003

[Establishment of the national macro-management system on Chinese medicinal resource--base of the modernization for Chinese medicine].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a national management system on the utilization and protection, reserves and wastes of Chinese medicinal resources, and provide a scientific basis for the national administering authorities for the macro-management. METHOD: Many modern high technologies of community ecology, statistics, 3S technologies (remote sensing RS, geographic information system GIS, global positioning system GPS) and computer information system were based upon, and a national monitoring and protection system for the Chinese medicinal resources was set up. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The national Chinese medicinal macro-management system will integrate modern high technologies with administrative supervision, so as to protect Chinese medicinal resources and economy towards a sustainable utilization and development, and finally make our country and people more prosperous and powerful.

China↗

PubMed2005

Immunologic enhancement of compound Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients and their efficacy comparison with compound Chinese herbal medicines.

Two compound Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients (cCIs) were prepared respectively with epimedium polysaccharide (EPS) plus propolis flavone (PF) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) plus ginsenoside (GS). Also, two compound Chinese herbal medicines (cCMs) with the same ingredient content as corresponding cCIs were made with the extracts of epimedium plus propolis and astragalus plus ginseng. In rabbit immune trial, two cCIs, physiological saline in the control, were respectively injected to the rabbits vaccinated with inactivated rabbit hemorrhagic disease vaccine. On Days 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 after vaccination, the dynamic changes of serum antibody titers were determined by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. In chicken immune trial, all of cCIs and cCMs were mixed respectively with inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine virus to vaccinate chickens, taking oil-adjuvant and non-adjuvant vaccine as controls. On Days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 after vaccination, the dynamic changes of peripheral lymphocyte proliferation and serum antibody titers were tested respectively by MTT method and HI test method. The results showed that both cCIs could significantly raise antibody titer in rabbits, which the effect of compound Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients 1 (cCIs 1) was better than that of compound Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients 2 (cCIs 2). All of cCIs and cCMs could markedly promote lymphocyte proliferation and enhance antibody titer in chickens, which was similar to oil adjuvant, the immunologic enhancement of cCIs were slightly superior to that of the cCMs.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2006

Traditional Chinese medicine for Parkinson's disease: a review of Chinese literature.

Occidental medicine has a given definition for Parkinson's disease and knowledge of Parkinson's disease pathophysiology has led to development of its therapeutic management. Parkinson's disease, however, is likely to have always existed in different parts of the world. Description and management of this neurodegenerative condition could be found in ancient medical systems. Here, we introduce the philosophical concepts of traditional Chinese medicine and the description, classification and understanding of parkinsonian symptoms in traditional Chinese medicine. We have conducted an in-depth review of Chinese literature reporting anti-parkinsonian and anti-dyskinetic efficacy of more than 60 traditional medicines in Parkinson's disease patients. A number of issues, however, plague the relevance of these reports and call for a scientific re-evaluation of these therapies in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease before proposing traditional Chinese medicine-based symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

A survey of attitudes to traditional chinese medicine among Chinese medical students.

We studied the attitudes and personal experiences with traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) use in Chinese medical students. Medical students at the Chinese University of Hong Kong were asked 13 questions according to an anonymous survey. Six hundred and eleven of 780 medical students (47% males, 52% females) returned the questionnaire; 199 (33%) of the participants used TCM at least once in the past year, and 85% had ever tried various TCM. The attitude was positive in 41%, neutral in 52% and negative in only 6%. The majority (70%) reported no change in attitudes towards TCM after studying Western medicine (WM). Of the 199 participants who had used TCM in the past year, upper respiratory infections were the most common circumstance leading to TCM usage, with 31% immediately using TCM without any TCM practitioner consultation. The most common modality of TCM used by 85% of participants was herbal decoction, and nearly one-quarter had used over-the-counter Chinese medicine. Although 78% reported they knew of the TCM practitioner or treatment from family members or friends, 14% stated they randomly selected the practitioner. "Effectiveness of TCM," "fewer side effects than WM," "illness not completely treated by WM" and "recommendation from family/friends" were common beliefs held by participants for TCM usage. Forty-five percent reported that they had not been told of any side effects of TCM. Pre-clinical students had more positive attitudes towards TCM and consulted TCM practitioners more often in the past 12 months (OR 9.1, CI 3.16-28.18; p < 0.001) compared to students in clinical years, who tended to become more negative towards TCM after studying WM. TCM usage is common among medical students in Hong Kong. It is important to note that nearly half of the students were not aware of any possible side effects from TCM. Students appear to become more negative towards TCM after studying WM.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Chinese herb nephropathy in Japan presents adult-onset Fanconi syndrome: could different components of aristolochic acids cause a different type of Chinese herb nephropathy?

