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PubMed2004

[Chromosomal mapping of chicken MC4R using a radiation hybrid panel and the comparative analysis of the gene homologous regions between chicken and human chromosome].

Mutations of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) are associated with hyperphagia, obesity, and accelerated longitudinal growth in pig, mice and human. However, little is known about the functions of this gene in chicken. To map the MC4R gene in Chicken chromosome, we used a 6000 rads chicken-hamster radiation hybrid panel (ChikenRH6). PCR of samples from the ChikenRH6 revealed the location of the MC4R gene to be nearby markers MCW0062, BCL2 and OVY on chromosome 2q12. Five markers were placed into a single linkage group based on two-point analysis with a LOD score of greater than 5. At the same time, the MC4R gene was selected as marker to compare DNA sequence between chicken and human chromosome. The result shows there are the same homologous regions between chicken chromosome 2 (GGA2) and human chromosome 18 (HSA18), and we found that the genes BCL2 and obesity are located in the near regions of MC4R on human chromosome 18. So we can reduce that the chicken MC4R gene maybe there are the same functions with the human MC4R gene. Overall, this work reveals widespread chromosome rearrangements of MC4R between chicken and human genomes, and mappings the chicken MC4R gene on 2q12 by a RH panel.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

In vivo effects of biosynthetic chicken growth hormone in broiler-strain chickens.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of growth hormone (GH) in growing chickens older than broiler age. In experiment 1, 8 week old male (heavy "broiler" type strain) chickens received daily injections of either biosynthetic chicken GH or an implant of biosynthetic bovine GH for 3 weeks. Neither growth rate (daily weight gain) nor the feed:gain ratio was influenced by either preparation of GH. However, an increase in breast muscle was observed in birds receiving the higher dose (250 micrograms/kg/day) of chicken GH. No changes were observed with chicken GH treatment on the weights of the fat pad, heart, gizzard and shank bone or on shank bone length or on plasma concentrations of free fatty acids. Experiment 2 employed 12 week old male, heavy strain, chickens with biosynthetic chicken GH being administered via Alzet osmotic pumps. In this study, GH (50 micrograms/kg/day) increased growth rate, body weight, pectoralis (breast) muscle weight, adipose tissue weight, bursa Fabricius weight and the plasma concentrations of free fatty acids. It is concluded that GH can influence carcass composition and growth in older chickens.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Use of chicken cell line LSCC-H32 for titration of animal viruses and exogenous chicken interferon.

The chicken embryo cell line LSCC-H32 was tested for the propagation and titration of several animal viruses of the families Toga-, Reo-, Rhabdo-, Herpeto-, Orthomyxo-, Paramyxo-, and Poxviridae and compared with secondary chicken embryo cells. The LSCC-H32 cells were demonstrated to be as susceptible for most of the tested viruses as were secondary chicken embryo cells. Both produced comparably sized virus plaques. The titers of Sindbis and Semliki Forest viruses in LSCC-H32 cells were 5- to 40-fold higher than in secondary chicken embryo cells or BHK-21 cells, respectively. Furthermore, exogenous chicken standard interferon was titrated in the LSCC-H32 cells, and a 50% plaque titer reduction of the challenging vesicular stomatitis virus was achieved by 0.12 IU of a standard chicken interferon preparation. Endogenous chicken interferon could not be induced by treatment of the cells with polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid. Due to its high plating efficiency and metabolic activities, the LSCC-H32 cell line provides a useful cell system for the titration and large-scale production of the tested animal viruses and for the titration of exogenous chicken interferon.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Cloning and Phylogenetic Analysis of Interleukin-2 Gene in Xiaoshan Chicken, A Chinese Local Chicken Breed.

Chicken interleukin 2 (cIL-2) is one of important nonmammalian cytokines isolated recently. In this paper, optimum condition for production of chicken IL-2 in vitro was developed. Isolation of spleen lymphocytes from Xiaoshan chicken, activation by ConA, followed by RT-PCR in a single step, resulted in the synthesis of chicken IL-2 cDNA. The full-length chicken IL-2 cDNA was 737 bp, encoding a 143 amino acids precursor. Only 1--5 amino acid difference were found compared with other three published chicken IL-2s. This IL-2 shared 69.4% homology with turkey IL-2 and shared 21.2%--9.4% homology with mammalian IL-2. The predicted protein had a leader sequence composed of 22 amino acids, and four conversed cysteines allowing the formation of two intrachain disulfide bonds. There were four regions of heptad repeats, with hydrophobic amino acids at positions 1 and 4, were presumably forming amphipathic alpha-helices. These regions were equivalent to mammalian helices A, B, C and D. The amino acids at positions 40(D), 65(Y), 82(E), 108(N) and 142(Q) might play roles in binding to receptors of chicken IL-2. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that the chicken IL-2 may have evolutionary relationship with mammalian IL-2 they showed however species difference in function because of selective pressure of immune systems.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Interaction of chicken anaemia virus and Cryptosporidium baileyi in experimentally infected chickens.

