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PubMed1985

[Intracellular distribution of estradiol and estrogen binding sites in the uterus and oviducts of the green monkey (Cercopithecus griseus)].

Plasma estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) concentrations, E2 and estrogen binding sites (EBS) content in the uterus and oviducts of green monkey (Cercopithecus griseus) were measured during different phases of the menstrual cycle. Plasma E2 and P patterns were practically identical to those of African-Asian monkeys and humans. The E2 and EBS levels in various subcellular fractions were also determined. The correlations between these parameters were shown to be in accordance with the active mass law for monomolecular interaction at equilibrium state and might vary at different phases of the cycle. The alteration is probably attributable to variations in the activity of estrogen-receptor interaction during the menstrual cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Steroid metabolism in primates. XIX. Urinary excretion of C21-steroids in Cercopithecus aethiops and Erythrocebus patas].

In male Cercopithecus aethiops (green monkey; grivet) and Erythrocebus patas (dancing red monkey; patas monkey), the pattern of urinary C21 steroids was estimated and compared with those of man, baboon and rhesus monkey. The results indicate diminished 11 beta- and 17 alpha-hydroxylation in steroid biosynthesis as well as diminished delta 4-3-keto reduction and increased 20 beta-reduction in metabolism in these two species.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Bacterial endocarditis with obstruction of the right atrioventricular orifice and the pulmonary outflow trace in an African monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).

A 7 to 8-year-old male African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) was found moribund in his cage. Fluid and antibiotic therapy were administered, but the monkey dies 2 hours later. At necropsy, large septic mural thrombi obstructed the right atrioventricular orifice and the pulmonary outflow tract, and smaller septic thrombi were attached to the leaflets of the pulmonary and mitral valves. Staphylococci were isolated from the large thrombus occluding the atrioventricular orifice. Large abscesses were present in the upper and lower lobes of the right lung, and small, wedge shaped infarcts were present in the lungs and kidneys. The clinical and pathologic findings were consistent with a rapidly progressive form of bacterial endocarditis. This was the only case of vegetative bacterial endocarditis seen at this instituion in 700 necropsies of nonhuman primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Identification of monkey chromosomes by differential staining with Romanovsky--Giemza stain. III. Cercopithecus aethiops].

The distribution of the G-bands in chromosomes of bone marrow cells of Cercopithecus aethiops was studied by means of differentail staining with the Romanovsky - Gimsa dye. All the homologous chromosome pairs were identified and morphometric parameters were detected. The comparison of C. aethiops karyotypes with those of Macacca mulatta has shown that they are different in numbers and in the character of banding pattern of the most chromosomes. Both species revealed 12 pairs of chromosomes similar in their morphology and parameters.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The diencephalon of the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). Part I: thalamus and metathalamus.

The diencephalon of the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) is described and compared with that of other primates, particularly the macaque monkey (Macaca mulatta). In the vervet monkey, the thalamus is divided into six nuclear groups: anterior, midline, medial, dorsolateral, ventrolateral and posterior. The anterior nuclear group shows a regressive nucleus anterodorsalis and a poorly defined demarcation between the nuclei anteromedialis and anteroventralis. There is a large interthalamic adhesion in which the ventral region containing nuclei centralis medialis, interventralis and reuniens, shows more regression than the dorsal region consisting of nuclei parataenialis and paraventralis. As the nucleus medialis ventralis is not present, the nucleus medialis dorsalis is described as the nucleus medialis; this is clearly differentiated into three parts, each part showing different cytological and architectonic features. The nucleus centrum medianum is larger and better developed than that of lower primates but is not entirely demarcated from the nucleus parafascicularis. The pulvinar is an enormous outgrowth from the dorsolateral thalamic nuclei. The ventrolateral thalamic nuclei are well differentiated from one another: a distinct nucleus ventralis dorsomedialis is present and appears to possess definite topographical and cytological differences from those of the other ventrolateral nuclei. The nucleus ventralis posteromedialis is further differentiated into a magno- and a parvocellular part. The nucleus ventralis posteroinferioris is a distinct entity. The lateral geniculate body shows a definite differentiation into two nuclei: pregeniculate and lateral geniculate nuclei. The lateral geniculate nucleus is a six-layered structure which is of the inverted type; it has undergone a lateral rotation through an anteroposterior axis from a dorsal position in the prosimian thalamus to its present ventral position in the higher primate thalamus. The medial geniculate body is not laminated as is the lateral geniculate nucleus; it consists of a small dorsomedial magnocellular and a large ventrolateral parvocellular part.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The diencephalon of the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). Part II: epithalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus.