BACKGROUND: We encountered two cases of Chinese herb-induced Fanconi syndrome in Japan. One component of the chinese medicine was "Kan-mokutsu" (Aristolochia manshuriensis) in which aristolochic acids (AAs) were detected. METHODS: Renal biopsy showed flattening of proximal tubular epithelial cells and paucicellular interstitial fibrosis without glomerular lesions, all of which were in accordance with Chinese herb nephropathy (CHN). To date, many cases of CHN have been reported mainly as progressive renal failure in western countries. RESULTS: However, our cases were different from those in that they presented Fanconi syndrome. The detected AAs in our cases consisted of aristolochic acid (AA)-I, II and D. In contrast, in Belgium, the incriminated agent was Aristolochia fangchi which consisted of AA-I, B, C, and aristolactum. CONCLUSION: These findings could indicate that different components of AAs could cause different clinical lesions, or that the amount of ingested AAs might reflect clinical pictures, that is to say, our patients took lower volume of Chinese herbs and might be in an early stage of CHN. Furthermore, it is likely that susceptibility to this substance may be different among races. CHN would include two clinical aspects: subacute renal failure and adult-onset Fanconi syndrome. It is important to bear in mind that CHN could present Fanconi syndrome.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Preliminary analysis on the significance of the new edition of pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica in guiding theoretical research and clinical practice of integrated Chinese and Western medicine].

The new edition of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica has broken through the previous mode of the teaching materials, it classified traditional Chinese drugs distinctly into three categories--the drugs for radical cure depending on syndrome differentiation, the drugs for etiological treatment aimed at pathogenesis, and the drugs for symptomatic treatment, and introduced some new concepts about integrated Chinese and Western medicine, showing active significance in guiding the theoretical research and clinical practice of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine.

Biomedical Research↗

PubMed1997

Aggressive behaviour in the Chinese elderly--validation of the Chinese version of the rating scale for aggressive behaviour in the elderly (RAGE) in hospital and nursing home settings.

OBJECTIVE: The objective is to examine the validity of the Chinese version of the Rating Scale for Aggressive Behaviour in the Elderly (RAGE) in Hong Kong. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study comparing the pattern of aggressive behaviour among residents of different elderly institutions. SETTING: A nursing home and a psychogeriatric inpatient unit. PATIENTS: Psychogeriatric inpatients and nursing home residents. Thirty subjects participated in the validation study of the Chinese version of the RAGE (CRAGE). Eighty-eight subjects were assessed by the CRAGE for pattern of aggressive behaviour. MEASURES: The CRAGE and the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (CMMSE). RESULTS: The CRAGE showed satisfactory validity and reliability measures. Aggressive episodes were found in 57% of the subjects, mostly mild in nature. No significant difference was found in the CRAGE total scores in different institutions and across diagnoses. Hospital and schizophrenic patients had significantly higher ratings in overall aggressiveness. Demented subjects had higher CRAGE ratings with CMMSE scores from 11 to 15. CONCLUSIONS: CRAGE is a valid instrument for use in the Chinese elderly. Although there is no significant difference in total aggressive episodes among different elderly institutions, chronic psychiatric patients were more frequently regarded as aggressive.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

What does the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory measure in Chinese students--general psychopathology or depression?

The Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory (C-BDI) was administered to 2,150 Chinese secondary-school students, along with other measures of psychological well-being. While C-BDI scores were found to correlate significantly with all other measures of psychological well-being for the various samples, the results showed that they correlated most strongly with the Depression factor of the Chinese General Health Questionnaire. The Depression factor of the Chinese GHQ was observed to be most predictive of C-BDI scores. These data are generally consistent with the empirical data on the relationship between the BDI and other measures of psychological well-being; the claim that the BDI is more a measure of "general psychopathology" is not supported by the present findings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Correlational study of the Chinese version of the executive interview (C-EXIT25) to other cognitive measures in a psychogeriatric population in Hong Kong Chinese.

OBJECTIVES: This study is designed to pilot test the feasibility and correlational properties of the adapted Chinese version of Executive Interview (C-EXIT25) to other cognitive measures in a psychogeriatric population in Hong Kong Chinese. METHOD: Eighty-five community dwelling elders from different levels of residential care facilities were assessed with C-EXIT25, Cantonese version of Mini-Mental State Examination (C-MMSE), Chinese version of Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (CDRS) and Nelson's Modified Card Sorting Test (MCST). RESULTS: The C-EXIT25 has high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.7995) and inter-rater reliability (r = 0.91). The C-EXIT25 has superior correlational property to performance indices of MCST than the C-MMSE and CDRS, after adjusting for age, gender and educational level. It also discriminates among subjects at different stages on Clinical Dementia Rating. CONCLUSIONS: The C-EXIT25 is a potentially feasible and valid bedside tool for assessment of executive cognitive functions in the psychogeriatric population in Hong Kong Chinese.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Gm and Km allotypes in 74 Chinese populations: a hypothesis of the origin of the Chinese nation.