The natural occurrence of concomitant chicken anaemia virus (CAV) and Cryptosporidium baileyi infection was described earlier. In this experiment, 1-day-old chickens were infected with CAV alone (anaemia virus infected, AI) or followed by inoculation with 8 x 10(5) C. baileyi oocysts orally at 1 wk of age (anaemia virus and Cryptosporidium infected, ACI). Another group of chickens received the same dose of C. baileyi oocysts without previous virus infection (Cryptosporidium infected, CI), and two groups of uninfected chickens served as controls. Except one group (uninfected control, UC), all groups -- including the other control group (challenged control, CC) -- were challenged with an oral inoculum of 8 x 10(5) C. baileyi oocysts at the age of 4 wk. Haematological, serological, immunohistochemical and pathological findings confirmed the effect of the virus agent. The individual C. baileyi oocyst shedding did not show significant difference between group CI and ACI, however, after challenge infection the AI chickens shed approximately three times more C. baileyi oocysts than those in group CC. Mortality and the percentage of birds that developed anaemia was significantly higher among ACI than AI chickens, while haematocrit values at 2 wk of age and relative bursal weights at 4 wk of age were moderately lower in the ACI group. The results presented here suggest that concurrent CAV infection increases the reproductive potential of C. baileyi in chickens, and both pathogens have synergistic effect on each other.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Studies on the pathogenesis of chicken infectious anaemia virus infection in six-week-old SPF chickens.

The pathogenesis of chicken infectious anaemia virus (CAV) infection was studied in 6-week-old and one-day-old SPF chickens inoculated intramuscularly with graded doses of Cux-1 strain (10(6)-10(2) TCID50/chicken). Viraemia, virus shedding, development of virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies and CAV distribution in the thymus were studied by virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunocytochemistry (IP) and in situ hybridization until postinfection day (PID) 28. In 6-week-old chickens infected with high doses of CAV, viraemia and VN antibodies could be detected 4 PID and onward without virus shedding or contact transmission to sentinel birds. However, virus shedding and contact transmission were demonstrated in one-day-old infected chickens. In the 6-week-old groups infected with lower doses, VN antibodies developed by PID 14, transient viraemia and virus shedding were detected. The thymus cortex of all 1-day-old inoculated chickens stained with VP3-specific mAb. Cells with positive in situ hybridization signal were fewer and scattered throughout the thymus tissue of the one-day-old inoculated chickens as compared to IP-positive cells. These results suggest that early immune response induced by high doses of CAV in 6-week-old chickens curtails viral replication and prevents virus shedding.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of chicken type I deiodinase cDNA: expression in normal and dwarf broiler chickens.

A cDNA encoding the chicken type I iodothyronine deiodinase (cDI-1) was isolated and sequenced from a cDNA library prepared from ConA-activated chicken splenic T-lymphocytes. The coding region of cDI-1 cDNA is composed of 738 basepairs (bp) which encodes a 246 amino acid protein. The predicted amino acid sequence of cDI-1 indicates only 60% identity to several mammalian type I deiodinases. The cDI-1 cDNA contains a codon for a highly conserved selenocysteine residue (Cys124). Northern blot analysis of total RNA prepared from different tissues of a 3-week-old broiler chicken shows a single transcript (2 kb) in liver and kidney. The abundance of hepatic cDI-1 transcripts in growth hormone receptor (GHR)-deficient dwarf chicken was similar to normal chickens despite lower levels of plasma T3 (37% lower) and elevated levels of T4 (21% higher) in dwarf chickens. This finding suggests that regulation of hepatic cDI-1 mRNA is GH-independent in the post-hatch chicken.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Effects of two kinds of chicken luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), mammalian LH-RH and its analogs on the release of LH and FSH in Japanese quail and chicken.