The nuclear configuration and topography of the epithalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus of the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) are described and compared with those of other primates, particularly the macaque monkey. The epithalamus does not show any striking structural differences, except some architectonic differentiation in the lateral habenular nucleus. The subthalamus is a phylogenetically stable structure throughout the primate scale; it does not show any significant changes, except that it extends less rostrally and that the nuclei entopeduncularis and peripeduncularis are much smaller and less well defined in the vervet monkey than those in the diencephalon of lower primates. The nucleus subthalamicus and the fields of Forel, though small in size, are comparatively well developed; the zona incerta appears to be differentiated cytoarchitectonically into two parts. The hypothalamus is divided morphologically into four regions--the preoptic, supraoptic, infundibular and mamillary regions. Although the hypothalamus of the vervet monkey is topographically identifiable with those of other primates, there are cyto- and myeloarchitectonic differences to be found in certain hypothalamic nuclei and areas. The preoptic region is small and poorly delimited from the parolfactory region antierorly and the supraoptic region posteriorly. The nucleus paraventricularis is large and well differentiated into secretory and non-secretory portions; the nucleus supraopticus does not show cellular separation into dorsolateral and ventromedial parts as clearly as they are in other primates. The nucleus dorsomedialis is not as well defined as the nucleus ventromedialis like it is in other primates. The nucleus tuberalis lateralis is comparably small, and is not split into several cellular groups as it is in higher primates. The posterior hypothalamic area is morphologically the best definable of the hypothalamic areas. The mamillary region is developmentally advanced, and very well differentiated into medial, lateral and intercalated nuclei.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Developmental staging and thalidomide teratogenicity in the green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).

The developmental stages of 11 Cercopithecus aethiops embryos, 24 to 45 days post-mating, are described. The onset of organogenesis in this species is approximately five to seven days later than that reported for macaques and baboons. This temporal difference in the embryonic period is an important factor in the analysis of the subsequent teratogenic study. Oral administration of thalidomide in single or multiple (3-day) treatment periods to pregnant green monkeys between days 28 and 33 resulted in defects of the limbs which resemble those observed in macaques and baboons. However, the sensitive period occurs approximately four days later than that reported for another nonhuman primates. These results indicate that the sensitive period of the limbs to thalidomide coincides with their earliest development.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1991

Retention of leptospiral agglutinins and long-term response to administration of monoclonal antibodies in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) on Barbados.

In a study of 21 wild-caught Barbadian vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus), naturally-acquired leptospiral agglutinins were found to persist for over five years. Groups of seropositive as well as seronegative vervets were given a placebo, or full-strength monoclonal antibodies MCA F12C3 (Icterohaemorrhagiae copenhageni), or diluted F12C3 MCAs. They were challenged 24 hours later with a suspension of highly virulent leptospires (copenhageni) administered intraperitoneally. Immunoprotection was evident in animals receiving full strength MCAs as measured by their failure to develop any substantial antibody response and by their lower geometric mean titres over a period of 142 weeks (maximum GMT of 113 compared with a maximum of 1280 in the placebo group). Diluted MCAs had little or no protective value. The serological response of the monkeys which were seropositive at capture to challenge with virulent copenhageni antigen was strongly anamnestic both in those given MCAs and those given placebo. None of the naturally or experimentally infected vervets showed clinical signs of leptospiral illness.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1986

Immunocytochemical localization of S-100 protein in stellate cells (folliculo-stellate cells) of the adenohypophysis in the monkeys Macaca irus and Cercopithecus aethiops.

With the use of an antibody against bovine S-100 protein, it was possible to reveal a characteristic cell type in the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis of the monkey Macaca irus. In the adenohypophysis of Cercopithecus aethiops, labeled cells were present in the pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia. These cells, so-called folliculo-stellate cells, were found in all pituitaries studied. Surprisingly, an antibody against human S-100 protein did not label the stellate cells of the adenohypophysis. However, in Macaca irus, this antibody gave a strong positive reaction with various other cell types (interstitial cells of the pineal gland, Müller cells of the retina, autonomic ganglionic cells, glial cells of the central nervous system, Schwann cells, Bergmann glia of the cerebellum, fat cells, reticular cells of lymphoid organs). By use of double immunoenzymatic labeling, it was evident that stellate cells are spatially related either to somatotropes, prolactin cells, "corticotropes", or to glycoprotein-containing cells. Thus, a specific relationship to a particular endocrine-cell type could not be observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Characterization of a spontaneous undifferentiated carcinoma from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).