This paper reports the distribution of immunoglobulin Gm and Km allotypes in 74 Chinese geographical populations. These populations are derived from 24 nationalities comprising 96.6% of the total population of China. A total of 9,560 individuals were phenotyped for Gm(1,2,3,5,21) factors, and 9,611 were phenotyped for Km(1). Phylogenetic trees were constructed on the basis of Gm haplotype frequencies and genetic distances. The results of cluster analysis show the heterogeneity of the Chinese nation, and confirm the hypothesis that the modern Chinese nation originated from two distinct populations, one population originating in the Yellow River valley and the other originating in the Yangtze River valley during early neolithic times (3,000-7,000 years ago). Frequencies of the Gm haplotype of 74 Chinese populations were compared with those of 33 populations from major racial groups. The results suggest that during human evolution, the Negroid group and Caucasoid-Mongoloid group diverged first, followed by a divergence between the Caucasoid and Mongoloid. Interrace divergence is high in comparison with intrarace divergence. There appear to be two distinct subgroups of Mongoloid, northern and southern Mongoloid. The northern and southern Mongoloid have Gm1;21 and Gm1,3;5 haplotypes as race-associate markers, respectively. Furthermore, the Caucasian-associated haplotype Gm3;5 was found in several of the minorities living in the northwest part of China. The presence of the Gm3;5 haplotype is attributed to the Caucasians living in Central Asia throughout the Silk Road. The amount of Caucasian admixture has been estimated. In contrast to the Gm haplotype distribution, Km1 gene frequencies showed a random distribution in the populations studied.

Asian People↗

PubMed1993

The Chinese General Health Questionnaire in a psychiatric setting: the development of the Chinese scaled version.

The development of the Chinese scaled GHQ-20 was based on the factor analysis of the item responses of 150 general psychiatric patients with the Chinese GHQ-60. The five subscales assessing the symptom areas of dysphoric functioning, health concern, anxious coping, sleep problems, and suicidal ideas were found to discriminate significantly the sample of patients from another sample of 653 nonpatients. As a scale, the Chinese GHQ-20 was also found to be comparable to the full Chinese GHQ-60 in screening for individuals who might benefit from psychiatric consultation. The implications for its use as a refined instrument to monitor therapeutic change of patients in different symptom areas are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Validation of a Chinese version of the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV) among Chinese people living with HIV/AIDS in Hong Kong.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the Chinese version of the 35-item Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV) in Chinese people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 242 ethnic Chinese PLWHA in Hong Kong was conducted. RESULTS: Cronbach's alphas of the eight multi-item scales of the MOS-HIV ranged from 0.78 to 0.90. Item-total and inter-scale correlation coefficients were acceptable. Factor analysis of the MOS-HIV identified two factors (Mental Health Summary scores and Physical Health Summary scores, or MHS and PHS), accounting for 63% total variance. The PHS and MHS correlated significantly with the WHOQOL-BREF(HK) and the three sub-scales of Profile of Mood States used in this study. Both PHS and MHS were significantly associated with self-perceived change in health status. PHS but not MHS was associated with Karnofsky Performance Status scores. PHS was also associated with disease stage. The MOS-HIV however, did not distinguish between groups of different CD4 cell counts. It is likely that the quality of life of these PLWHA of different disease stages was good in general. CONCLUSIONS: There is a large demand for evaluating treatments and services programs offered to PLWHA in China. The validated Chinese MOS-HIV would facilitate such research activities.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1987

Gene induction and repression by salt treatment in roots of the salinity-sensitive Chinese Spring wheat and the salinity-tolerant Chinese Spring x Elytrigia elongata amphiploid.

An artificial amphiploid from a cross between salinity-sensitive bread wheat cultivar Chinese Spring and highly tolerant Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski (= Agropyron elongatum Host) shows enhanced salinity tolerance relative to Chinese Spring. Poly(A)(+) RNA was isolated from roots, expanding leaves, and old leaves from amphiploid and Chinese Spring plants prior to and after acclimation to high levels of NaCl in solution cultures. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the in vitro translation products was used to compare these mRNA populations. The amphiploid had 10 mRNA species induced or enhanced and 8 species repressed in root tissue during acclimation to saline growth conditions. These 18 transcripts affected by salt treatment were also detected in wheat roots, but only 4 of these were similarly regulated. In Chinese Spring the acclimation to saline stress resulted in a marked change in the level of expression of 34 transcripts in root tissue; of these, 26 were detected in the amphiploid and only 6 were regulated as in the amphiploid. No differences were seen in gene expression between salt-treated and control plants in leaves and meristematic crowns and unexpanded leaves of the amphiploid.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Review of Chinese sex attitudes and applicability of sex therapy for chinese couples with sexual dysfunction.

Although sex therapy techniques have widely been used to help Western couples with sexual dysfunction, there has been little research on the applicability of these techniques among Chinese couples. This article discusses the Chinese views and concepts of sex and sexual dysfunction in the past and present, culturally bound sexual problems, and gender role stereotypes. We suggest that with careful integration of the therapeutic techniques with Chinese sex concepts, sex therapy can be applied to Chinese Couples experiencing problems in sexual functioning.

Attitude to Health↗