A newly isolated and characterized chicken luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-II (chicken LH-RH-II, Miyamoto et al., 1984) had luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) releasing activity in vitro and in vivo in Japanese quail: the activity was almost equal to chicken LH-RH-I and mammalian LH-RH. These three LH-RHs induced the release of LH several times higher than that of FSH in vitro and also in vivo. No significant difference between chicken LH-RH-I and LH-RH-II was observed in LH releasing activity in vitro using chicken pituitary gland in the same incubating condition as in quail. Another experiment indicated that no synergism existed between chicken LH-RH-I and -II and that there was neither LH nor FSH releasing activity in [D-Phe2, Pro3, D-Phe6]-LH-RH or in mesotocin. However, the same potency as in the chicken LH-RH-II was observed in [D-Ala6, des-Gly10]-LH-RH ethylamide, a superactive analog in mammals. The results indicate that an avian adenohypophysis differs from a mammalian adenohypophysis in its responsiveness to LH-RH suggesting that an avian LH-RH receptor may have a lower specificity in "recognition" of LH-RH molecules than a mammalian LH-RH receptor has.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Chicken secretory immunoglobulin: chemical and immunological characterization of chicken IgA.

1. Chicken IgA purified from biliary fluids was chemically and immunologically characterized. 2. Chicken IgA was determined to be the only immunoglobulin class present in bile. Gel filtration studies reveal polymeric IgA e.g. 17-19S. 3. Antigenically, chicken IgA is distinct from chicken IgG, and IgM. 4. Chicken IgA does not show antigenic homology to human IgA. 5. SDS poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed IgA to possess heavy chains of 60,000 and light chains of 24,000 mol. wt, respectively. 6. Peptide mapping of tryptic digests of chicken alpha chains reveals approximately 35 peptides. The peptide map pattern is distinct from chicken gamma chains.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in baby food made from chicken produced before and after the termination of ball clay use in chicken feed in the United States.

Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin/furans were determined in chicken-containing baby foods collected from an annually conducted total diet survey by the US FDA during the last half of fiscal year (FY) 1997 through the first half of FY 1998. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was found in 8 of 11 baby food samples. The levels were between 0.025 and 0.28 ng kg(-1) wet wt (0.25-5 ng kg(-1) lipid). The mean TCDD value for chicken-containing baby food with "nondetects" equal to 0 was 1.2 ng kg(-1) lipid, eight times higher than the average level found during a previous survey of chicken lipid TCDD levels in 1996. All other 2,3,7,8-chlorine-substituted dibenzo-p-dioxin congeners were also found with a profile consistent with the use of ball clay in chicken feed. TCDD was not detected in any FY 2000 baby foods made with chicken, with an average limit of detection (LOD) of 0.025 ng kg(-1) wet wt. Whole eggs collected in 1997 from producers that never used ball clay in feed revealed TCDD measurements that were nearly all nondetects and none above the median LOD of 0.015 ng kg(-1) wet wt. The percentage of chickens fed ball clay in their feed was estimated to be between 2.6% and 3.5% of all chickens produced in the United States in 1997.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed2005

In vitro activation of chicken leukocytes and in vivo protection against Salmonella enteritidis organ invasion and peritoneal S. enteritidis infection-induced mortality in neonatal chickens by immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotide.

Unmethylated CpG oligodinucleotides (CpG-ODN) flanked by specific bases found in bacterial DNA are known to stimulate innate immune responses. In this study, synthetic CpG-ODNs were evaluated for their in vitro stimulation of leukocyte and in vivo protection against Salmonella enteritidis (SE) in neonatal chickens. Our studies showed that CpG-ODN stimulated bactericidal activities, releasing granules (degranulation) and generating reactive oxygen species (oxidative burst), in chicken heterophils and up regulated nitric oxide production in chicken peripheral blood monocytes. When day-old chickens were given (i.p.) synthetic CpG-ODNs followed by oral challenge of SE, a significant reduction (p<0.05) of organ invasion by SE was observed in chickens pretreated with CpG-ODN containing the immunostimulatory GTCGTT motif. This CpG-OND also significantly reduced mortality of chickens with acute peritoneal infection of SE. Our study provides evidence that immunostimulatory CpG-ODN stimulated innate immune activities and enhanced the resistance to infectious pathogens in neonatal chickens.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1999

Optimum conditions for in vitro chicken IL-2 production and its in vivo role in Newcastle disease vaccinated chickens.