An adult male African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) with an undifferentiated carcinoma, probably originating from the nasal mucosa, was received from the Akron, Ohio zoo. Cultivation of this tumor in vitro resulted in a mixture of fibroblastic and epithelial cells which was subsequently separated using differential trypsinization. The neoplastic nature of the cultured epithelial cells was verified by their ability to transplant into athymic nude, or antithymocyte serum-treated mice, where poorly differentiated carcinomas were produced, and cultures of the tumors that arose in nude mice were morphologically similar to pretransplantation cultures. Early cultures showed a normal male karyotype characteristic of the species; however, in long-term cultures, a clearly defined, small submetacentric Y chromosome was not observed. Electron microscopic examination of tumor tissue and cultured tumor cells revealed desmosomes and the presence of cytoplasmic (keratin-type) fibrils, which tended to be organized around the nucleus. In addition to the keratin-type fibrils, the cultured tumor cells also contained a large amount of cytoplasmic inclusion material that may represent keratohyalin granules. There was no evidence of a viral association with tumor material or cultured cells. The cultures were susceptible to infection by vesicular stomatitis virus, Herpesvirus hominis type 1, and H. saimiri, but were resistant to the Epstein-Barr virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Duct-associated lymphoid tissue (DALT) of minor salivary glands in the monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops.

This study reports on the characteristic topographical distribution of DALT within the labial and buccal mucosae of Cercopithecus aethiops. A total of 140 labial and 24 buccal mucosal tissue blocks, originating from 11 animals, were examined light microscopically. All animals revealed DALT in varying numbers of Epon blocks. In C. aethiops, DALT is a comparatively rare phenomenon and appears to develop almost exclusively around MSG duct orifices and along the course of main ducts traversing the subepithelial lamina propria. The location of DALT in C. aethiops, therefore, seems to be anatomically more restricted than in other species (Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta) in which DALT has been studied more extensively.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Steroid hormone influences on the mating behavior of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).

Eight ovariectomized female vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) were tested in heterosexual and isosexual pairs, under estradiol and testosterone treatments. Pairs were tested under two different experimental situations in which the male was either restrained or left free. There were only small behavioral changes across the treatments, involving mainly male responses. Erection time, frequency of intromission, ejaculation, and olfactory investigation increased during estradiol treatment whereas during administration of testosterone erection time, the number of approaches, contacts, and olfactory investigations decreased. Female behaviors were relatively independent of hormone treatment showing only the disappearance of negative responses with estradiol and an increase of yawns with testosterone. Female behaviors were performed at a higher level with male partners than with other females, and the frequencies of spontaneous presents varied with the sex of partner. It is suggested that in vervet monkeys both estradiol and testosterone affect female attractivity, estradiol further influences receptivity, whereas proceptivity appears to be less directly involved in sexual interactions and more related to social context.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Cognitive and motor deficits in the performance of an object retrieval task with a barrier-detour in monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) treated with MPTP: long-term performance and effect of transparency of the barrier.

To assess the stability of neural deficits produced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), the performance of monkeys on an object retrieval (detour) task was studied. The task required retrieval of a banana slice from a transparent box open on one side and fastened to a tray in front of the cage. The orientation of the open side, position on the tray, and position of the banana in the box were manipulated to vary the difficulty of the trials. Six African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) were treated with MPTP (1.5-1.6 mg/kg cumulative doses over 4-5 days) and compared with 5 saline-treated control monkeys. The MPTP-treated monkeys had no gross neurological deficits but did have motor and cognitive deficits during acquisition of the object retrieval task 8-12 months after treatment (J. R. Taylor, Elsworth, Roth, Sladek, & Redmond, in press). Performance on the task was examined for 3 months after it had been learned. The MPTP-treated subjects reached at the barrier (transparent side) significantly more than controls and were less successful at retrieving the reward on the 1st reach than controls. Although they took longer to initiate the reach and had more motor problems than controls, they were as likely as controls to retrieve the reward in the end. These deficits remained stable throughout testing. An opaque but otherwise identical box was used randomly on some trials. MPTP-treated subjects decreased barrier reaches to control levels on trials in which the opaque box was used, whereas motor problems increased compared with trials in which the transparent box was used. The task can detect subtle performance deficits similar to those found in Parkinson's disease.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine↗
PubMed1992

Silhouettes elicit alarm calls from captive vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).

In Part 1, we analyzed alarm calls produced by captive vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops) in response to naturally occurring stimuli. Females and juveniles regularly alarm called to airplanes, birds, and barking dogs. Juvenile females accounted for 60% of these alarm calls. In Part 2, we isolated several monkeys from the colony and presented them with life-sized silhouettes of a leopard, snake, eagle, baboon, vervet, and goose. Adult monkeys alarm called more than did juveniles. Alarm calls were elicited by leopard, snake, baboon, and vervet silhouettes, but none were elicited by eagle or goose silhouettes. Some leopard and snake alarm calls matched those recorded in the wild in the context of the vervets' natural predators. Results indicate that silhouette stimuli are a useful technique for eliciting monkey vocalizations in the laboratory.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

A comparison of the effects of soya-bean protein and casein on bile composition, cholelithiasis and serum lipoprotein lipids in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).