Optimum conditions for in vitro chicken interleukin-2 (IL-2) production were studied. IL-2 containing culture supernatants were generated by mitogen stimulation of splenic mononuclear cells (SMC) and the samples were tested on 72 h Concanavalin A (ConA) blasts for their proliferative ability. 3H-thymidine incorporation was used as a measurement of proliferation. Higher stimulation indices and thus maximal IL-2 production were obtained with the following culture conditions: 5 x 10(6) cells ml(-1) cultured for 24 h in the presence of 10 microg ml(-1) ConA in serum free Iscove's modified Dulbecco medium. The molecule responsible for IL-2 activity was found to have a molecular weight of 14000 as estimated by size exclusion chromatography. SMC obtained from chickens inoculated with Newcastle disease virus were used to study the immunomodulatory role of IL-2. The lymphocyte transformation test was used as an in vitro correlate of cell mediated immunity in these chickens. The mitogen responses of cells obtained from virus inoculated and control chickens were similar on the basis of stimulation indices. Antigen specific lymphocyte proliferation was demonstrated using SMC obtained from virus inoculated chickens. Uptake of exogenous IL-2 by 72 h ConA blasts was of similar magnitude in both virus inoculated and control chickens indicating that uptake of IL-2 by T lymphocytes was normal in Newcastle disease virus inoculated chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Isolation and cultivation of bovine ephemeral fever virus in chickens and chicken embryos.

Unadapted bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus was isolated from cattle blood after intravenous inoculation into chicken embryos. Infected embryos died or hatched as abnormal chickens. The chick embryo was slightly less sensitive to unadapted BEF virus than were Vero cell cultures, but the use of embryos avoids the several blind passages that are required to isolate BEF virus in unweaned mice. Chick embryos were considerably less efficient than Vero cell culture or unweaned mice in detecting Vero cell-adapted and mouse-adapted BEF virus respectively. Viraemia was demonstrated in chicken embryos at 1-4 days and in one-day-old chickens at 1-3 days after intravenous inoculation of BEF virus. BEF virus was demonstrated by isolation and by immunofluoresence in heart, brain, lung and liver of chicken embryos at 1-5 days and in lung and liver of one-day-old chickens at 1-2 days, after intravenous inoculation. The isolated viruses were confirmed as BEF virus by neutralization with immune mouse ascitic fluid. BEF neutralizing antibodies were produced in 4-week-old and adult chickens after intravenous inoculation with BEF virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Extending the chicken-human comparative map by placing 15 genes on the chicken linkage map.

To increase the number of type I loci on the chicken linkage map, chicken genes containing microsatellite sequences (TAn, CAn, GAn, An) were selected from the nucleotide sequence database and primers were developed to amplify the repeats. Initially, 40 different microsatellites located within genes were tested on a panel of animals from diverse breeds, and identified 17 polymorphic microsatellites. These polymorphisms allowed us to add 15 new genes to the chicken linkage map. In addition, two genes were added to the chicken map by fluorescent in situ hybridization. As the map position of the human homologues of 13 of these genes is known, these markers extend the comparative map between chicken and man. Our results confirm and refine conserved regions between chicken and man on chicken chromosomes 2 and 7 and on linkage group E29C09W09. Furthermore, an additional conserved region is identified on chromosome 7.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Identification of the major mannose-binding proteins from chicken egg yolk and chicken serum as immunoglobulins.

Chicken egg yolk contains a mannose-binding protein that could be purified with a modification of the procedure of affinity chromatography and gel filtration used for chicken serum mannose-binding protein. The yolk protein was indistinguishable from the serum protein with respect to apparent molecular masses (169 +/- 7 kDa), subunits (74 kDa and 27 kDa, in approximately 1:1 ratio) produced after denaturation in the presence of mercaptoethanol, immunoreactivity with antibody against the chicken serum mannose-binding protein, amino acid composition, pH optimum for binding, calcium independence of binding, sugar-binding specificity, and specific-binding activity. Moreover, the chicken mannose-binding proteins cross-reacted with gamma-chain-specific antibody against chicken IgG. The binding proteins were identified as IgGs by several other criteria: identical electrophoresis pattern when subjected to reducing and nonreducing NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, cochromatography on a Fractogel TSK HW-55(F) column, similar amino acid composition, and isolation of mannose-binding protein from purified serum IgG at a yield comparable to whole serum. These results support the notion that the mannose-binding proteins from the chicken serum and egg yolk are similar, if not identical, and are a subset of chicken IgG.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1990

Plasma clearance of chicken and human insulin-like growth factor-I and their association with circulating binding proteins in chickens.

We have investigated the clearance of 125I-labelled chicken and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) from the circulation of chickens as well as the role that IGF-binding proteins play in this process. Analysis of plasma samples by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) neutral gel permeation on a TSK G3000SW column indicated that the i.v. injected radioactivity was rapidly partitioned between at least three pools. Most of the radioactivity occurred in a complex with binding protein(s), while smaller amounts of radioactivity chromatographed in the free IGF-I peak or appeared as low molecular weight degradation products. The labelled chicken and human IGF-I were rapidly cleared during the first 90 min. The calculated half-life for total labelled IGF-I during this period was 54 min for the chicken tracer and 33 min for the human tracer. The clearance was monitored for 10 h during which the human tracer continued to be cleared more rapidly than the chicken tracer. The proportion of radioactivity appearing as low molecular weight degradation products increased with time. Acid gel permeation and reverse-phase HPLC of the binding protein-associated radioactivity demonstrated that the labelled IGF-I bound was intact IGF-I. Sephadex G-200 gel permeation chromatography of chicken plasma samples at pH 7 x 4 showed that the binding protein complex labelled in vivo with chicken IGF-I tracer had a molecular mass of 55 kDa. Furthermore, the tracer associated with the binding protein coeluted with the major peak of endogenous IGF-I, suggesting that the tracer was bound to the physiologically relevant binding protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental infection of specific-pathogen-free chickens with serotype-1 fowl adenovirus isolated from a broiler chicken with gizzard erosions.

Gizzard lesions were formed in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) white leghorn chickens inoculated with fowl adenovirus (FAV). The virus, serotype 1 FAV 99ZH strain (FAV-99ZH), was originally isolated from the gizzard mucosa of commercial broiler chickens exhibiting gizzard erosion with intranuclear inclusion bodies. Five-day-old and 53-day-old SPF white leghorn chickens were inoculated with FAV-99ZH by both oral and ocular routes and then examined at necropsy on days 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 postinoculation (PI). There were no clinical signs in any of the chickens after the inoculation. Focal gizzard lesions occurred macroscopically, however, in inoculated chickens at several experimental periods. FAV was recovered from tissue samples of the proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas, and rectum by day 10 or 7 PI but was not recovered from liver samples of any of the chickens. These results indicate that FAV isolated from gizzard erosion is able to reproduce gizzard lesions as necrosis and erosion in SPF white leghorn chickens and that it may have a greater degree of tissue tropism in gizzards and other digestive organs than in the liver.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed2002

[Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of the chicken Myostatin gene in different chicken lines].

Myostatin is a new member of the TGF-beta superfamily. It is specifically expressed in skeletal muscle cells and functions as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. This study was aimed to identify the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Myostatin gene in various breeds including Beijing Youji, Baierji, Shiqiza, Dwarf Yellow Chickens, Mini Yellow Chickens, Huiyang Huxuji, Recessive White Chickens, AA and Hyline Layer. The 17 pairs of primers for Myostatin gene were designed based on the chicken genomic sequence. The total 5 SNPs were identified in the chicken Myostatin gene by PCR-SSCP of which 3 were in the 5'-regulatory region and 2 were in the 3'-regulatory region of the Myostatin gene in different chicken lines. The sequence data showed that one of the three SNPs localized in the 5'-regulatory region was due to 3 single point mutations (G304A, A322G, C334T, respectively), other two were single point mutation of G167A and T177C, respectively. The other two SNPs in the 3'-regulatory region of the Myostatin gene are A to T (7263) and A to G (6935). Population genetic analysis indicated that genotype frequencies of the Myostatin locus (P60/P61) in Beijing youji were quite different from those of other tested chicken lines. Frequency of the BB genotype was very high (0.70) while the AA genotype was only 0.033 in 5'-regulatory region (P60/P61) in Beijing youji population. The genotype frequencies (P93/P94) were significantly different among the lines (P < 0.01): frequencies of the EE genotype in Beijing Youji were lower than those in the other lines, while frequencies of the EE genotype in Baierji and Hyline Layer were higher than the rest. Frequency of allele C (P80/P81) in 9 breeds was higher than that of allele D. Frequency of genotype MM (P76/P77) was low, and that of MN was high in 7 breeds.

Animals↗