1. Two groups of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) were fed on high-cholesterol diets which differed only with respect to the protein source. In one group casein was the only protein source, while the other group received only soya-bean protein. 2. Samples of blood, bile and liver biopsy material were collected at the commencement of the study and at 3-monthly intervals until termination 12 months later. 3. At the end of the experimental period all the animals (n 19) had high plasma cholesterol levels and had developed pigment gallstones, the compositions and weights of which were not related to the protein source or to plasma cholesterol levels. Gallstone weight was related to the presence of acidic and sulphated mucins in gallbladder mucosa. We were also unable to confirm the hypocholesterolaemic effect of soya-bean protein which has been demonstrated previously in rhesus monkeys and hamsters. Bile composition and plasma lipids did not differ significantly between the casein-fed and soya-bean fed animals. Lithogenic index was below 1 for both groups and did not differ significantly between the two groups. 4. No significant difference was found in the severity of cholelithiasis between the casein-fed and the soya-bean-fed animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Characterization of a primate model of hypertension. The response of hypertensive and normotensive male vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops) to cold pressor stress, captopril administration, and acute bolus of atrial natriuretic factor.

In feral populations of African green monkeys or vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops), between 5 and 15% of adults have spontaneously elevated blood pressure (BP). We report here the initial biological and pharmacological characterization of this potential animal model of hypertension. Captive male monkeys with elevated systolic pressures show a modest pressure increase in response to stressors such as capture, phlebotomy and cold challenge. Acute captopril administration lowers BP in monkeys with high blood pressure (HBP), but has no effect on BP in control animals. Furosemide does not acutely reduce BP. Animals with elevated BPs have lower levels of angiotensin II than do age- and weight-matched controls. An acute infusion of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) diminishes BP and stimulates urinary output in control and HBP vervets. However, both effects are more pronounced in animals with HBP. Heart rate is not affected by any of the experimental manipulations. Taken together, these data suggest that African green monkeys with spontaneously elevated BP may be a useful experimental model for particular types of human hypertension. Additional studies are required to complete the endocrine and pharmacological characterization of individual animals with HBP.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1976

Immunity in plague: protection induced in Cercopithecus aethiops by oral administration of live, attenuated Yersinia pestis.

A live, attenuated Yersinia pestis vaccine, designated EV76 (Paris) F, was pathogenic in Cercopithecus aethiops when administered parenterally. Although an oral dose of 10(9) colone-forming units of the vaccine was nonfatal to vervets, a transient but severe gastrointestinal disturbance resulted in four of 12 animals. Seven immunized vervets were protected against intradermal challenge. The remaining five vervets without serologic reactions and five untreated controls died from typical bubonic (septicemic) plague within seven days. General reactions after vaccination were not predictive of later-developing immunity, which appeared to correlate with the production of Fraction I-specific antibodies. Marked differences in immunity were noted with two methods of vaccine administration (incorporation into bananas and dropping into the mouth). This finding supported the prior observation that the oral mucosa is the major portal of entry for this strain of vaccine. Local reactions in the buccal cavity after feeding were negligible. Thus this strain of Y. pestis is a nonlethal, effective weapon against bubonic plague in a susceptible species.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1970

Growth kinetics of Yaba tumor poxvirus after in vitro adaptation to cercopithecus kidney cells.

Yaba tumor poxvirus has been adapted to continuous in vitro cultivation in monolayers of cercopithecus kidney cells. At 35 C, the minimum replicative cycle, after synchronous infection of CV-1 cells with multiplicity of infection of 135 focusforming units per cell, was 35 hr; however, maximum virus yields were not obtained until 75 hr postinfection (PI). Cytoplasmic incorporation of (3)H-thymidine [viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis] was detected 3 hr PI and was preceded by synthesis of nonstructural associated antigens (YS). Synthesis of YS antigens was not inhibited by the DNA inhibitor, arabinofuranosyl cytosine (ARA-C). Synthesis of at least two virion structural antigens, although not detected by immunofluorescence until 2 hr after the onset of DNA synthesis, occurred in the presence of ARA-C, indicating potential translation of these structural antigens from parental DNA. The first progeny DNA was completed by 20 hr PI but was not detected in infectious form until 35 hr PI. The maximum rate of progeny DNA completion occurred between 20 and 30 hr PI. DNA synthesis continued 45 to 50 hr PI. The adapted virus retained its oncogenicity and, like the wild type, replicated better at 35 C than at 37 C. A synthetic step associated with viral DNA synthesis appears to be temperature-sensitive.

Animals↗